^{page 113 note 1} Detailed descriptions of some of the manuscripts of DCN can be found in the following sources: for A , Watson, Andrew G., A Descriptive Catalogue of the Medieval Manuscripts of All Souls College Oxford (Oxford, 1997); for M , Spade, Paul Vincent and Wilson, Gordon Anthony, Johannis Wyclif Summa insolubilium, Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies, 41 (1986): x-xvi; for S, Edward Scott, J. L., Index to the Sloane Manuscripts in the British Museum (London, 1904), and Spade, Paul Vincent, “The Treatises On Modal Propositions and Hypothetical Propositions by Richard Lavenham,” Mediaeval Studies 35 (1973): 49–59; for V , Spade, Paul Vincent, “Notes on Some Manuscripts of Logical and Physical Works by Richard Lavenham,” Manuscripta 19 (1975): 139–46. This list of extant MSS of DCN is from Richard Sharpe, A Handlist of Latin Writers of Great Britain and Ireland Before 1540 (Turnhout, Belgium, 1997), 490. Many thanks to Paul Vincent Spade for his advice and encouragment on this project.Google Scholar

^{page 113 note 2} A Descriptive Catalogue of the Medieval Manuscripts of All Souls College Oxford mistakenly attributes several more pages in A (28v lin. 11–31r lin. 1) to DCN. This extra material does cover topics that are similar in content to DCN, but it can be shown to be genetically unrelated to DCN, since it does not occur in any of the older manuscripts. Despite what the Descriptive Catalogue says, DCN ends on 28v, lin. 10 in MS A .Google Scholar

^{page 118 note 3} The basis of this account of Lavenham's life can be found in Emden, A. B., A Biographical Register of the University of Oxford to A. D. 1500 (London, 1957), 2:1109–10.Google Scholar

^{page 119 note 4} Spade has expressed this view in print on several occasions. See his “Richard Lavenham's Obligationes” Rivista critica di storia della filosofia 2 (1978): 225–26; and idem, with Wilson, Gordon Anthony, “Richard Lavenham's Treatise Scire” Mediaeval Studies 46 (1984): 1–2.Google Scholar

^{page 123 note 1} Solum genera longa(Γ, Δ) prologum continent. Σ incipit Felix qui … in ¶ 3 V=59v^b31; R=5r1; C=55r1; O=84v1; S=59v26.Google Scholar

^{page 123 note 2} claret] declarat Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 123 note 3} V=60r^a1.Google Scholar

^{page 123 note 4} Meteororum] metaphysicorum V 3 ethicorum RC ethicorum tertio O .Google Scholar

^{page 123 note 5} disponit] disposuit Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 123 note 6} ad conservationem] om. Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 123 note 7} S=60r1 Google Scholar

^{page 123 note 8} ubi] ut S .Google Scholar

^{page 123 note 9} natura gratia] gratia ipsa omnia feciste natura sed ipsa omnia feciste del. O id est causa gl. sup. lin. S .Google Scholar

^{page 123 note 10} id est causa] gl. sup. lin. S .Google Scholar

^{page 123 note 11} gratia hominum necessarium] gratia necessarium hominum sed cum sig. trans., cum transpositione lect. est gratia hominum necessarium O .Google Scholar

^{page 123 note 12} est] om. Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 123 note 13} hominum] om. Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 123 note 14} gratia] id est causa gl. sup. lin. S .Google Scholar

^{page 123 note 15} hoc] et RO est G .Google Scholar

^{page 123 note 16} verbis] dictis Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 123 note 17} libro] om. Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 123 note 18} inquit] seq. Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 123 note 19} gratia] id est causa gl. sup. lin. S .Google Scholar

^{page 123 note 20} vegetandi] vegetando Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 123 note 21} quae praemiseram veritatis fulcimine] praemissa in veritatis fulmine RC .Google Scholar

^{page 123 note 22} quod] om. Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 123 note a} On the Heavens 271a35.Google Scholar

^{page 123 note b} This reference gave most of the scribes difficulty. S is the only witness that gets the source of this quotation right. V cites Metaphysics and RCO cites 3 Ethicorum. It turns out to be in Meteorology 340a32–340b4.Google Scholar

^{page 123 note c} Politics 1256b20–22.Google Scholar

^{page 123 note d} Politics 1256b15–17.Google Scholar

^{page 123 note e} Politics 1256b20–22.Google Scholar

^{page 123 note f} Physics 199a25–30 Google Scholar.

