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The Theological Structure of ‘Pearl’

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 July 2016

Louis Blenkner*
Affiliation:
St. John's University Collegeville

Extract

Like the undergraduate who read Macbeth twice in high school — ‘once for the truth and once for the beauty’ — modern scholars seem content to restrict their reading of Pearl to an isolated consideration of either its artistry and appeal to emotion or its theology and appeal to the intellect, in spite of impressive efforts of Professors Fletcher and Wellek to resolve the elegy-allegory dispute. Even the poem's most recent editors betray their partisanship: E. V. Gordon, who repeatedly refers to the narrator-dreamer as ‘the father,’ maintains that ‘Without the elegiac basis and the sense of great personal loss which pervades it, Pearl would indeed be the mere theological treatise on a special point, which some critics have called it’; and Sister Mary Vincent Hillmann, in a veiled though determined effort to defend Sister Madeleva's view that Pearl is not a mere pathetic elegy, as some critics have implied, offers a disarmingly literal interpretation—asserting, rightly I believe, that Pearl is ‘an homiletic poem teaching that the soul must not be attached to earthly treasure if it is to attain the Kingdom of God.’ We have returned to the position of Sir Robert Cotton's librarian, who, out of touch with the sensibilities of late nineteenth-century scholars, characterized the first poem in MS. Cotton Nero A. x. as ‘Vetus poema Anglicanum, in quo sub insomnii figmento multa ad religionem et mores spectantia explicantur.’ I will attempt to show that the poet's treatment of ‘many things concerning religion and morals’ is, like Dante's Comedy (never to my knowledge categorized as either a mere theological treatise or a mere elegy for Beatrice), a carefully structured poetic account of a spiritual itinerary culminating in an ecstasy of mystical contemplation.

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Copyright © Fordham University Press 

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References

1 Fletcher, Jefferson B., ‘The Allegory of the Pearl,’ JEGP 20 (1921) 121, and Wellek, R., ‘The Pearl: An Interpretation of the Middle English Poem,’ Studies in English by Members of the English Seminar of the Charles University, Prague 4 (1933) 1–33.Google Scholar

2 Pearl (Oxford 1953), xviii; all quotations from Pearl are from this edition.Google Scholar

3 The Pearl, Medieval Text with a Literal Translation and Interpretation ([Convent Station, N. J.] 1961) viii; although Sister Madeleva's interpretation — equating the pearl maiden to the dreamer's soul — in Pearl: a Study in Spiritual Dryness (New York 1925) has not been generally accepted, the focusing of attention on the narrator and her characterization of the poem as a ‘spiritual autobiography’ or ‘interior drama’ underlies much modern criticism of the poem.Google Scholar

4 The relation of Pearl to other vision literature is treated in detail in Blenkner, Charles Louis, Pearl as Spiritual Itinerary,’ unpubl. diss. (Chapel Hill 1964) 842.Google Scholar

5 A rough estimate of the progressively religious emphasis within the dream proper may be made by looking at Gordon's table of ‘Biblical Quotations and Allusions’ (165–167): for the land ‘Ϸer meruayle meuen’ (lines 61–240) he cites four passages — an average of one every 45 lines; for the dialogue (lines 241–976), fifty-five — one every 13 lines; for the New Jerusalem (lines 977–1152), thirty-seven — one every 5 lines.Google Scholar

6 The lines on the lost pearl's superiority to other pearls — ‘Ne proued I neuer her precios pere’ (line 4) and ‘I sette hyr sengeley in synglere’ (line 8) — evoke another symbol for a beloved, the bud superior to all the other roses in Mirth's garden in The Romaunt of the Rose: ‘Among the knoppes I ches oon / So fair, that of the remenaunt noon / Ne preise I half so well as it, / Whanne I avise it in my wit’ (lines 1691–94). Significantly the maiden later tells the dreamer ‘Ϸat Ϸou leste wat bot a rose / Ϸat flowred and fayled as kynde hyt gef’ (lines 269–270).Google Scholar

