¹ See the bibliographies in: Überweg-Prächter, Die Philosophie des Altertums (12th ed. Berlin 1926) 77 ^*; Ritter, K., Bursians Jahresberichte über die Fortschritte der Altertumswissenschaft 191, 274ff.; A. Kiock, De Cratyli Platonici indole ac fine (Breslau 1913).—See also Warburg, M., Zwei Fragen zum Kratylus (Neue Philologische Untersuchungen ed. Jaeger, W, 15, Berlin 1929); Büchner, K., Platos Kratylus und die moderne Sprachphilosophie (Berlin 1936); Leky, M., Plato als Sprachphilosoph (Paderborn 1919); E. Haag, Platons Kratylus (Stuttgart 1933).Google Scholar

² Steinthal, H., Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft bei Griechen und Römern (2nd ed. Berlin 1890).Google Scholar

³ Crat. 383 A: Google Scholar

⁴ To forestall possible misunderstandings I want to say that in this paper thing is used to denote whatever is expressed by a word, whether it is an object or a being, a fact, a situation, etc.Google Scholar

⁵ 387 D ff.Google Scholar

⁶ In the following I shall speak of Plato, unless the situation of the dialogue requires the use of Socrates’ name.Google Scholar

⁷ How modern this idea is, may be illustrated by quoting what a modern theorist of language, Bühler, K., Sprachtheorie (Jena 1934) p. iii, describes as the basic character of language: ‘Die Sprache ist dem Werkzeug verwandt ist ein Organon wie das dingliche Gerät.’ Bühler states that Plato gave the organon-model of language, but he does not analyze it. On the other hand he asserts that he himself is not influenced by Plato.Google Scholar

⁸ 389 C: ‘He must find out the instrument naturally fitted for every purpose and must embody it in that [material] of which he makes [the instrument], not as he himself would like to, but in accordance with its nature.'Google Scholar

⁹ 389 D; cf. 390 A: Once, in 389 E f., the term itself is used.Google Scholar

¹⁰ 390 C: ‘a man who knows how to ask and to answer.'Google Scholar

¹¹ Rep. 511 B: Google Scholar

¹² Rep. 533 B, C.Google Scholar

¹³ See Robinson, A., Plato's Earlier Dialectic (Ithaca 1941); Cassirer, E., ‘Philosophie der Griechen’ in: Dessoir, M., Lehrbuch der Philosophie (Berlin 1925) I, 89; Stenzel, J., Studien zur Entwicklung der platonischen Dialektik von Sokrates zu Aristoteles (2nd ed. Leipzig-Berlin 1931); English translation by D. J. Allen under the title Plato's Method of Dialectic (Oxford 1940).Google Scholar

¹⁴ Sophist 263 E: Google Scholar

¹⁵ Phaedon 78 C: ‘the very about which we cogitate in questions and answers.'Google Scholar

¹⁶ See belowGoogle Scholar

¹⁷ 436 A, B.Google Scholar

¹⁸ 434 E f.: ‘When I pronounce this, but mean that, and you recognize that I do mean that when you recognize this from my speech, a comes to you from me.'Google Scholar

¹⁹ 435 B: must somehow contribute to the of what is meant by our statement.'Google Scholar

²⁰ 434 E f.: ‘A communication comes from me to you through something different from what I mean by my speech.'Google Scholar

²¹ 237 D; 262 A.Google Scholar

²² Plato I, 292f.—See, on the other hand, Steinthal, Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft I,108, also 79ff.—Steiner, A., ‘Die Etymologien in Platos Cratylus,’ Archiv für die Geschichte der Philosophie 29, 109ff. recognizes three different groups of etymologies; see the criticism of Leky, Plato als Sprachphilosoph 14ff.; on the arrangement of the etymologies see also Haag, Platons Kratylus 32ff.Google Scholar

²³ See also Warburg, , Zwei Fragen zum Kratylus 21ff. on the role of etymology in Aristotle and the Academy. Part II of Warburg's study deals with ‘Voraussetzungen zum Verständnis der griechischen Etymologie.'Google Scholar

²⁴ 399 C.Google Scholar

²⁵ Rivista Indo-Graeco-Italica 11, 54.Google Scholar

²⁶ ‘Eine etymologische Deutung von griech. Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, phil.-hist. Klasse, 1915, 10.Google Scholar