^{page 124 note 23} est] om. Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 124 note 24} rerum] veras Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 124 note 25} Σ incipit M=9r1; A=18r10; D=p. 439 lin. 1; B=20r1.Google Scholar

^{page 124 note 26} potuit] poteret RC poterit MB .Google Scholar

^{page 124 note 27} rerum cognoscere causas] causas cognoscere rerum Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 124 note 28} merito] om. ΔΣ .Google Scholar

^{page 124 note 29} quaestiones dinumerantur i.m. SA .Google Scholar

^{page 124 note 30} A=18v1.Google Scholar

^{page 124 note 31} naturalis] om. CA .Google Scholar

^{page 124 note 32} sexto] sexta D .Google Scholar

^{page 124 note 33} V=60r^b1.Google Scholar

^{page 124 note 34} quae sit causa naturalis] om. Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 124 note 35} quare] quia S .Google Scholar

^{page 124 note 36} aut numquam] sup. lin. S .Google Scholar

^{page 124 note 37} quae sit causa naturalis] om. Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 124 note 38} quaeritur … aeris] quae sit causa naturalis vapor sit in materia ventorum et nubium et M an vapor sit materia ventorum et nubium et cetera ut patet in sequentibus A quae est causa naturalis an vapor est materia ventorum et nubium D an vapor sit materia ventorum et nubium et sic finis B .Google Scholar

^{page 124 note 39} Σ solum tredecim quaestiones habet S=60v1.Google Scholar

^{page 124 note 40} R=5v1.Google Scholar

^{page 124 note 41} substantia vel accidens et si substantia] om., homoeot. V .Google Scholar

^{page 124 note 42} quarto decimo … simplex vel mixtum] om. Σ .Google Scholar

^{page 124 note 43} A=19r1.Google Scholar

^{page 124 note 44} O=85r1.Google Scholar

^{page 124 note 45} sic] ut S .Google Scholar

^{page 124 note 46} G=55v1. Google Scholar

^{page 124 note g} Vergil, Georgica 2: 490.Google Scholar

^{page 125 note 47} tonitruus dicitur sonus ergo ille tonitruus dicitur] tonitruus dicitur fortasse homoeot. Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 125 note 48} sic] om. VM similiter S .Google Scholar

^{page 125 note 49} et sic patet solutio primae quaestionis] om. Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 125 note 50} foret] est Δ fuit AB .Google Scholar

^{page 125 note 51} A=19v1.Google Scholar

^{page 125 note 52} est oppositio] suppositio V est appositio RC .Google Scholar

^{page 125 note 53} vapor] est B om. MD, om., sed add. i.m. M .Google Scholar

^{page 125 note 54} V=60v^a1.Google Scholar

^{page 125 note 55} nubes] nube S .Google Scholar

^{page 125 note 56} aliud] abbr. incerta R .Google Scholar

^{page 125 note 57} multipliciter] abbr. incerta V .Google Scholar

^{page 125 note 58} fiat semper] inv. OΣ, sed semper abbr. incerta D .Google Scholar

^{page 125 note 59} M=9r^b1.Google Scholar

^{page 125 note 60} D=p. 440 lin. 1.Google Scholar

^{page 125 note 61} A=20r1.Google Scholar

^{page 125 note 62} radio] radiis RCO, sed term, incerta RC .Google Scholar

^{page 125 note 63} radio] radiis O .Google Scholar

^{page 125 note 64} quadraginta] quinquaginta DB, abbr. incerta O .Google Scholar

^{page 125 note 65} annis] add. quod est terribile signum A .Google Scholar

^{page 125 note 66} parte] om. S. Google Scholar

^{page 125 note h} Meteorology 369a25–369b7. This explanation follows Aristotle fairly well, although he did not talk about burning iron in conjunction with thunder and lightning in the Meteorology. Google Scholar

^{page 125 note i} See Meteorology 373a30–374a1. Aristotle's discussion of the rainbow is much more extensive and mathematically complicated. Google Scholar

^{page 125 note j} Meteorology 372a22–29, except that Aristotle says fifty years, not forty. Only two witnesses, D and B, which are late in the tradition and otherwise relatively unreliable, actually correctly read “fifty” instead of “forty.” However, S, the basis of the edition, has “forty,” and I believe that the autograph was likewise in error; thus I have selected the variant that I believe is authentic although it results in an inaccurate citation of Aristotle. Whether the readings in D and B are the result of a scribal correction or a scribal mistake cannot be determined.Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 67} R=6r1.Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 68} auster] ventus australis Σ .Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 69} australis] mixta Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 70} rorem generat] lac. O; S=61r1.Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 71} A=20v1.Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 72} cursitate] siccitate VZ .Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 73} intensa] abbr. incerta D .Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 74} frigiditate] frigiditatem V .Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 75} constringit] term, incerta O .Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 76} se] folia Δ; “s” scr. sed del. B .Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 77} vim] vi O om. A .Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 78} veneni] venerium OA om. DB .Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 79} herbas] gramina Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 80} excessivum] excessivus RC scr. male, rescr. i. m. clarior A .Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 81} V=60v^b1.Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 82} sic est] est ita RC est illa vel est ita abbr. incerta O est ros A est] sup. lin. M .Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 83} caliditas aeris] inv. A aeris validitas B .Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 84} caliditas] term. invisibilis in religatione D; B=20v1.Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 85} A=21r1.Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 86} tertio] secundo Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 87} O=85v1.Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 88} inquit Aristoteles] oblitteratum S .Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 89} et] etiam V oblitteratum S. Google Scholar

