Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T08:10:26.289Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

In the Shadow of 1881: The Death of Sultan Jamalul Alam and its Impact on Colonial Transition in Sulu, Philippines from 1881–1904

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 July 2020

Cesar Andres-Miguel Suva*
Affiliation:
The Immigrant Education Society
*
Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

In 1881, the southern Philippine archipelago of Sulu was plunged into an extended contest for the succession to its sultanate. With only a tentative peace established by 1894, tensions remained volatile between the districts of Patikul, Parang, Luuk, and Maimbung on the main island of Jolo. These tensions straddled coincided with the transition of the colonial regimes from the Spanish to the US regime in 1899. Therefore, the events of the early years of American rule, most often understood in the context of the American arrival and Spanish departure, were in fact intertwined with the prevailing conflict and rivalry between local candidates vying for the sultanate

Type
Original Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Institute of East Asian Studies, Sogang University

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abinales, Patricio N. 2004 [2000]. Making Mindanao: Cotabato and Davao in the Formation of the Philippine Nation-State. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press (Second Printing).Google Scholar
Constantino, Renato, and Constantino, Letizia R.. 1975. A History of the Philippines. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Francia, Luis H. 2013. History of the Philippines: From Indios Bravos to Filipinos. New York: The Overlook Press.Google Scholar
Gowing, Peter G. 1968. “Mandate in Moroland: The American Government of Muslim Filipinos, 1899-1920.” PhD diss., Syracuse University, 1968.Google Scholar
Hawkins, Michael. 2013. Making Moros: Imperial Historicism and American Military Rule in the Philippines’ Muslim South. Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Hedjazi, A.K. and Hedjazi, S.U.. 2002. The Rise and Fall of the Sulu Islamic Empire 1675-1919. Chapel Hill: Professional Press.Google Scholar
Indanan, Panglima Maharajah. 1903. “Letter from Maharajah Indanan to Wallace, July 2nd, 1903.” Folder 5, Container 55, Hugh L. Scott papers, Manuscript Reading Room, Library of Congress, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Kiram, II, Jamalul, H.R.H. 1902. “Letter from Kiram to Governor of Jolo. January 12, 1902.” Folder 2, Container 55, Hugh L. Scott papers, Manuscript Reading Room, Library of Congress, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Kiraq, Jaidi (chanter). 1998 (21 August). “Masa Liabayan (Dain ha Kastilaq pa biaqhaqun); From Spanish Time to Present Time.” Module III. Philippine Oral Epics, University Archives System, Ateneo De Manila University. Available at: http://epics.ateneo.edu/epics (Accessed: 12 February, 2013).Google Scholar
Livingston, Charles Maj. Moro Paper No. 1. 1903. Constabulary Monograph of the Province of Sulu, Jolo, November 15, 1915. Manila: Otley Beyer Collection: National Library of the Philippines.Google Scholar
Majul, Cesar Adib. 1999. Muslims in the Philippines. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.Google Scholar
McKenna, Thomas. 2000. Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing.Google Scholar
Montero y Vidal, Jose D. 1888. Historia de la Pirateria en Mindanao, Jolo y Borneo. Tomo 2. Madrid: Imprenta y Fundición de Manuel Tello.Google Scholar
Noyes, Theodore W. 1900 (June 4). “Jolo Jollities: Editorial Correspondence of the Evening Star.Conditions in the Philippines, Senate Document No. 432. Washington, DC: General Printing Office.Google Scholar
Official Interpreter. 1901. “Report from She Saleh, Arab Trader of Parang. November 17, 1901.” Folder 2, Container 55, Hugh L. Scott Papers, Manuscript Reading Room, Library of Congress, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Official Interpreter. 1904a. “The Datto Rajah Muda Calls on the Governor, April 1st, 1904.” Folder 9, Container 55, Hugh L. Scott Papers, Manuscript Reading Room, Library of Congress, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Official Interpreter. 1904b. “The Governor, Hadjis Butu and Abdullah on Various Subjects. On Board U.S.S. ‘Paragua’ May 9, 1904.” Folder 10, Container 55, Hugh L. Scott Papers, Manuscript Reading Room, Library of Congress, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Official Interpreter. 1904c. “Habib Mura Was Sent for by the Governor, Reports. Jolo, August 2, 1904.” Folder 1, Container 56, Hugh L. Scott Papers, Manuscript Reading Room, Library of Congress, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Official Interpreter. 1904d. “Jaji, Judge of Anulling Reports to the Governor. August 1, 1904.” Folder 1, Container 56, Hugh L. Scott Papers, Manuscript Reading Room, Library of Congress, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Official Interpreter. 1904e. “Salip Mandangan and His Wife Kaparia are Brought before the Governor, September 2, 1904.” Folder 1, Container 56, Hugh L. Scott Papers, Manuscript Reading Room, Library of Congress, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Orosa, Sixto Y. 1923. The Sulu Archipelago and Its People. Yonkers-on-Hudson: World Book Company.Google Scholar