7 Hillmann, , xi.Google Scholar

8 See Madeleva, , op. cit. (see n. 3 supra) 112125.Google Scholar

9 Taylor, Henry Osborn, The Medieval Mind (Cambridge, Mass. 1949) 2. 396; PL 176. 617–620: Primo igitur demonstrandum est, unde tanta in corde hominis vicissitudo oriatur, ac deinceps quomodo ad pacem stabilem mens humana reduci, qualiterque in eadem stabilitate sua conservari possit insinuandum. Et licet hoc proprium divinae gratiae opus esse non dubitem, et non tam humana industria, quam divino munere, et sancti Spiritus inspiratione possideri; scio tamen quod cooperari nobis vult Deus…. Sed projectus est [homo] a facie Domini quoniam propter peccatum caecitate ignorantiae percussus ab intima contemplationis illius luce foras venit…. Cor ergo hominis, quod prius divino amori affixum stabile praestitit, et unum amando unum permansit, postquam per desideria terrena diffluere coepit; quasi in tot divisum est, quod ea sunt quae concupiscit. Sicque fit, ut mens quae verum bonum amare nescit, numquam valeat esse stabilis … hinc igitur nascitur motus sine stabilitate, labor sine requie, cursus sine perventione, ita ut semper sit inquietum cor nostrum, donec illi adhaerere coeperit…. Ecce ostendimus morbum cor fluetuans, cor instabile, cor inquietum. Et causam morbi, amorem videlicet mundi, et remedium morbi amorem Dei.Google Scholar

10 See Patch, Howard Rollin, The Other World According to Descriptions in Medieval Literature (Cambridge, Mass. 1950) 134–7; 190.Google Scholar

11 Conley, John, Pearl and a Lost Tradition,’ JEGP 54 (1955) 332347.Google Scholar

12 Taylor, , 2. 388389; PL 175. 116–117: Tres sunt animae rationalis visiones, cogitatio, meditatio, contemplatio. Cogitatio est, cum mens notione rerum transitorie tangitur cum ipsa res, sua imagine animo subito praesentatur, vel per sensum ingrediens, vel a memoria exsurgens. Meditatio est assidua et sagax retractatio cogitationis, aliquid, vel involutum explicare nitens, vel scrutans penetrare occultum. Contemplatio est perspicax, et liber animi contuitus in res perspiciendas usquequaque diffusus…. Et quod meditatio semper circa unum aliquid rimandum occupatur; contemplatio ad multa, vel etiam ad universa comprehendenda diffunditur. Meditatio itaque est quaedam vis mentis curiosa; et sagax nitens obscura investigare, et perplexa evolvere. Contemplatio est vivacitas illa intelligentiae quae cuncta in palam habens, manifesta visione comprehendit. Et ita quodammodo id quod meditatio quaerit, contemplatio possidet.Google Scholar

13 Bonaventura, Saint, The Mind's Road to God, trans. Boas, George (New York 1953) 8; Opera Omnia (Quaracchi 1882–1902) 5. 297: haec etiam respicit triplicem substantiam in Christo, qui est scala nostra, scilicet corporalem, spiritualem et divinam.Google Scholar

14 Mind's Road 10; Opera Omnia 5.298: scientiam veritatis edocuit secundum triplicem modum theologiae, scilicet symbolicae, propriae et mysticae, ut per symbolicam recte utamur sensibilibus, per propriam recte utamur intelligibilibus, per mysticam rapiamur ad supermentales excessus.Google Scholar

15 In the common classification of the seven deadly sins, Pride, Wrath, and Envy are sins of the Devil or spiritual sins, appropriate to the world within. In the ‘erber’ the dreamer exhibited the sin of the World, Cupidity, in his too great attachment to the lost pearl; of the sins of the Flesh, also appropriate to the ‘erber’ where his ‘body on balke Ϸer bod,’ only the first, Sloth (manifested as tristitia) is evident; perhaps Lust and Gluttony are omitted because, according to Augustinian psychology, the sinner succumbs to these sins after he has descended by stages from Pride to Despair, and the dreamer, through grace, begins his regeneration before reaching the bottom of the ladder.Google Scholar

16 Horstman, C., ed., Yorkshire Writers: Richard Rolle of Hampole, an English Father of the Church, and His Followers (New York 1895) 1, 48.Google Scholar