^{page 126 note k} See Meteorology 347a35–347b11. Google Scholar

^{page 126 note l} This interesting claim about snakes, and the previous claim about poisonous animals in general, are not found in the Meteorology. However, such ideas can be found in medieval lore. For the connection between snakes and dew, consider this passage from Isidore of Seville, Etymologies Livre XII, Des Animaux, ed. André, Jacques (Paris, 1986), 163–65, in the section on serpents (my translation): “Moreover, all serpents are cold by nature, neither do they bite except when they become warm. For when they are cold, they touch nothing, and hence their poisons do more harm in the day than in the evening. Nighttimes, in fact, they shake with trembling, and rightly so, because they are cold in the nocturnal dew.” Google Scholar

^{page 126 note m} Grosseteste's Commentary on the Meteorology is not among his extant works according to Harrison Thomson, S., The Writings of Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln 1235–1253 (Cambridge, 1940). Google Scholar

^{page 126 note n} Meteorology 346b15–347a11.Google Scholar

^{page 127 note 90} M=9v^a1.Google Scholar

^{page 127 note 91} in nocte quam … pluviae] in nocte quam in die ideo plures sunt pluviae homoeot. in “pluviae” V in nocte quam in die ideo plures sunt pluviae in hieme quam in aestate et plures RO in nocte quam die ideo plures sunt pluviae in hieme quam in aestate et plures C plures sunt pluviae homoeot. in “et” S plures erunt pluviae sed erunt add. sup. lin. et homoeot. in “et” A .Google Scholar

^{page 127 note 92} causa naturalis] om.S .Google Scholar

^{page 127 note 93} C=56r1.Google Scholar

^{page 127 note 94} tempore] oblitteratum S .Google Scholar

^{page 127 note 95} interiora] oblitteratum S .Google Scholar

^{page 127 note 96} illa] ita RC illa vel ita abbr. incerta O alia V .Google Scholar

^{page 127 note 97} A=21v1.Google Scholar

^{page 127 note 98} D=p. 441 lin. 1.Google Scholar

^{page 127 note 99} Beda] Beba M .Google Scholar

^{page 127 note 100} Januensis] Januentis D .Google Scholar

^{page 127 note 101} post] plus O potius A .Google Scholar

^{page 127 note 102} R=6v1.Google Scholar

^{page 127 note 103} hanc] om. S .Google Scholar

^{page 127 note 104} V=61r^a1.Google Scholar

^{page 127 note 105} et] quae ΓΣ .Google Scholar

^{page 127 note 106} A=22r1.Google Scholar

^{page 127 note 107} S=61v1.Google Scholar

^{page 127 note 108} mixtione] illius conmixtione Δ add. aquae cum terra A id est illius vaporum sup. lin. A. Google Scholar

^{page 127 note o} Aristotle often puts it more generally, not in terms of the seasons and the change from day to night, but rather in terms of the sun approaching and receding. See Meteorology 346b15–347a11 and Meteorology 360a4–6. Google Scholar

^{page 127 note p} See Meteorology 348b1–30. Google Scholar

^{page 127 note q} Neither rain nor hail are significant topics in any of Bede's extant works, though brief characterizations of weather phenomena occur in De ratione temporum and De natura rerum. See also De constitutione mundi, which the PL suggests may have been written by Bede. (All these works are in vol. 90 of the PL.) According to Orbis Latinus, “Jannuensis” refers either to Genoa or Geneva, but Genoa seems the far more plausible of the two; see Orbis Latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit , ed. Georg, Johann Graesse, Theodor et al., Band 2, E-M (Braunschweig, 1972), 270. Although it cannot be determined with any certainty, the reference here could be to a Simon of Genoa, who compiled a medical dictionary around 1290; see Epstein, Steven A., Genoa and the Genoese, 958–1528 (Chapel Hill, 1996).Google Scholar

^{page 128 note 109} aqua collata cum cinere] collata V aqua conmixta cum cinere RC aqua collata in cinerem M aqua cum cinere mixta O aqua collata in cinere ADB .Google Scholar

^{page 128 note 110} quod aqua … quod patet] om. fortasse homoeot. MB .Google Scholar

^{page 128 note 111} aristoteles] philosophi O .Google Scholar

^{page 128 note 112} acceperit] acciperet VΔ accipiat A .Google Scholar

^{page 128 note 113} vas cereum] vas sereuum MD sereum A cereuum B id est instrumentum de cera concavum sup. lin. A .Google Scholar

