² Hagenmeyer, H., ‘Chronologie de la première croisade,’ Revue de l'Orient latin 6–8 (1898–1901); hereafter cited as HCP. Frederic Duncalf in a recent work has said quite simply of the HCP that it ‘is an indispensable guide, especially for dates.’ See Duncalf's chapter, ‘Clermont to Constantinople,’ in A History of the Crusades 1 (ed. Setton, Kenneth M., Philadelphia 1955) 254. A companion work to the HCP is Hagenmeyer's ‘Chronologie de l'histoire du royaume de Jérusalem.’ Revue de l'Orient latin 9 (1902); hereafter cited as HCJ.Google Scholar

³ Specific listings in the HCP under discussion are: nos. 42, 47, 51, 58, 70, 95, 100, 102, 104 and 105. Google Scholar

⁴ The main source for the marches of Peter the Hermit and Duke Godfrey is Albert of Aachen, Historia hierosolymitana, in Recueil des historiens des croisades: Historiens occidentaux (published in 5 vols. by the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres; Paris 1844–1895) 4; hereafter referred to as RHCO. A small amount of additional information is to be found in: Ekkehard, Hierosolymita, RHCO 5. See also Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Dei per Francos, RHCO 4; and Ordericus Vitalis, Historia ecclesiastica (ed. Le, A. Prevost in 5 vols.; Société de l'histoire de France, Paris 1838–1855).Google Scholar

⁵ Albert of Aachen, Hist. hierosol. 272. Google Scholar

⁶ Following Le Prevost, ‘Pexeio’ is to be identified with the town of Poissi and ‘sans avoir’ with the town of Boissi- Sansavoir, near Montfort-l'Amauri. See Ordericus Vitalis, Hist. eccles. III 478. Google Scholar

⁷ Reinold is identified in Albert of Aachen, Hist. hierosol. 277 n. a. Google Scholar

⁸ For the identification of Walter, ibid. 278 n. b. Google Scholar

⁹ For the identification of these three, ibid. 293 and 299; notes a, b and a respectively. Google Scholar

¹⁰ Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Dei 140–1. Google Scholar

¹¹ The account of both Peter's stay at Cologne and the date of his departure from there is to be found in Ordericus Vitalis, Hist. eccles. III 478. Google Scholar

¹² This itinerary is based largely on Albert of Aachen's remark that Suevians and Bavarians were attracted to Peter's cause. Hence it is presumed that they attached themselves while Peter's followers were marching through these areas. See Albert of Aachen, Hist. hierosol. 276. Google Scholar

¹³ Ibid. Google Scholar

¹⁴ See Frederic Duncalf, ‘The Peasant's Crusade,’ American Historical Review 36 (1921) 440–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁵ The Bavarian Abbot, Ekkehard of Aura, states that the French were easily persuaded to depart on the crusade owing to the existence of plague at this time in France (Ekkehard, Hierosol. 17). However, there is only one French source, the Norman Ordericus Vitalis, who mentions plague in the regions of France at this time (Ordericus Vitalis, Hist. eccles. III 461). The majority of sources, Lotharingian, Suevian, Bavarian, and Italian, place the existence of plague in Germany, specifically in Lorraine and Bavaria. Lorraine: the chronicle of Gembloux states that there was severe plague in 1094 and famine the following year in the areas about the monastery (Gesta Abbatum Gemblacensium, MGH Scriptores 8. 547). Swabia: the annals of the monastery at Ottobeuren realte that there were instances of plague about the area in 1095 (Annales Ottenburani, MGH Scriptores 5.8). Bavaria: oddly, the same Abbot Ekkehard of Aura, who wrote of the plague in France, mentions incidences of it in Bavaria for 1094 (Ekkehardi Chronicon universale, MGH Scriptores 6. 276). Italy: the chronicler, Bernold, also records plague in Germany for 1094 (Bernoldi Chronicon, MGH Scriptores 5.46). Google Scholar