17 Deonise His Diuinite and Other Treatises on Contemplative Prayer, ed. Hodgson, Phyllis, EETS no. 231 (London 1955) 3.Google Scholar

18 Cf. St. Augustine on Psalm 41, CCL 38.465–466: Quaero ego Deum meum in omni corpore, siue terrestri, siue caelesti, et non inuenio; quaero substantiam eius in anima mea et non inuenio; meditatus sum tamen inquisitionem Dei mei, et per ea quae facta sunt, inuisiblia Dei mei cupiens intellecta conspicere, effudi super me animam meam; et non iam restat quem tangam, nisi Deum meum.Google Scholar

19 This at any rate, is the doctrine asserted by the poet and held by St. Gregory and St. Bernard, though not by St. Augustine or St. Thomas.Google Scholar

20 Bonaventure, , Opera Omnia 5.305: Si igitur Deus perfectus est spiritus, habet memoriam, intelligentiam et vcluntatem, habet et Verbum genitum et Amorem spiratum qui necessario distinguuntur, cum unus ab altero producatur, non essentialiter, non accidentaliter, ergo personaliter. Dum igitur mens se ipsam considerat, per se tanquam per speculum consurgit ad speculandam Trinitate m beatam, Patris, Verbi et Amoris.Google Scholar

21 Bonaventura, , Mind's Road 8; Opera Omnia 5.297: quod perveniamus ad primum principium considerandum, quod est spiritualissimum et aeternum et supra nos, oportet nos transire per vestigium, quod est corporate et temporale et extra nos, et hoc est deduct in via Dei; oportet, nos intrare ad mentem nostram, quae est imago Dei aeviterna, spiritualis et intra nos, et hoc est ingredi in veritate Dei; oportet, nos transcendere ad aeternum, spiritualissimum, et supra nos, aspiciendo ad primum principium, et hoc est laetari in Dei notitia et reverentia maiestatis. Google Scholar

22 Hugh of Saint Victor on the Sacraments of the Christian Faith (De Sacramentis), trans. Deferrari, Roy J. (Cambridge, Mass. 1951) 185186; PL 176.346: Videntur ergo prima illa sacramenta quae sub naturali lege praecesserunt, quasi quaedam umbra veritatis; illa vero quae postea sub scripta lege secuta sunt, quasi quaedam imago vel figura veritatis; ista autem quae sub gratia novissime consequuntur non jam umbra vel imago, sed corpus veritatis.Google Scholar

23 Hugh of St. Victor, On the Sacraments 143; PL 76.307: Quomodo dispositus est homo ad poenitentiam. Positus est ergo homo in mundo isto in loco poenitentiae, spatio paenitendi indulto, ut mala corrigeret, bona repararet, ut tandem correctus ad judicium veniens; non pro culpa poenam, sed pro justitia gloriam sibi praeparatam acciperet. Restat ergo ut dum tempus est consilium exquirat et auxilium requirat correctionis et liberationis suae. Sed quia ipse per se ad neutrum sufficiens invenitur, necesse est ut ille qui per gratiam suam differt judicium, interim per eamdem gratiam ostendat evadendi consilium; et post consilium conferat auxilium…. Tali igitur ratione in tempore naturalis legis totus homo dimissus est sibi; postea in tempore scriptae legis cognoscenti ignorantiam suam datum est consilium; postremo in tempore gratiae confitenti defectum suum praestitum est auxilium.Google Scholar

24 Johnson, Wendell Stacy, ‘The Imagery and Diction of The Pearl: toward an Interpretation,’ ELH, 20 (September 1953) 165.Google Scholar