^{page 128 note 114} et] cum cera et MB cum cera fortiter et A cum sera et D .Google Scholar

^{page 128 note 115} cera] sera D cerum B .Google Scholar

^{page 128 note 116} grossities aquae] grossities aqua V grossies aqua M grossies aquae D grossissies aqua B add. id est salsedo A .Google Scholar

^{page 128 note 117} A=22v1.Google Scholar

^{page 128 note 118} Meteororum] methecorum D .Google Scholar

^{page 128 note 119} M=9v^b1.Google Scholar

^{page 128 note 120} deinde … aquam] deinde proiciatur ovum natans super aquam V esse supernatabit in illa sed “esse” abbr. incerta R esse supernatabit in ista C supernatabit in illa O deinde ponatur in illa ovum et invenitur ovum natans super aquam A .Google Scholar

^{page 128 note 121} grossitiem] grossiem MD grossissiem B .Google Scholar

^{page 128 note 122} dulci inquit] salsa statim Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 128 note 123} ovum] esse RC sed “esse” abbr. incerta R om. OA .Google Scholar

^{page 128 note 124} haec ibidem] haec ille ibi V et patet solutio M om. ADB; ibidem] abbr. incerta S .Google Scholar

^{page 128 note 125} adamas] adamans RC naturaliter seq. A .Google Scholar

^{page 128 note 126} O=86r1; A=23r1.Google Scholar

^{page 128 note 127} crescit] add. decrescit B luna RCDB mare in seq. A .Google Scholar

^{page 128 note 128} occidentis] occidentali sed del., add. orientali B .Google Scholar

^{page 128 note 129} decrescit] crescit B .Google Scholar

^{page 128 note 130} orientis] occidentali B. Google Scholar

^{page 128 note r} See Meteorology 2.2, especially 357a30–357b8 and 358a11–25. Google Scholar

^{page 128 note s} Meteorology 359a1–7. Google Scholar

^{page 128 note t} Meteorology 359a11–17. Google Scholar

^{page 128 note u} It is widely held that Aristotle had no real knowledge of the tides. If this is so, it is not surprising that Lavenham must abandon his reliance on Aristotle for the majority of this question. Grosseteste has a well–developed theory of the lunar mechanism of the tides; see, for example, Robert Grosseteste, “Quaestio de fluxu et refluxu maris,” ed. and trans. Richard C. Dales, Isis 57 (1966): 455–74. The reference to Macrobius is puzzling, since he does not hold that the moon is the cause of the tides at all. In fact, it is quite clear that Macrobius held a “polar” or refusio theory of the tides, which he details in the very influential Commentary on Cicero's Somnium Scipionis. There he asserts that the Earth is covered by an equatorial ocean and a meridional ocean that divide the dry land into four quarters. The equatorial ocean flows like a river into the meridional ocean, causing it to flow from the equator to the poles in both hemispheres. The eventual collision of these flowing waters at the poles sends them rebounding back to the equator, causing an ebb and flow that is felt in every connected body of water. These resulting movements are just the tides. See Macrobius, Commentary on the Dream of Scipio, trans. William Harris Stahl (New York, 1952), 300–304. Macrobius was very influential on medieval geographers, and his views on tidal mechanics are clearly and unequivocally stated in a work that was widely circulated. Thus, either Lavenham got it wrong here or he had a work of Macrobius, now lost, that contained a lunar theory of the tides instead.Google Scholar

^{page 129 note 131} D=p. 442 lin. 1.Google Scholar

^{page 129 note 132} proficit] deficit Δ proficitur A perficit B .Google Scholar

^{page 129 note 133} V=61r^b1.Google Scholar

^{page 129 note 134} B=21r1.Google Scholar

^{page 129 note 135} R=7r1.Google Scholar

^{page 129 note 136} quartus] quadrangulis A .Google Scholar

^{page 129 note 137} A=23v1.Google Scholar

^{page 129 note 138} rectam] certam S .Google Scholar

^{page 129 note 139} G=56v1.Google Scholar

^{page 129 note 140} utroque] add. hemispheric VOΣ .Google Scholar

^{page 129 note 141} laterum] literum A .Google Scholar

^{page 129 note 142} eorum] earum VSB .Google Scholar

^{page 129 note 143} virtutem] abbr. falsa V .Google Scholar

^{page 129 note 144} ascendat] ascendit ΔΣ .Google Scholar

^{page 129 note 145} ad latera] ab altera V ad terram Δ ad litora A .Google Scholar

^{page 129 note 146} qua] coni. quam ΓRMO quod C vel A quia D qui fluxus B .Google Scholar