²⁷ Kuhn's Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft 47, 312ff.Google Scholar

²⁸ ‘Griechische Wortdeutungen,’ Festschrift A. Bezzenberger (Göttingen 1921) 77ff. Google Scholar

²⁹ 399 D, E: ‘I think those who gave the soul its name had something of this sort in mind: They thought, when it was present in the body, it was the cause of its living, giving it the power to breathe and reviving it, and when this revivifying force fails, the body perishes and comes to an end; therefore, I think, they called it (Fowler).Google Scholar

³⁰ 421 D.Google Scholar

³¹ Prellwitz, W., Kuhns Zeitschrift 47, 295ff. Google Scholar

³² Cf. 421 D ff.; 424 A ff.; 434 C ff.Google Scholar

³³ 423 D.Google Scholar

³⁴ 427 B: ‘Perceiving that the tongue is gliding most in [the pronounciation of] λ he (sc. the word-maker) conformingly created the name for “smooth” and for “gliding” itself and “glutinous” and such like.'Google Scholar

³⁵ Kiock, , De Cratyli Platonici indole (note 1 supra) assumes that the sound symbolism is considered only for a metaphysical language. This is as absurd as Kiock's whole distinction between a real and a metaphysical language, the applying to the latter only See also Leky, Plato als Sprachphilosoph 3f.Google Scholar

³⁶ See, e.g., Rubinyi, M., ‘Das Problem der Lautnachahmung,’ Germanisch-romanische Monatsschrift 5, 497ff; A. Debrunner, ‘Lautsymbolik in alter und neuer Zeit,’ ibid. 14, 321ff.; Jespersen, O., Language, its Nature, Development and Origin (London 1922) ch. 20; ‘Symbolic Value of the Vowel i,’ Philologica 1, 1ff.; L. Sütterlin, Das Wesen der sprachlichen Gebilde (Heidelberg 1902) 29ff.; Meyer-Lübke, W, Germanisch-romanische Monatsschrift 1, 636ff.; Einführung in das Studium der romanischen Sprachwissenschaft (3d ed. Heidelberg 1920) 115 ff.; von Humboldt, W, Über die Verschiedenheit (see Ch. II note 31) 76f.; Paul, H., Principien der Sprachgeschichte (5th ed. Halle 1920) 177ff.; Müller, P, ‘Buchstabe, Laut und Wort,’ Zeitschrift für Deutschkunde 54, 254ff.; Bühler, K., Sprachtheorie 195ff.; Westermann, ‘Laut, Ton und Sinn in westafrikanischen Sudansprachen,’ Festschrift Meinhoff (Hamburg 1927) 25ff.; von Hornbostel, E. M., ‘Laut und Sinn,’ ibid. 329ff.; F Rauhut, Probleme der Onomatopoiie (Volkstum und Kultur der Romanen I, 1928); Grammont, M., ‘Onomatopées et mots expressifs,’ Revue des études romanes 44, 97ff.; Fröhlich, A., ‘Zusammenhang zwischen Lautform und Bedeutung bei englischen Wörtern,’ Die neueren Sprachen 33, 37ff., 127ff.; van Ginneken, J., de Goeje, C. H., Uhlenbeck, C. C., Schrijnen, J., ‘Il rapporto naturale tra suono e idea: simbolismo fonetico,’ Terzo Congresso Internazionale dei linguisti (Rome 1933) 16ff. This publication illustrates a statement by Ed. Schwyzer, Kuhns Zeitschrift 54, 244: ‘Die Lautsymbolik, die oft in den Erklärungen eine zu grosse Rolle spielte, hat späterhin im Anschluss an die junggrammatische Schule fast allen Kredit verloren. Die rückläufige Bewegung, die sich schon um die Jahrhundertwende ankündigt, zeichnet sich jetzt besonders deutlich ab durch das Eintreten von A. Meillet und seiner Schule für die lautsymbolischen Elemente der Sprache.'Google Scholar

³⁷ 426 E: Spitzer, L., Kuhns Zeitschrift 54, 219 points out that in Italian the suffixes -accio and -uccio have an augmentative or pejorative sense, whereas -iccio is a deminutive suffix.Google Scholar