25 On the Sacraments 142; of the five places, discussed, heaven, paradise, the world, purgatory, and hell, only the higher three are represented in Pearl: PL 176. 306–307: De quinque locis. Quinque sunt loca. Unus in quo est solum bonum et summum bonum. Unus in quo est solum malum et summum malum. Post haec alia duo. Alter sub summo in quo est solum bonum, sed non summum. Alter supra imum in quo est solum malum, sed non summum, in medio unus, in quo est et bonum et malum, neutrum summum. In coelo est solum bonum et summum; in inferno est solum malum et summum; in paradiso est solum bonum sed non summum; in igne purgatorio solum malum, sed non summum; in mundo est bonum et malum, neutrum summum. Paradisus est locus inchoantium et in melius proficientium; et ideo ibi solum esse bonum debuit, quia creatura a malo initiandi non fuit. Non tamen summum esse debuit, quia si summum ibi esset bonum illic positis profectus non esset. Coelum locus est confirmatorum bonorum et per disciplinam ad summum profectum pertingentium. Unum solum summumque bonum in eo collocatum est…. Mundus est locus errantium et reparandorum; et ideo simul bonum et malum in eo ordinatum est, ut per bonum quidem consolationem accipiant; per malum vero correctionem. Non tamen summum bonum aut summum malum ibi est, ut sit quo et persistentes in malo deficere, et recedentes a malo proficere possint.Google Scholar

26 Hilton, Walter, ‘Of Angels' Song,’ Horstman, , op. cit. (see n. 16 supra) 1. 177–178: ‘oure lorde confortes a saule be aungels sange. Qwat Ϸat sange is, it may nout be discried be na bodily lykenesse, for it is gastly and abouen almaner of ymagynacion & reson. It may be felid & perceyued in a saule, bot it may not be schewed. Neuyr-Ϸe-latter I speke Ϸerof to Ϸe as me thynke. Qwen a saule is purified be lufe of god, illumyned by wysdome, stablid be Ϸe myte of god, Ϸan is Ϸe eyghe of Ϸe saule opynde to behalde gastly thyngys, as vertuse & aungels & haly saulys [cf. Pearl lines 1121–6], & heuenly thyngys’. See also, St. Augustine on Psalm 41, CCL 38. 467: quamdam dulcedinem sequendo, interiorem nescio quam et occultam uoluptatem, tamquam de domo Dei sonaret suauiter aliquod organum: et cum ille ambularet in tabernaculo, audito quodam interiore sono, ductus dulcedine, sequens quod sonabat, abstrahens se ab omni strepitu carnis et sanguinis, peruenit usque ad domum Dei. Nam uiam suam et ductum suum sic ipse commemorat, quasi diceremus ei: Miraris tabernaculum in hac terra; quomodo peruenisti ad secretum domus Dei? In uoce, inquit, exultationis et confessionis, soni festiuitatem celebrantis…. In domo Dei festiuitas sempiterna est…. Festum sempiternum, chorus angelorum: uultus praesens Dei, laetitia sine defectu…. De illa aeterna et perpetua festiuitate sonat nescio quid canorum et dulce auribus cordis; sed si non perstrepat mundus.Google Scholar

27 ‘Some Debatable Words in Pearl and Its Theme,’ MLN 60 (April 1945) 242; Gordon glosses deuely, ‘desolating, dreary,’ but in a note to line 54 (p. 49), he assumes a degree of wickedness in the narrator's persistence in remaining in that grief: ‘the nature of Christ gave him grounds for comfort, but his self-will made him suffer in the pain of his sorrow.’ Google Scholar

28 For lines 54–58, I follow the punctuation of the Hillmann edition.Google Scholar

29 Bonaventura, , Mind's Road 10; Opera Omnia 5. 298: Quod totum fit per Iesum Christum Qui cum sit Dei virtus et Dei sapientia, sit Verbum incarnatum.Google Scholar

30 This association is supported by Robert of Tombelaine's commentary on Canticles iv: 16; Supra Cantica canticorum Expositio (attributed to Gregory of Great by Migne) PL 79.516: Per Austrum vero calidum scilicet ventum, Spiritus sanctus figuratur: qui dum mentes electorum tangit, ab omni torpore relaxat, et ferventes facit, ut bona quaeque desideranter operentur…. Surgat ergo Aquilo, et veniat Auster, et perflet hortum Sponsi, et fluant aromata illius: ut videlicet spiritus malignus ab Ecclesia vel ab unaquaque anima discedat, et Spiritus sanctus adveniat.Google Scholar