Rafael, Vicente L. 1988. Contracting Colonialism: Translation and Christian Conversion in Tagalog Society under Early Spanish Rule. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reid, Anthony. 1988. Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680: The Lands below the Winds. Vol. 1. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Rixhon, Gerard. 2010. Voices from Sulu: A Collection of Tausug Oral Traditions. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.Google Scholar
Saleeby, Najeeb M. 1963. The History of Sulu. Manila: Filipinas Book Guild.Google Scholar
Salman, Michael. 2001. The Embarrassment of Slavery: Controversies over Bondage and Nationalism in the American Colonial Philippines. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Scott, Hugh L. 1904a. “Report of the Governor of the Sulu District, June 30, 1904.” Folder 11, Container 55, Hugh L. Scott Papers, Manuscript Reading Room, Library of Congress, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Scott, Hugh L. 1904b. “Report from Scott to the Adjutant General, Department of Mindanao, Zamboanga Mindanao, March, 1904.” Folder 8, Container 55, Hugh L. Scott Paper, Manuscript Reading Room, Library of Congress, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Scott, Hugh L. 1904c. “Telegram from Scott to Wood, March 5, 1904.” Folder 8, Container 55, Hugh L. Scott Papers, Manuscript Reading Room, Library of Congress, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Scott, Hugh L. Undated note. Folder 5, Container 55, Hugh L. Scott Papers, Manuscript Reading Room, Library of Congress, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Tan, Samuel K. 1977. The Filipino Muslim Armed Struggle, 1900-1972. Manila: Filipinas Foundation.Google Scholar
Tan, Samuel K. 1973. “The Muslim Armed Struggle in the Philippines, 1900-1941.” PhD diss., Syracuse University.Google Scholar
Tan, Samuel K. 2005a. Surat Sug: Letters of the Sultanate of Sulu: Kasultanan. Vol. 1. Manila: The National Historical Institute.Google Scholar
Tan, Samuel K. 2005b. Surat Sug: Letters of the Sultanate of Sulu: Kadatuan. Kahadjian, Kabanuwahan, Kaginisan. Vol. 2. Manila: The National Historical Institute.Google Scholar
Tan, Samuel K. 2008. A History of the Philippines. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.Google Scholar
The United States Senate. 1900. Treaty with the Sultan of Sulu. Document No. 136, 56th Congress, 1st Session. February 1, 1900. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Wallace, William. 1903a. Extract of Telegram from Wallace to the Adjutant General, Department of Mindanao, Zamboanga, P.I. dated January 13th, 1903. Folder 1, Container 56, Hugh L. Scott Papers, Manuscript Reading Room, Library of Congress, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Wallace, William. 1903b. “Letter to Maharajah Indanan from Wallace, Jolo, June 27th, 1903.” Folder 5, Container 55, Hugh L. Scott papers, Manuscript Reading Room, Library of Congress, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Wallace, William. 1903c. “Letter from Wallace to Wood, August 17th, 1903.” Folder 4, Container 55, Hugh L. Scott papers, Manuscript Reading Room, Library of Congress, Washington DC.Google Scholar
War, Department. 1901. “Synopsys of Interview Had by the Commission with Maj. O.J. Sweet, Commanding Officer, Jolo, P.I. March 28, 1901.” Annual Report of the War Department: Report of the Philippine Commission. Part 2. Washington DC: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Warren, James Francis. 2007. The Sulu Zone, 1768-1898. The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State. Singapore: NUS Press.Google Scholar
Wood, Leonard. 1903a. “Letter to Wood from District Governor, Moro Province. August 17, 1903.” Folder 4, Container 55, Hugh L. Scott papers, Manuscript Reading Room, Library of Congress, Washington DC.Google Scholar
Wood, Leonard. 1903b. “Letter to Wood from Wallace, Jolo, August 17th, 1903.” Folder 4, Container 55, Hugh L. Scott Papers, Manuscript Reading Room, Library of Congress, Washington DC.Google Scholar