³⁸ See also Cassirer, E., Philosophie der symbolischen Formen I: Die Sprache (Berlin 1923) 137ff. Google Scholar

³⁹ E.g., Od. a 46 Athene says of Aigistheus’ well deserved punishment: The repeated [k] is obviously intended to depict the harshness of the punishment or the rigidity of Athene's judgment respectively- A little later (55f.) Athene says of Circe's love for Odysseus: The whole diction in these lines evidently tries to symbolize Circe's smooth and enticing wooing. The accumulation of [l] in this context is certainly not by chance and in accordance with Plato's opinion about the symbolical value of this sound.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ See also Gomperz, Th., Griechische Denker (Leipzig 1902) II, 105.Google Scholar

⁴¹ See also 426 A f.Google Scholar

⁴² Cf. 436 B: Google Scholar

⁴³ 422 E ff.: ‘If we had no voice and no tongue, but wished to communicate things to each other, would we not like the dumb try to make signs with our hands and our head and the whole body? If we wished to communicate something that is above and is light, we would, I think, raise our hands toward the sky in imitation of the very nature of the thing In this way, I think, a communication would be achieved by the body imitating the thing to be communicated.'Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Cf. Augustinus, , Confessiones 1, 8: ‘prensabam memoria: cum ipsi appellant rem aliquam et cum secundum earn vocem corpus ad aliquid movebant, videbam et tenebam hoc ab eis vocari rem illam, quod sonabant, cum earn vellent ostendere.’ St. Augustine mentions as such gestures ‘nutus oculorum et ceterorum membrorum actus.'Google Scholar

⁴⁵ The anaphoric pronoun is genetically and theoretically only a backward indication of something mentioned before.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Of modern linguists it was above all Brugmann, K., who in a special monograph (‘Das Demonstrativpronomen der indogermanischen Sprachen,’ Abh. Sächs. Ges. der Wiss. 22, 1904) studied the deictic functions of pronouns. A later study is Collinson, W E., Indication; A Study of Demonstratives, Articles, and other Indicators (Language Monographs 17, 1937). In the preface, p. 14, Collinson states that his purpose is to design a Bezeichnungslehre or theory of designations as a pendant to Bedeutungslehre or theory of meanings. This shows a clear insight into the demonstrative function as a linguistical function of its own right. Its real field, however, is not (objective) ‘language’ (see below, beginning of chapter II), but ‘speech’ I studied its importance for, and its development in, speech in a book manuscript finished in 1936. A brief discussion is given in my essay on ‘Ausruf, Anruf, Anrede. Ein Beitrag zur Syntax des Einwortsatzes,’ Festschrift Th. Siebs zum 70. Geburtstag (Breslau 1933) 95ff. Bühler, , too, examined the indicative function in his Sprachtheorie, which would be useful to consult on this topic.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ ‘The book on the table before me'—‘the book that was mentioned before.'Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Bühler's book cited n. 7 supra has the subtitle ‘Die Bedeutungsfunction der Sprache.’ Bühler, however, uses the term in too wide a sense.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Representation is also one of the two basic functions of sentences, or better still, of the two basic achievements of sentence-speakers. Its importance under this aspect is analyzed in my study on ‘Die Begriffsbestimmung des Satzes,’ Kuhns Zeitschrift 55, 238ff.Google Scholar

⁵⁰ 435 B: ‘Where do you think you can possibly get names to apply to each individual number on the principle of likeness?'Google Scholar

⁵¹ See, e.g., Cassirer, E., Philosophie der symbolischen Formen I, 180ff.; Havers, W, ‘Sprachwissenschaft und Völkerkunde,’ Völkerkunde 1927, 193ff., 243ff.; Levy-Brühl, L., Les fonctions mentales dans les sociétés inférieures (2nd ed. Paris 1912) 204ff.; Wertheimer, M., ‘Über das Denken der Naturvölker I, Zahlen,’ Zeitschrift für Psychologie 60, 321f.; Nehring, A., ‘Zahlwort und Zahlbegriff im Indogermanischen,’ Wörter und Sachen 12, 253ff.; Schmidl, M., ‘Zahl und Zählen in Africa,’ Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien 45; Critchley, M., The Language of Gesture (New York 1914) 15ff.Google Scholar