31 Mind's Road 7; Opera Omnia 5.296–297: Beatus vir, cuius est auxilium abs te, ascensiones in corde suo disposuit in valle lacrymarum, in loco, quem posuit. Cum beatitudo nihil aliud sit, quam summi boni fruitio; et summum bonum sit supra nos: nullus potest effici beatus, nisi supra semetipsum ascendat, non ascensu corporali, sed cordiali. Sed supra nos levari non possumus nisi per virtutem superiorem nos elevantem. Quantumcumque enim gradus interiores disponantur, nihil fit, nisi divinum auxilium comitetur. Divinum autem auxilium comitatur eos qui petunt ex corde humiliter et devote; et hoc est ad ipsum suspirare in hac lacrymarum valle, quod fit per ferventem orationem.Google Scholar

32 On the Sacraments 142; see supra n. 25.Google Scholar

33 Patch, , 143ff., discusses the three general opinions as to the nature of Paradise: ‘One by which its physical reality is understood and accepted; one by which it is taken in a spiritual and so figurative way; and a third by which at times it is understood as a material fact and at times interpreted spiritually. The third view is the one which he [St. Augustine] himself favors; so for him Paradise undoubtedly signifies the place in which man was first created… But he recognizes also the spiritual paradise not only in derivative meaning but as an actual region — in fact, every place wherein it is well with the soul or where blessed souls are.’ Patch cites the opinions of, among others, Isidore of Seville, Rabanus Maurus, Peter Lombard, St. Thomas Aquinas, and St. Bonaventure, all of whom agree with the double interpretation.Google Scholar

34 On the Sacraments 16–17. The significance of the dazzling brilliance of the marvelous land — where the ‘rych rokke’ are so bright ‘Ϸe lyt of hem myt no man leuen, / Ϸe glemande glory Ϸat of hem glent’ (lines 69–80) — appropriate to the dreamer's enlightenment (cf. the Lamb-lamp pun — line 945), is suggested by Hugh's explanation of why light was created before the sun; PL 176.195: Ego puto magnum hic aliquod sacramentum commendari; quia omnis anima quandiu in peccato est, quasi in tenebris est quibusdam et confusione. Sed non potest evadere confusionem suam et ad ordinem justitiae formamquae disponi, nisi illuminetur primum videre mala sua, et discernere lucem a tenebris, hoc est virtutes a vitiis, ut se disponat ad ordinem et conformet veritati. Hoc igitur anima in confusione jacens sine luce facere non potest; et propterea necesse est primum ut lux fiat, ut videat semetipsam, et agnoscat horrorem et turpitudinem confusionis suae, et explicet se atque coaptet ad illam rationabilem dispositionem et ordinem veritatis.Google Scholar

35 ‘Hope’ as a verb in Pearl frequently has the meaning ‘think’ or ‘believe,’ but in this passage it is contrasted to ‘drede,’ which Gordon glosses ‘was afraid’ though it can also mean ‘doubted.’ That the contrast ‘hope-dread’ rather than ‘belief-doubt’ takes precedence here is suggested by ‘Lest ho me eschaped,’ which recalls that the lamented earthly pearl ‘fro me yot’ (line 10); similarly, in ‘I hoped Ϸe water were a deuyse’ (line 139), and ‘I hoped Ϸat mote merked wore’ (line 142), there is some ambiguity, especially in view of the poet's fondness for word-play — e.g. ‘mote’ in line 142 which is played upon in stanza-group xvii.Google Scholar

36 Bonaventura, , Mind's Road 22; Opera Omnia 5.303: Operatio autem memoriae est retentio et repraesentatio non solum praesentium, corporalium et temporalium, verum etiam succedentium, simplicium et sempiternalium. — Retinet namque memoria praeterita per recordationem, praesentia per susceptionem, futura per praevisionem.Google Scholar

37 Gordon, , xix.Google Scholar

38 Taylor, , 2.389; PL 175.117: In meditatione quasi quaedam lueta est ignorantiae cum scientia, et lumen veritatis quodammodo in media caligine erroris emicat.Google Scholar

39 Hugh of St Victor, On the Sacraments 34–35; PL 176.211: Et vidit [rationalis creatura] Creatoris potentiam et sapientiam et bonitatem a semetipsa, per ea quae foris apparuerunt in agnitionem excitata. Et haec erant quasi admonitio et recordatio prima trinum esse Deum; … sed praedicabatur Trinitas ex istis, non significabatur in istis; et tamen haec tria aeterna erant, et causa omnium erant et per haec facta sunt omnia, et ipsa non sunt facta; et assignavimus bonitati voluntatem, et sapientiae dispositionem; et postestati operationem.Google Scholar