^{page 129 note 147} obstacula] substacula Δ sed partim del. O .Google Scholar

^{page 129 note 148} currentes] concurrentes RC percurrentes O. Google Scholar

^{page 129 note v} Locus non inventus. Google Scholar

^{page 129 note w} Again, Grosseteste is being cited. I cannot find the precise source of the quotation, but see Aristotle, Meteorology 354a6–10.Google Scholar

^{page 130 note 149} S=62r1.Google Scholar

^{page 130 note 150} A=24r1.Google Scholar

^{page 130 note 151} porum] poris RC pororum MDB porosa O om. A .Google Scholar

^{page 130 note 152} manantem] manentem ΔAB .Google Scholar

^{page 130 note 153} M=10r^a1.Google Scholar

^{page 130 note 154} remeare] remare V remanere Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 130 note 155} quos] consequens RC .Google Scholar

^{page 130 note 156} ibidem] abbr. incerta S .Google Scholar

^{page 130 note 157} V=61v^a1.Google Scholar

^{page 130 note 158} octava … quaestionem] ad octavam de califactione fontium in hieme RC ad octavam quaestionem de califactione fontium in hieme O .Google Scholar

^{page 130 note 159} quarto libro] inv. AB .Google Scholar

^{page 130 note 160} saturnalium] naturalium A .Google Scholar

^{page 130 note 161} sensibiliter] singulariter MB significat O suaviter A scencialiter lect. incerta D add. sic VΔ .Google Scholar

^{page 130 note 162} A=24v1.Google Scholar

^{page 130 note 163} praesentia] puritia O perversione A .Google Scholar

^{page 130 note 164} in terrarum] intrans Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 130 note 165} aegipto] egito D .Google Scholar

^{page 130 note 166} D=p. 443 lin. 1.Google Scholar

^{page 130 note 167} O=86v1.Google Scholar

^{page 130 note 168} A=25r1.Google Scholar

^{page 130 note 169} R=7v1.Google Scholar

^{page 130 note 170} virtute] abbr. falsa V .Google Scholar

^{page 130 note 171} sed tunc … non stringuntur] constringuntur om., fortasse homoeot. in “constringuntur” B; stringuntur] constringuntur AB .Google Scholar

^{page 130 note 172} sint] sunt VΔAB fuit M. Google Scholar

^{page 130 note x} No such work of Grosseteste's is extant. Google Scholar

^{page 130 note y} Saturnalia 7. 8.Google Scholar

^{page 131 note 173} facilius] citius Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 131 note 174} vino … condensantur om. V .Google Scholar

^{page 131 note 175} urso] ursus Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 131 note 176} in afforissmis afforissmo 33] in afforissmis 33 afforissmo V afforissmo Δ in afforibus afforissmis 33 M .Google Scholar

^{page 131 note 177} commento] conjuncto V convinso RC .Google Scholar

^{page 131 note 178} M=10r^b1.Google Scholar

^{page 131 note 179} A=25v1.Google Scholar

^{page 131 note 180} V=61v^b1.Google Scholar

^{page 131 note 181} magnete] magnato O magnate A magnete abbr. incerta V add. immutteretur dum aequaliter ex omni parte traheretur, sed exp. M .Google Scholar

^{page 131 note 182} conformiter] oblitteratus S abbr. incerta M .Google Scholar

^{page 131 note 183} C=57r1.Google Scholar

^{page 131 note 184} S=62v1.Google Scholar

^{page 131 note 185} B=21v1.Google Scholar

^{page 131 note 186} superficiem] abbr. incerta V .Google Scholar

^{page 131 note 187} superiorem] om. Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 131 note 188} A=26r1.Google Scholar

^{page 131 note 189} haec urso] om. VΔΣ .Google Scholar

^{page 131 note 190} D=p. 444 lin. 1.Google Scholar

^{page 131 note 191} siccum] abbr. falsa M; A=26v1.Google Scholar

^{page 131 note 192} sed] illeg. S. ^z Saturnalia 7.12. Google Scholar

^{page 131 note aa} Urso of Salerno's (d. 1225) Afforisms has not been edited. Google Scholar

^{page 131 note bb} Meteorology 366a2–5 and 366b14–367a1. Google Scholar

^{page 131 note cc} Meteorology 365b21–29.Google Scholar

^{page 132 note 193} R=8r1.Google Scholar

^{page 132 note 194} arenosis] arnosis S; V=62r^a1.Google Scholar

^{page 132 note 195} vegetabilibus] regiminibus A et plantis seq. M .Google Scholar

^{page 132 note 196} M=10v^a1.Google Scholar

^{page 132 note 197} duris] auris M aeris ADB .Google Scholar

^{page 132 note 198} sunt] sicca A inde seq. S .Google Scholar

^{page 132 note 199} compactis] compactus S .Google Scholar

^{page 132 note 200} O=87r1.Google Scholar

^{page 132 note 201} A=27r1.Google Scholar

^{page 132 note 202} fuit] fueret S .Google Scholar

^{page 132 note 203} verumtamen] sumptum RC sumptum est O verumptamen D om. A abbr. illeg. del. B .Google Scholar