⁵² Überweg-Prächter (note 1 supra) 256.Google Scholar

⁵³ Fowler, H. N., Plato with an English Translation (The Loeb Library) 6 (London 1926) 25.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ 389 D. See also Steinthal, Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft 1, 92; Ritter, K. (note 1 supra) 280.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ See Steinthal loc. cit. 45ff. on in Greek philosophy in general and 74ff. in application to language.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ 434 E.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ 434 E: ‘Do you think that in saying you say something different from Don't you mean by [the fact] that (when) I pronounce this, but think of that and you understand (that it is) what I am thinking of?'Google Scholar

⁵⁸ 383 B: See also Bühler, Sprachtheorie 30.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ 435 A.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ 434 E: ‘Words are a matter of agreement, and they convey something to the agreeing parties knowing about the signified thing beforehand'Google Scholar

⁶¹ p. 23.Google Scholar

⁶² Bréal, M., Semantics (New York 1940) 172 says about words: ‘They are accepted by a tacit consent of, which we are not even conscious.'Google Scholar

⁶³ 435 A f.: ‘Even if is entirely different from it would be wise to say that the communication does not result from likeness but from custom as the latter achieves communication both by the like and the unlike.'Google Scholar

⁶⁴ See belowGoogle Scholar

⁶⁵ Cf. Baugh, A. C., A History of the English Language (New York-London 1935) 374ff. Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Cf. Krause, W, Die Kenning als typische Stilfigur der germanischen und keltischen Dichtersprache (Schriften der Königsberger Gelehrten Gesellschaft. Geisteswissenschaftliche Klasse 7, Heft 1, 1930); Schücking, L. L., Untersuchungen zur Bedeutungslehre der angelsächsischen Dichtersprache (Heidelberg 1915). A parallel in classical literature is Lycophron's Alexandra. Google Scholar

⁶⁷ 435 B; see above.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ See also Steinthal, Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft 1, 107Google Scholar

⁶⁹ 391 A.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ See also 435 D f.: ‘Probably language would be, within the bounds of possibility, most excellent when all its terms, or as many as possible, were based on likeness, that is to say, were appropriate, and most deficient under opposite conditions’ (Fowler).Google Scholar

⁷¹ Cf. 428 E: ‘The correctness of words is that which reveals what the thing is like.'Google Scholar

⁷² 435 C: ‘We must employ also that expedient of to establish the correctness of words.'Google Scholar

⁷³ have a power regarding the correctness of words.’ See also 433 E.Google Scholar

⁷⁴ Cf. Ilse Abramczyk, Zum Problem der Sprachphilosophie in Platos Kratylos (Diss. Breslau 1928) 23ff. Google Scholar

⁷⁵ See note 70 supra. Google Scholar

⁷⁶ See below.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ Theaet. 190A: ‘to make thinking perceptible through the voice by means of Google Scholar

⁷⁸ Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft 1, 138ff.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ See on sense: Stenzel, J., ‘Sinn, Bedeutung, Begriff, Definition,’ Jahrb. für Philologie 1, 160ff.; Frege, G., ‘Über Sinn und Bedeutung,’ Zeitschrift f. Philosophie und philosophische Kritik 100, 25ff.; Nehring, A., ‘Zur Begriffsbestimmung des Satzes’ (note 49 supra) passim; Faddegon, B., ‘Woord en Zin,’ Neophilologus 8, 1ff.—See also note 72 Ch. II infra. Google Scholar

⁸⁰ See above.Google Scholar

⁸¹ 342 A ff. The authenticity of the letter seems to be generally acknowledged; see Wilamowitz, , Plato 1, 641ff.; 2, 282ff.; Howald, E., Die Briefe Platos (Zurich 1923) 12ff.; J. Stenzel, ‘Über den Aufbau der Erkenntnis im 7 Platonischen Brief,’ Socrates 47, 63ff.; Büchner, Platons Kratylus 40f.Google Scholar

⁸² Philosophie der symbolischen Formen 1, 62ff.Google Scholar

⁸³ See also Warburg (note 1 supra) 23.Google Scholar

⁸⁴ 342 D ff.Google Scholar

⁸⁵ 384 D; see also 433 E f.Google Scholar

¹ Sign-combinations such as syntactical groups and constructions can be included, as their types and patterns are as much elements of objective ‘language’ as single words.Google Scholar