40 See supra n. 23.Google Scholar

41 For a discussion of will and the Holy Ghost see Talbot Donaldson, E., Piers Plowman: the C-Text and Its Poet (New Haven 1949) 188192. In Piers Plowman the three props of the tree of charity are listed in the C-text (Passus xix): 1) ‘Potencia-dei-patris’ (line 34), 2) ‘Sapiencia-dei-patris, The which is the passion and penaunce and the parfytnesse of Iesus’ (line 40–41), and 3) ‘Spiritus-sanctus … And that is grace of the Holy Gost’ (lines 51–52); in the corresponding section of the B-text (Passus xvi), the, first two props are similarly named (lines 30; 36–37), and the third, though not named is wielded by ‘Liberum-Arbitrium’ (line 50).Google Scholar

42 Bonaventura, , Mind's Road 4; Opera Omnia 5.295: Effigies igitur sex alarum seraphicarum insinuat sex illuminationes scalares, quae a creaturis incipiunt et perducunt usque ad Deum, ad quem nemo intrat recte nisi per Crucifixum.Google Scholar

43 Bonaventura, , Mind's Road 2526; Opera Omnia 5.304–305: Operatio autem virtutis electivae attenditur in consilio, judicio et desiderio.Consilium autem est in inquirendo, quid sit melius, hoc an illud. Sed melius non dicitur nisi per accessum ad optimum; accessus autem est secundum maiorem assimilationem: nullus ergo scit, utrum hoc sit illo melius, nisi sciat, illud optimo magis assimilari…. omni igitur consilianti necessario est impressa notio summi boni. Judicium autem certum de consiliabilibus est per aliquam legem. Nullus autem certitudinaliter iudicat per legem, nisi certus sit, quod illa lex recta est, et quod ipsam iudicare non debet; sed mens nostra iudicat de se ipsa: cum igitur non possit iudicare de lege, per quam iudicat; lex illa superior est mente nostra, et per hanc iudicat, secundum quod sibi impressa est. Nihil autem est superius mente humana, nisi solus ille qui fecit eam: igitur in iudicando deliberativa nostra pertingit ad divinas leges, si plena resolutione dissolvat. Desiderium autem principaliter est illius quod maxime ipsum movet. Maxime autem movet quod maxime amatur; maxime autem amatur esse beatum; beatum autem esse non habetur nisi per optimum et finem ultimum: nihil igitur appetit humanum desiderium nisi quia summum bonum, vel quia est ad illud, vel quia habet aliquam effigiem illius. Tanta est vis summi boni, ut nihil nisi per illius desiderium a creatura possit amari, quae tunc fallitur et errat, cum effigiem et simulacrum pro veritate acceptat.Google Scholar

44 Butler, Dom Cuthbert, Western Mysticism: the Teaching of SS. Augustine, Gregory and Bernard on Contemplation and the Contemplative Life (2d ed.; London 1926) 23; CCL 38.466: stupeo cum peruenio usque ad domum Dei.Google Scholar

46 Mind's Road 27; Opera Omnia 5.305–306: Et ideo mens nostra tantis splendoribus irradiata et superfusa, nisi sit caeca, manuduci potest per semetipsam ad contemplandam illam lucem aeternam. Huius autem lucis irradiatio et consideratio sapientes suspendit in admirationem et econtra insipientes, qui non eredunt, ut intelligant, ducit in perturbationem.Google Scholar

46 The infrequent animal images in Pearl appear to be used to figure the soul joined to the flesh in its earthly existence. The hawk and quail similes serve to remind the reader that the dreamer's soul, only temporarily released from his body by the dream, is still subject to certain limitations of the earthly condition, and the doe image (line 345) likewise suggests the soul's confinement.Google Scholar