^{page 132 note 204} A=27v1.Google Scholar

^{page 132 note 205} et … excessivum om., homoeot. Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 132 note 206} adurit] urit Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 132 note 207} S=63r1; D=p. 445 lin. 1.Google Scholar

^{page 132 note 208} Σ tertiam decimam quaestionem non continet .Google Scholar

^{page 132 note 209} possint] possunt VΔ .Google Scholar

^{page 132 note 210} secundum aristotelem] per philosophum Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 132 note 211} cum … quod] ergo aer Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 132 note 212} qua] aqua V .Google Scholar

^{page 132 note 213} parte … aqua] parte RC om. O .Google Scholar

^{page 132 note 214} alia] om. Δ. Google Scholar

^{page 132 note dd} Meteorology 366a24–26. Google Scholar

^{page 132 note ee} See the pseudo-Aristotelian On Plants 822b35–823a15. Google Scholar

^{page 132 note ff} Meteorology 361a25-b1. Google Scholar

^{page 132 note gg} Meteorology 361b14–35. Google Scholar

^{page 132 note hh} On Generation and Corruption 331a12–16.Google Scholar

^{page 133 note 215} V=62r^b1.Google Scholar

^{page 133 note 216} aeris potest fieri aqua per transmutationem … apta condensari] et per consequens aer in parte superiori potest condensari RC et per consequens aer in frigiditati parte condensatur O .Google Scholar

^{page 133 note 217} vult] abbr. illeg. S om. Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 133 note 218} ergo superiori parte aeris … quod mons] ad illam dicitur quod solum in media regione aeris potest nubes generari unde secundum Augustinus arens Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 133 note 219} excelsus] excessus RC .Google Scholar

^{page 133 note 220} turbines] turpidiens RC turpitudinens O .Google Scholar

^{page 133 note 221} in pulvere … characteres] om., homoeot.C .Google Scholar

^{page 133 note 222} R=8v1; C=57v1.Google Scholar

^{page 133 note 223} montis … turbaretur] turbaretur ventis et imbribus RC non turbaretur ventis et imbribus O .Google Scholar

^{page 133 note 224} medium intersticium] mediam regione Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 133 note 225} nec … generari] om. Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 133 note 226} in oppositum dico … fieri nubes] negatur quod qua ratione ex una parte aeris et sic quia propter calorem ignis et calorem generatam ex motibus supracaelestibus non possunt nubes generari in illa parte RC negatur quod qua ratione ex parte aeris et cetera quia propter calorem ignis et calorem generatum ex motibus supracaelestibus non possunt imbres generari in illa parte O .Google Scholar

^{page 133 note 227} fit] generatur RC generantur O .Google Scholar

^{page 133 note 228} congregato] aggregato Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 133 note 229} in parte ergo … quaestionis] et sic RC et O. Google Scholar

^{page 133 note ii} Meteorology 436b31–32. Google Scholar

^{page 133 note jj} Meteorology 340a24–340b32. Google Scholar

^{page 133 note kk} De Genesi contra Manichaeos 1.15. The sponges are applied to their noses to help them breathe the thin air; see Augustine, De Genesi contra Manichaeos libri II, PL 34:173–218.Google Scholar

^{page 134 note 230} Σ quartam decimam quaestionem non continet .Google Scholar

^{page 134 note 231} V=62v^a1.Google Scholar

^{page 134 note 232} inspissantem] om. Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 134 note 233} et humidus] om. Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 134 note 234} nulla qualitate prima] non Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 134 note 235} S=63v1.Google Scholar

^{page 134 note 236} ergo in media … contrarium notandum] respondeo et dico Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 134 note 237} sua] om. Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 134 note 238} corporum caelestium] supracaelestium Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 134 note 239} caelestia corpora] corpora supracaelestia Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 134 note 240} calorem] caliditatem Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 134 note 241} O=87v1.Google Scholar

^{page 134 note 242} et] vel Δ om. V .Google Scholar

^{page 134 note 243} inferiori] infima Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 134 note 244} calescit] calefit VΔ .Google Scholar

^{page 134 note 245} sed] tarnen Δ om. V .Google Scholar

^{page 134 note 246} perveniret] om. Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 134 note 247} derelinquitur] derelinquit RC delinquit O .Google Scholar

^{page 134 note 248} vapor propriae naturae] propriam naturam Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 134 note 249} non] om. O .Google Scholar

^{page 134 note 250} generatur] generari VRC .Google Scholar

^{page 134 note 251} V=62v^b1.Google Scholar

^{page 134 note 252} et per … quartae decimae] om. Δ. Google Scholar

^{page 134 note ll} This could mean either On Generation and Corruption 331a12–16 or Meteorology 340a24–340b32. Google Scholar

