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CROATS AND CROATIA IN THE WAKE OF THE GREAT WAR

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 October 2014

John Paul Newman
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Abstract

This article addresses the experiences of Croats and Croatia in the aftermath of the First World War, showing how the interwar Kingdom of Yugoslavia privileged the wartime sacrifice of Serbia and the Serbian army and how Croats were often depicted as the remnants of a defeated state, Austria-Hungary, and therefore less entitled to citizenship in the South Slav kingdom. It focuses on three large veteran associations: the Association of Reserve Officers and Warriors, the Union of Volunteers, and the Association of War Invalids.

Type
Research Article
Information
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society , Volume 24 , December 2014 , pp. 165 - 181
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Historical Society 2014 

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References

1 The international project ‘Russia's Great War and Revolution’ looks set to address this research gap. See the project's website http://russiagreatwar.org/index.php (accessed 3 Jan. 2014).

2 I am very grateful to Filip Hameršak for this information.

3 A notable exception to this rule is Andrej Mitrović's excellent single-volume account of Serbia during the First World War, Srbija u prvom svetskom ratu (Belgrade, 2004), published (slightly abridged) in English as Serbia's Great War 1914–1918 (2007).

4 Steiner, Zara, The Lights that Failed: European International History 1919–1933 (Oxford, 2007), 80Google Scholar.

5 Eichenberg, Julia, Kämpfen für Frieden und Fürsorge. Polnische Veteranen des Ersten Weltkriegs und ihre internationalen Kontakte, 1918–1939 (Munich, 2011)Google Scholar.

6 Marin, Irina, ‘World War One and Internal Repression: The Case of Major General Nikolaus Cena’, Austrian History Yearbook, 44 (Apr. 2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

7 See The Great War and Veterans’ Internationalism, ed. Julia Eichenberg and John Paul Newman (2013).

8 See Banac, Ivo, The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics (Ithaca, 1984)Google Scholar.

9 John Paul Newman, ‘Allied Yugoslavia: Serbian Great War Veterans and their Internationalist Ties’, in The Great War, ed. Eichenberg and Newman.

10 This term, an inversion of Wolfgang Schivelbusch's notion of a ‘culture of defeat’, is explored by John Horne in his essay ‘Beyond Cultures of Victory and Defeat? Interwar Veterans’ Internationalism’, in The Great War, ed. Eichenberg and Newman.

11 There is an important study of the interwar ‘Chetnik’ associations in Bosnia – many of whose members were veterans of the Great War – by Šehić, Nusret, Četništvo u Bosni i Hercegovini (1918–1941): politička uloga i oblici djelatnosti četničkih udruženja (Sarajevo, 1971)Google Scholar.

12 For a good overview of the association's activities, see Šarenac, Danilo, ‘Udruženje rezervnih oficira i ratnika 1919–1941’, Istorija XX. veka, 1 (2011), 27–38Google Scholar.

13 Ratnički glasnik, May–June 1930.

14 See their report on the FIDAC congress in London, Sept. 1924, at which the discussion of relations with ‘former enemies’ was discussed, mentioned in ibid., Oct. 1924.

15 See ibid., Nov. 1925. See also Martina Salvante ‘The Italian Associazione Nazionale Mutilati e Invaldi di Guerra and its International Liaisons in the Post-war Era’, in The Great War, ed. Eichenberg and Newman.

16 See Horne, John, ‘Démobilisation culturelle de l’après-guerre’, in Sortir de la Grande Guerre, le monde et l’après-1918, ed. Audoin-Rouzeau, Stéphane and Prochasson, Christophe (Paris, 2008)Google Scholar, and Steiner, The Lights that Failed, 387–452.

17 Ratnički glasnik, May 1926.

18 Ibid., June–July 1926.

19 For a history of the Union of Volunteers, see Pešić, Novica, Udruženje ratnih dobrovoljaca 1912–1918, njihovih potomaka i poštovalaca: nekad i danas (Belgrade, 2005)Google Scholar.

20 Wachtel, Andrew Baruch, Making a Nation, Breaking a Nation: Literature and Cultural Politics in Yugoslavia (Stanford, 1998), 99–100Google Scholar.

21 For Lovrić's biography, see Grbin, Boris, Portret Luja Lovrića (Zagreb, 1985)Google Scholar; and Arhiv Jugoslavije (Archives of Yugoslavia, hereafter AJ) 74–234–200.

22 Ibid., 80.

23 Horvat, Josip, Živjeti u Zagrebu 1900–1941. Zapisci iz nepovrata (Zagreb, 1984), 85Google Scholar.

24 See AJ 69–159–248.

25 AJ 74–349–72.

26 Hrvatska državni arhiv (Croatian State Archives, Zagreb, hereafter HDA), Pravila društva 4684.

27 Ibid.

28 Ratni invalid (Zagreb), 1 July 1920.

29 Newman, John Paul, ‘Forging a United Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes’, in New Perspectives on Yugoslavia: Key Issues and Controversies, ed. Djokić, Dejan and Ker-Lindsay, James (2010), 52Google Scholar.

30 Although the association was better organised and more united in the following decade. This, according to the Royal Court, was due to the administrative skill of its new president, Božidar Nedić brother of Milan Nedić, the head of the Axis-affiliated Serbian quisling state during the Second World War. See AJ 74–233–366.

31 Ratni invalid (Zagreb), 8 July 1922.

32 Ratni invalid (Belgrade), 21 Dec. 1922.

33 Ratni invalid (Zagreb), 10 Jan. 1921.

34 Obzor, 17 Oct. 1924.

35 Ibid., and 20 Oct. 1924.

36 HDA 137–468.

37 Ratni invalid (Zagreb), 15 Sept. 1920.

38 HDA 1363–16.

39 AJ 39–7.

40 Ibid.

41 Biographical details from Popović, Vladimir, Izabrana djela: Josip Pavičić, Antun Boglić, Mato Lovrak (Zagreb, 1971), 7–16Google Scholar.

42 Pavičić, Josip, preface to Crvenim slovima (Zagreb, 1946)Google Scholar.

43 Ibid., 5.

44 Ibid., 6.