47 Butler, , 3132; PL 32.745: Atque ita gradatim a corporibus ad sentientem per corpus animam; atque inde ad ejus interiorem vim, cui sensus corporis exteriora annuntiaret; et quosque possunt bestiae: atque inde rursus ad ratiocinantem potentiam ad quam refertur judicandum quod sumitur a sensibus corporis. Quae se quoque in me comperiens mutabilem, erexit se ad intelligentiam suam; et abduxit cogitationem a consuetudine, subtrahens se contradicentibus turbis phantasmatum, ut inveniret quo lumine aspergeretur, cum sine ulla dubitatione clamaret incommutabile praeferendum esse mutabili; unde nosset ipsum incommutabile, quod nisi aliquo modo nosset, nullo modo illud mutabili certo praeponeret. Et pervenit ad id quod est, in ictu trepidantis aspectus. Tunc vero invisibilia tua, per ea quae facta sunt, intellecta conspexi; sed aciem figere non evalui: et repercussa infirmitate redditus solitis, non mecum ferebam nisi amantem memoriam, et quasi olfacta desiderantem quae comedere nondum possem.Google Scholar

48 Butler, , 105; PL 183.986: Quod ego non puto esse aliud, quam texere spirituales quasdam similitudines, et in ipsis purissima divinae sapientiae sensa animae contemplantis conspectibus importare, ut videat, saltem per speculum et in aenigmate, quod nondum facie ad faciem valet ullatenus intueri. Divina sunt, et nisi expertis prorsus incognita quae effamur; quomodo videlicet in hoc mortali corpore, fide adhuc habente statum, et necdum propalata perspicui substantia luminis, jam tamen [alias, interim] purae interdum contemplatio veritatis partes suas agere intra nos vel ex parte praesumit; ita ut liceat usurpare etiam alicui nostrum, cui hoc datum desuper fuerit, illud Apostoli: Nunc cognosco ex parte: item, Ex parte cognoscimus, et ex parte prophetamus (I Cor. 13.12.9). Cum autem divinius aliquid raptim et veluti in velocitate corusci luminis interluxerit menti spiritu excedenti, sive ad temperamentum nimii splendoris, sive ad doctrinae usum, continuo, nescio unde, adsunt imaginatoriae quaedam rerum inferiorum similitudines, infusis divinitus sensibus convenienter accommodatae, quibus quodam modo adumbratus purissimus ille ac splendidissimus veritatis radius, et ipsi animae tolerabilior fiat, et quibus communicare illum voluerit.Google Scholar

49 Mind's Road 2930; Opera Omnia 5.306–307: quia magis est in experientia affectuali quam in consideratione rationali. In hoc namque gradu, reparatis sensibus interioribus ad sentiendum summe pulcrum, audiendum summe harmonicum, odorandum summe odoriferum, degustandum summe suave, apprehendendum summe delectabile, disponitur anima ad mentales excessus, silicet per devotionem, admirationem et exsultationem. … Quibus adeptis, efficitur spiritus noster hierarchicus ad conscendendum sursum secundum conformitatem ad illam Ierusalem supernam, in quam nemo intrat, nisi prius per gratiam ipsa in cor descendat, sicut vidit Ioannes in Apocalypsi sua.Google Scholar

50 See above, p. 46.Google Scholar

51 See above, p. 62.Google Scholar

52 Hugh of St. Victor, On the Sacraments 142 (see n. 25 supra).Google Scholar

53 Mind's Road 43, my italics; Opera Omnia 5.312: sex diebus primis, in quibus mens exercitari habet, ut tandem perveniat ad sabbatum quietis; postquam mens nostra contuita est Deum extra se per vestigia et in vestigiis, intra se per imaginem et in imagine, supra se per divinae lucis similitudinem super nos relucentem et in ipsa luce, secundum quod possibile est secundum statum viae et exercitium mentis nostrae; cum tandem in sexto gradu ad hoc pervenerit, ut speculetur in principio primo et summo et mediatore Dei et hominum, Iesu Christo ea quorum similia in creaturis nullatenus reperiri possunt, et quae omnem perspicacitatem humani intellectus excedunt: restat, ut haec speculando transcendat et transeat non solum mundum istum sensibilem, verum etiam semetipsam; in quo transitu Christus est via et ostium, Christus est scala et vehiculum. Google Scholar