¹⁶ Albert of Aachen states that the attack was made out of apprehension of being robbed, as had happened earlier to members of Walter's group (Albert of Aachen, Hist. hierosol. 276). It is to be noticed, however, that Peter's men took the opportunity to replenish supplies not only through looting here but also at Belgrade. Google Scholar

¹⁷ Tschalma is near the present day city of Sremska Mitrovica on the left bank of the Save River. Google Scholar

¹⁸ The whole of this account has been taken from Albert of Aachen, Hist. hierosol. 276–83. Google Scholar

¹⁹ Cf. Laurentii Gesta Episcoporum Virdunensium, MGH Scriptores 20.498. Google Scholar

²⁰ For a complete discussion on the background of Godfrey's departure to the East, see Andressohn, J. C., The Ancestry and Life of Godfrey of Bouillon (Bloomington 1947).Google Scholar

²¹ Albert of Aachen, Hist. hierosol. 299. Google Scholar

²² For the account of Godfrey's march, see Albert of Aachen, Hist. hierosol. 299–306. Google Scholar

²³ Knowing that Godfrey's army remained three weeks at Burch, the departure from there is arbitrarily assigned to the 26 September. Google Scholar

²⁴ Albert of Aachen, Hist. hierosol. 278. Note first, that it is a variant reading, ‘septem diebus,’ which Hagenmeyer uses for reckoning speed; and next, that the fact that Peter's forces had spent 7 days in transit from Belgrade to Nish is Hagenmeyer's interpretation of the passage. Google Scholar

²⁵ Ibid. 281.Google Scholar

²⁶ Vitalis, Ordericus, Hist. eccles. III 479.Google Scholar

²⁷ Albert of Aachen, Hist. hierosol. 277–8: ‘Transactis abhinc sex diebus [that is, from the attack on Semlin] … cum universis sociis Malevillam deserens …’ Google Scholar

²⁸ The following are examples of the above generalization. The Milanese ecclesiastic, Canon Pietro Casola, in a three-stage journey from Caravaggio to Vicenza traveled at speed ranging from 35–38 miles a day. See Canon Pietro Casola's Pilgrimage to Jerusalem in the Year 1494, ed. and tr. Margaret, M. Newett (Cambridge 1907) 115–23. The twelfth-century Jew, Benjamin of Tudela, in his travels along the Via Augusta from Barcelona clear through to Narbonne approximated closely in each part of his itinerary the same ranges of speed attained by Canon Casola (Benjamin's correct notations of distance between Narbonne and Béziers and between Montpellier and Lunel show that at least at the outset he was keeping careful note of his travels; other distances, as between Amalfi and Benevento, are doubtful). See The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela, ed. and tr. Marcus Adler (Oxford 1907) 1–14. Fathre Felix, a fifteenth-century pilgrim, on his return trip from Palestine covered the some 35 miles from Memmingen to his home town of Ulm in one day. See Prescott, H. F. M., Once to Sinai: The Further Pilgrimage of Friar Felix Fabri (London 1957) 273–4; also see p. 288 for note of criticism on other parts of Felix's transalpine journey. Although segments of the Iter Altmanni (MGH Scriptores 17.420–21) are questionable, certain sections of Abbot Altmann's journey from Nieder-Altaich to Cambrai show enough consistency to be usuable. The party, consisting of a carriage and three riders, covered the distance from their monastery to Neumarkt averaging 29 miles a day; the same figure applies from Bergheim to Bilzen; a little over 30 from Siegberg to Hackenburg.Google Scholar

²⁹ The experience of the Army, U.S. confirms the following rates of march: ‘The normal rates of march are two and a half miles per hour a day on relatively flat roads’ and ‘one and a half miles per hour by day cross-country …,’ Department of the Army ROTCM Manual: Logistics. ROTCM 145–80, no. 133.Google Scholar

³⁰ The sole source for the march of Raymond of St. Gilles is Raymond of Aguilers, Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem, RHCO 3. Unfortunately, Raymond begins his account of the march at the time of the army's entrance into Dalmatia. Google Scholar

³¹ Raymond of Aguilers, Historia Francorum 236. Following the editor, Sclavonia is identified as Dalmatia and hence the entrance to Sclavonia would be at Tharsatica. Google Scholar