² French langue and parole, German Sprache and Sprechen. Google Scholar

³ See Hoffmann, E., Die Sprache der archaischen Logik (Heidelberger Abhandlungen zur Philosophie und ihrer Geschichte, 3, 1925) 21.Google Scholar

⁴ A certain parallel is the ancient Hindu scholars’ axiom of the eternity of words in as much as it assumes that the connection between word-form and meaning is neither a human nor a divine creation, but has existed from eternity. See E. Abegg, ‘Die Lehre von der Ewigkeit des Wortes bei Kumarila,’ Antidoron; Festschrift für J Wackernagel (Göttingen 1923) 255ff. Google Scholar

⁵ On ancient philosophy of language as a whole see Lersch, L., Die Sprachphilosophie der Alten (Bonn 1838ff.); H. Steinthal, Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft; E. Hoffmann, loc. cit. Google Scholar

⁶ Loc. cit. 26.Google Scholar

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⁸ Deuschle, J., Die platonische Sprachphilosophie (Marburg 1852) 49.Google Scholar

⁹ Geschichte der Sprachwissenshaft 1, 92f.Google Scholar

¹⁰ 387 C: ‘Is not naming a part of speaking? When we name, we speak the words.'Google Scholar

¹¹ Cf. also the use of in 434 E and 435 C.Google Scholar

¹² See Steinthal, , Gesch. der Sprachwiss. 1, 319f. Google Scholar

¹³ Diog. Laert. 10, 75; see also Lucretius, De natura rerum 5, 1026ff. An almost identical theory was ventured by Lotze; see Th. Schmitz, ‘Die sprachphilosophischen Untersuchungen Lotzes,’ Germanisch-romanische Monatsschrift 3, 131f.Google Scholar

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²¹ Abaelard distinguishes between vox, that is, the word regarding its material aspect and sermo, that is, the word with respect to its meaning, which is the result of human arrangement; see Geyer, B., Die Stellung Abaelards in der Universalienfrage nach neueren Handschriften und Texten (Münster 1913) 107 Google Scholar

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²⁹ See Cassirer, , op. cit. 69ff.; Matzat, H. L., Untersuchungen über die metaphysischen Grundlagen der Leibnizschen Zeichenkunst (Berlin 1938).Google Scholar

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³³ Wundt, W, Völkerpsychologie I: Die Sprache (3d ed. Leipzig 1911–12).Google Scholar

³⁴ See chapter I note 38.Google Scholar

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³⁶ 388 B f.Google Scholar

³⁷ ‘Do we not teach each other and separate things according to their nature?'Google Scholar

³⁸ ‘A name, then, is a tool for teaching and for separating reality as a shuttle is a tool for separating web.'Google Scholar

³⁹ The entire deduction has been misunderstood by Büchner (ch. I, note 1) 12. He blames the parallelization of cutting and speaking, as cutting is an activity directed toward an object, whereas speaking, according to Büchner, is an act by which something is produced. Yet, since we speak about something, speaking, too, is directed toward an object, and it is primarily under this aspect that is treated by Plato. Furthermore, Büchner considers it illogical that the is considered the instrument of although according to Büchner like all words in denotes the result of an activity. This opinion is not correct. Words in have a much wider meaning as is shown, e.g., by etc.; cf. also Porzig, W, ‘Bedeutungsgeschichtliche Studien,’ Indogermanische Forschungen 42, 221ff. Besides, in this passage, as distinguished from in 389, means, or at least includes, the use of words (cf. the repeated phrase ) for teaching purposes, and in this regard at least a word is an instrumentGoogle Scholar

⁴⁰ 390 D: Google Scholar

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⁴⁴ See Fiesel, Eva, Die Sprachphilosophie der Romantik (Tübingen 1927) 11ff. Google Scholar

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⁵⁰ This accounts also for the markedly aesthetical component in Vossler's ideas about language. At the same time his aesthetical viewpoint is strongly influenced by the Italian philosopher B. Croce to whom aesthetics is the science of expression and is identical with general linguistics; cf. Croce, B., Estetica come dell’ espressione e linguistica generale (5th ed. Bari 1922; Engl transl by Ainslie, D., London 1922).Google Scholar