54 See supra n. 13.Google Scholar

55 Hugh of St. Victor, On the Sacraments 308309; PL 176.466–467: Tria esse in sacramento altaris: panis et vini speciem, corporis Christi veritatem, gratiam spiritualem. Nam cum unum sit sacramentum, tria ibi discreta proponuntur: species videlicet visibilis, et Veritas corporis, et virtus gratiae spiritualis. Aliud est enim visibilis species quae visibiliter cernitur; aliud est veritas corporis et sanguinis quae sub visibili specie invisibiliter creditor, atque aliud gratia spiritualis quae cum corpore et sanguine invisibiliter et spiritualiter percipitur…. Quod ergo videtur secundum speciem sacramentum est, et imago illius quod creditur secundum corporis veritatem; et quod creditur secundum corporis veritatem, sacramentum est illius quod percipitur secundum gratiam spiritualem…. Ergo divinissima Eucharistia quae in altari et secundum panis et vini speciem et secundum corporis et sanguinis Christi veritatem visibiliter et corporaliter tractatur, sacramentum est et signum; et imago invisibilis et spiritualis participationis Jesu, quae intus in corde per fidem et dilectionem perficitur.Google Scholar

56 Hugh of St. Victor, On the Sacraments 307; PL 176.465: Quod agnus paschalis figura corporis Christi fuit. … ita agnus paschalis cujus carnes a populo edebantur, et sanguine postes domorum signabantur, in figura sacramenti corporis Christi praecessit…. Denique carnes agni comedimus, quando in sacramento verum corpus ejus sumendo, per fidem et dilectionem Christo incorporamur.Google Scholar

57 See Gilman, Stephan, The Art of La Celestina (Madison 1956) 159.Google Scholar

58 Mary, Sister Beyenka, Melchior, Consolation in Saint Augustine, The Catholic University of America Patristic Studies 83 (Washington 1950) 4748; St. Augustine, , De libero arbitrio CSEL 74.145–146: Quasi possit esse innocentiae meritum antequam quisque nocere aliquid possit! 230. Cum autem boni aliquid operatur deus in emendatione maiorum, cum parvulorum suorum qui eis cari sunt doloribus ac mortibus flagellantur, cur ista non fiant, quando cum transierint, pro non factis erunt in quibus facta sunt, propter quos autem facta sunt, aut meliores erunt, si temporalibus incommodis emendati, rectius elegerint vivere, aut excusationem in futuri judicii supplicio non habebunt, si vitae huius angoribus ad aeternam vitam desiderium convertere noluerunt? 231. Quis autem novit quid parvulis, de quorum cruciatibus duritia maiorum contunditur aut exercetur fides, aut misericordia probatur, quis ergo novit quid ipsis parvulis in secreto judiciorum suorum bonae compensationis reservet deus, quoniam, quamquam nihil recte fecerint, tamen nec peccantes aliquid ista perpessi sunt? Non enim frustra etiam infantes illos, qui, cum Dominus Iesus Christus necandus ab Herode quaereretur, occisi sunt, in honore martyrum receptos commendat ecclesia. See also the tale ‘De versutia diaboli et quomodo Dei judicia sunt occulta,’ in the Gesta Romanorum, the popular fourteenth-century collection probably written in England (reprinted in A Primer of Medieval Latin: an Anthology of Prose and Poetry ed. Beeson, Charles H. [Chicago 1925] 60–61): a good angel explains why he strangled the son of a knight who had received him with honor: Demum filium illius militis de nocte strangulavi qui nobis bonum hospitium dedit. Scias quod antequam puer ille natus erat, miles optimus elemosinarius erat et multa opera misericordiae fecit sed postquam natus est puer factus est parcus, cupidus et omnia collegit ut puerum divitem faciat, sic quod erat causa perditionis eius, et ideo puerum occidi et iam, sicut prius, miles factus est bonus christianus. Google Scholar

59 It is on this level that the protean pearl symbol is unified: the lost pearl is the shadow of Truth, the pearl maiden is the image of Truth, and ‘Ϸe perle of prys’ (line 746) is the body of Truth (see supra nn. 21–22).Google Scholar

60 See Hamilton, Marie Padgett, ‘The Meaning of the Middle English Pearl,’ PMLA 70 (September 1955) 805824.Google Scholar