³² Ibid. Google Scholar

³³ The main source for Bohemond's march is the Gesta Francorum (RHCO 3). The best edition of this account is the Histoire anonyme de la première croisade, ed. and tr. Br, L. éhier (Paris 1924). Additional information is to be found in the Historia peregrinorum, RHCO 3. An excellent secondary account of Bohemond's participation in the crusade is Yewdale, R. B.'s Bohemond I, Prince of Antioch (Princeton 1917).Google Scholar

³⁴ This date is to be found in the Hist. peregr. 177. Google Scholar

³⁵ For the account of Bohemond's march, see Gesta Francorum, ed. Bréhier 20–28. Google Scholar

³⁶ Ibid. 26.Google Scholar

³⁷ The main sources for this march are Albert of Aachen's Historia hierosolymitana and Ekkehard's Hierosolymita; additional material is to be found in the Historia Mediolanensis, MGH Scriptores 20.22. The date of departure is found in the Ex notis Mariae S. Mediolanensis, MGH Scriptores 18.248. Google Scholar

³⁸ Ekkehard mentions that Anselm requested permission from Duke Henry of Carinthia to pass through his lands; these regions are here interpreted to mean the March of Carniola. Ekkehard, Hierosol. 29. Google Scholar

³⁹ Ibid. Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Albert of Aachen, Hist. hierosol. 560. Google Scholar

⁴¹ The main sources for Welf's march are Albert of Aachen's Hist. hierosol. and Ekkehard's Hierosolymita; of no more than confirmatory value are the Annales Augustani, MGH Scriptores 3.135; and the Annales Mellicenses, MGH Scriptores 9.500. Google Scholar

⁴² See Hagenmeyer's HCJ no. 572. Google Scholar

⁴³ The most important sources for Conrad's march are Otto of Freising, Gesta Friderici primi imperatoris, MGH Scriptores 20.375–6 and Odo de Deuil, De profectione Ludovoci VII in Orientem, ed. and tr. Virginia Berry (Columbia Records of Civilization 42; New York 1948). Google Scholar

⁴⁴ This date is to be found in Otto of Freising, Gesta Friderici 376. The assumption here is that Conrad followed the same route as Godfrey and Peter. Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Odo de Deuil, ed. Berry 23. Google Scholar

⁴⁶ This arrival date is to be found in the Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France 15 (ed. Martin Bouquet; new ed. by Léopold Delisle; Paris 1869ff.) 488. Google Scholar

⁴⁷ The main sources of chronology are: Ansbertus, Historia de expeditione Friderici imperatoris; also the Historia peregrinorum; both ed. by Anton Chroust in Quellen zur Geschichte des Kreuzzugs Kaiser Friedrichs I (Berlin 1928); and Tageno's history in the Chronicon Magni Presbyteri, MGH Scriptores 17.509. Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Ansbertus, , Hist. Friderici 39.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Hist. peregr. 132.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Ansbertus, , Hist. Friderici 17; also Tageno 509.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Ansbertus, , Hist. Friderici 17.Google Scholar

⁵² Ibid.; Hist. peregr. 130.Google Scholar

⁵³ Hist. peregr. 131; Ansbertus, Hist. Friderici 17.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Ansbertus ibid.; Hist. peregr. 130.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Ansbertus, Hist. Friderici 26. Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Ibid. Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Hist. peregr. 131-2; Tageno 509.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Hist. peregr. 132.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Ansbertus, , Hist. Friderici 28.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Ibid. 35–37.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Tageno 509.Google Scholar

⁶² Ansbertus, , Hist. Friderici 52–3.Google Scholar

⁶³ For the numbers in Frederick's army see the note by Runciman on Arnold of Lubeck's estimate based on a census while the army crossed the Save. The number was 50,000 horse and 100,000 foot. A History of the Crusades 3 (Cambridge 1954) 11 n. 4. Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Odo de Deuil, ed. Berry 25 and 40. Google Scholar

¹ Average daily mileage reflected by revised dates. Google Scholar