^{page 134 note mm} Locus non inventus .Google Scholar

^{page 135 note 253} quinta decima … an] quinto decimo quaeritur an V ad quintam decimam quaestionem concedo quod Δ tertia decima quaestio fuit talis an Σ .Google Scholar

^{page 135 note 254} superiori aeris regione] superiori parte aeris RC inferiore parte aeris O .Google Scholar

^{page 135 note 255} omnium … regione] similiter medio Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 135 note 256} A=28r1.Google Scholar

^{page 135 note 257} et] om. VDB .Google Scholar

^{page 135 note 258} assub descendens] om. V .Google Scholar

^{page 135 note 259} exhalatio] ex aliquo Δ exactio A .Google Scholar

^{page 135 note 260} sphaeram] regionem Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 135 note 261} inflammat] inflammatur S .Google Scholar

^{page 135 note 262} R=9r1.Google Scholar

^{page 135 note 263} quia] qui Γ .Google Scholar

^{page 135 note 264} apparet … inflammata] om., homoeot. A .Google Scholar

^{page 135 note 265} S=64r1.Google Scholar

^{page 135 note 266} M=10v^b1.Google Scholar

^{page 135 note 267} apparet ardens draco … inflammata] om. B; talis materia inflammata] om. Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 135 note 268} grossiciem] grossionem D grossissiem B .Google Scholar

^{page 135 note 269} B, imperfectum, desinit; B=21v39.Google Scholar

^{page 135 note 270} si] sic S .Google Scholar

^{page 135 note 271} nam si materia inflammata … descendens] om. CA si ascendat dicitur assub ascendens RO .Google Scholar

^{page 135 note 272} A=28v1.Google Scholar

^{page 135 note 273} pluviae nivis grandinis] pluviae nives grandines Δ pluviae nix grandines MD pluvia nives grando A .Google Scholar

^{page 135 note 274} omnibus] om. VΔ .Google Scholar

^{page 135 note 275} numquam] om. ΔMAD .Google Scholar

^{page 135 note 276} vapor] add. nulla foret pluvia nulla foret tempestas sed del. cum va sup. lin. V .Google Scholar

^{page 135 note 277} nulla foret tempestas vel procella] esset et sic R esset CO vel procella] nihil praecella V nulla foret praecella M nulla procella foret A nec nulla foret procella D et sic patet solutio tertiae decimae quaestionis et ultimae seq. M et sic patet solutio tertiae decimae quaestionis et ultimae cum omnibus praecedentibus de impressionibus secundum aristotelem primo libro Meteororum seq. A et sic patet solutio tertiae decimae et ultimae quaestionis explicit tractus de causis naturalibus et sic D MAD desinunt; M=10v^b13; A=29v10; D=p. 445 lin. 25. Google Scholar

^{page 135 note nn} Assub is derived from the Arabic and is a technical term, used in Latin translations of Aristotle as the equivalent of “stella cadens,” according to the editor of Gower, John, Confessio Amantis: The Complete Works of John Gower, ed. Macauly, G. C. (Oxford, 1901), 3:242. Hence, , an “assub” is simply what we call a “shooting star” today (see Mittellateinisches Wörterbuch 1 [Munich, 1967], 1086).Google Scholar

^{page 136 note 278} Σ sextam decimam quaestionem non continet .Google Scholar

^{page 136 note 279} V=63r^a1.Google Scholar

^{page 136 note 280} vapor non est accidens sed substantia et ratio est … respondeo et] est substantia et non accidens ex hoc quod migrat de uno loco ad alium locum ulterius RC est substantia et non accidens ex hoc quod migrat de uno loco in alium locum ulterius O .Google Scholar

^{page 136 note 281} et ratio … requiritur] ad hoc enim quod aliquid sit mixtum oportet Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 136 note 282} O=88r1.Google Scholar

^{page 136 note 283} C=58r1.Google Scholar

^{page 136 note 284} nam] ex hoc quod Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 136 note 285} hoc] om. S .Google Scholar

^{page 136 note 286} refractionem] abbr. incerta S .Google Scholar

^{page 136 note 287} caloris] caliditatis Δ .Google Scholar

^{page 136 note 288} calor est terrae … solis] om., homoeot. V .Google Scholar

^{page 136 note 289} generari] et elevari et sic seq. R et elevari et cetera seq. C et elevari seq. O C desinit C=58r9.Google Scholar

^{page 136 note 290} et sic patet solutio quaestionis] et sic patet solutio sextae decimae quaestionis V et sic finiuntur solutiones sedecim quaestionum R et sic patent solutiones sedecim quaestionum O; RO desinunt; R=9r27; O=88r11.Google Scholar

^{page 136 note 291} VS desinunt; V=63r^a27; S=64r29. Google Scholar

^{page 136 note oo} Possibly a reference to On Generation and Corruption 328a9–12.Google Scholar

^{page 140 note 1} This experiment is in the Meteorology together with the rest of Aristotle's discussion of the salinity of the sea, and, as odd as it sounds, he really does recommend using a wax jar. But the experiment then seems absurd, since wax repels water and does not filter it. H. D. P. Lee, the editor and translator of the Loeb edition of the Meteorology, suggests that something has gone wrong at this point, and mentions a conjecture to emend the text's kerinon (=waxen) with keraminon (=earthenware); see note a in Aristotle, Meteorologica, ed. and trans. H. D. P. Lee, 2d ed., Loeb Classic Library (Cambridge, Mass., 1952), 158. The textual problem seems to have persisted as far as Lavenharn's source for the Meteorology .Google Scholar

^{page 140 note 2} This experiment is discussed in the Meteorology immediately after the wax jar experiment. The experiment can be tried at home, and it does work. Modern books and science kits for children often include this very same experiment, exactly as described in the Meteorology and DCN. Note that it does take a rather large quantity of salt in order to make the egg float.Google Scholar

^{page 142 note 3} DCN makes it sound as though Macrobius believed that wine does not freeze because it is hot, and that he simply quotes Homer with approval and then replies to an objection concerning oil. The real situation is much more complicated than this. In fact, there is an after-dinner debate in the Saturnalia over the question of why wines never or only rarely freeze, and the correct understanding of Homer's phrase aithopa oinon [flaming wine] at Iliad 1.462 is called into question in that discussion, not quoted with simple approval. The implicit argument and explanation that Macrobius is criticizing is this: (1) wines are hot by nature, because Homer uses the phrase aithopa oinon; (2) things hot by nature do not easily freeze; (3) therefore, wines do not easily freeze. In the Saturnalia, objections are raised against both premises; against premise (1), “aithopa oinon” can mean “sparkling wines,” and against premise (2), oil, which is at least as hot as wine, does in fact congeal. Premise (1) can be fixed by abandoning the forced reading of Homer, and premise (2) can be saved by noting that the thickness of a liquid affects its tendency to freeze; hence, the fact that oil does not freeze does not show that wine is cold, but that it is relatively thin. The summary in DCN is accurate in general drift but unfaithful to the complexities in its source.Google Scholar

^{page 144 note 4} This strange reference to Augustine is worth considering in detail. From Augustine, De Genesi contra Manichaeos 1.15 [my translation]: “For that mountain in Macedonia, which is called Olympus, is said to be of so great a height, that on its peak no wind is detected, neither do clouds form, because its peak exceeds all the moist air in which birds normally fly. … This information has been brought back by those who, it is said, customarily ascend to the peak of the famous mountain once a year and there write certain marks in the dust. (I do not know what rites draw them up there.) They find these same marks intact the next year. … Because of the thinness of the air of that place … they would not be able to make it up there unless they applied moist sponges to their noses. …” Thus the use of the sponges becomes clear — the philosophers soak them with water and then apply them to their noses as they climb the mountain so that they can breathe the thin air. See also Augustine, , The Literal Meaning of Genesis, trans. Taylor, John Hammond (New York, 1982), 1:75–76. See also Odyssey 6.42–45 where Homer describes the same airless Olympus.Google Scholar

^{page 146 note 5} In Meteorology 1.4–5, Aristotle explains apparently diverse atmospheric phenomena as the result of hot dry exhalations being ignited by heat from the motion of the celestial sphere. These various phenomena (e.g., comets and shooting stars) differ only in appearance, and so are classified by appearance; the names of the phenomena are thus often indicative of their respective appearances. When the celestial sphere ignites hot, dry exhalation that is extended lengthwise in the atmosphere, for example, it produces a “goat” if it throws off sparks when it burns (the sparks resemble the gamboling of a goat), and a “torch” if it does not (341b30–33). Medieval astronomers, astrologers and alchemists took over the exact same explanation for these events, but in some cases the names were changed. In DCN, stella comata clearly refers to the “bearded star” that we know as a “comet” today. Ardens draco may refer either to meteor showers occurring in the constellation Draco, or to meteor showers that in some way resemble a dragon (as in the case of “goat” above). “Assub” is an Arabic technical term, used in Latin translations of Aristotle as the equivalent of stella cadens (Gower, Confessio Amantis, 523); hence, an assub is simply what we call a “shooting star” today. DCN identifies “ascending” and “descending” assubs. This classification probably refers to whether the shooting star seems to be traveling up or down relative to the observer (see Mittellateinisches Wörterbuch 1 [Munich, 1967], 1086). John Gower's (fl. fourteenth century) Confessio Amantis 7.344 mentions the assub as one of four possible appearances of burning exhalation in the sky. From Gower, Confessio Amantis, 242:Google Scholar