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⁵⁷ ‘What is produced by the voice, are symbols of the emotions of the soul, and what is written, is a symbol of what is spoken. And neither the letters nor the sounds are the same everywhere. The emotions of the soul, however, of which those are primarily signs, are the same everywhere. So are the things of which these (sc. the emotions) are signs.’ Cf. also C. 14 extr p. 24b, 1: Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Loc. cit. 4, 4: (sc. of knowledge) See also cap. 2: was ad placitum or secundum placitum. Origenes, Adv. Celsum 1, 24 says ex instituto. In the same sense the 18th-c. English philosopher J. Harris speaks of institution or habit; see Funke (note 24 supra) 36.Google Scholar

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⁶² De ord. 2, 12: ‘Illud quod in nobis est rationale quia nec hominibus firmissime sociari posset, nisi colloquerentur atque ita sibi mentes suas cogitationesque quasi refunderent, vidit esse imponenda rebus vocabula, id est significantes quosdam sonos.'Google Scholar

⁶³ A survey is given by Grabmann, ‘Die Entwicklung der mittelalterlichen Sprachlogik’ (note 20 supra).Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Cf. Manthey, , op. cit. 78ff. on Thomas Aquinas.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ See Heidegger, (note 23 supra) 127ff.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Practical studies may look at the situation from the opposite angle of the thing to be expressed, that is, they may ask in which different ways a phenomenon can be expressed. This is the procedure of that branch of linguistical studies that was called Onomasiologie by linguists, German. It is also the procedure of studies asking how conceptual structures are rendered in a language; cf., e.g., Brunot, F, La pensée et la langue (Paris 1922); K. Brugmann, Verschiedenheiten der Satzgestaltung nach Massgabe der seelischen Grundfunktionen (Berichte der Sachs. Gesellsch. der Wiss. 70, 1916 Heft 6); Die Syntax des einfachen Satzes im Indogermanischen (Leipzig-Berlin 1925). Cf. A. Stöhr, Psychologie (Wien-Leipzig 1917) 383ff. on the linguistical rendering of concepts.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ See note 23 supra. It may be briefly pointed out that the semantical studies of the scholastics had a theological aspect, too. Simon's of Tournay Summa Theologiae, e.g., starts from the etymology of the word theologia, which is followed by a discussion of the different forms of significatio. This, for one thing, was in the interest of an exact theological terminology; on the other hand, different meanings of the terms were used for solving theological difficulties; see Grabmann (note 20 supra) 144f.; Manthey (note 20 supra), especially 46ff., 210ff.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ See note 23 supra. Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Op. cit. 160. Hagemann-Dyroff, , Logik und Noetik (8th ed. Freiburg i.B. 1909) 13f. says: ‘Die Sprachphilosophie ist ein besonderer Teil der philosophischen Symbolik, die die Gesetze einer von Willkürlichkeit möglichst freien Veranschaulichung (Bezeichnung) von Gedanken entwickelt.’ See also Manthey (note 20 supra) 28ff.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ Marty, A., Über Wert und Methode einer beschreibenden Bedeutungslehre. Aus Marty's Nachlass hg. von Funke, O. (Reichenberg 1926).Google Scholar

⁷¹ Logische Untersuchungen 2, 1, 338.Google Scholar

⁷² See, e.g., Erdmann, K. O., Die Bedeutung des Wortes (3d ed. Leipzig 1922); Ogden, C. K. and Richards, J. A., The Meaning of Meaning (New York 1936.—Appendix D gives brief summaries of other works on this problem); Husserl, E., Logische Untersuchungen II, 1 (note 26 supra); L. Weisgerber, ‘Ist die Bedeutungslehre ein Irrweg?’ Germ.-roman. Monatsschrift 15, 161ff.; ‘Sprachwissenschaft und Philosophie zum Bedeutungsproblem,’ Blätter für deutsche Philosophie 4, 17ff.; ‘Neuromantik in der Sprachwissenschaft’ (note 52 supra); Lipps, H., ‘Wortbedeutung und Begriff,’ Blätter f. deutsche Philosophie 4, 56ff.; Marty, A., Untersuchungen (note 25 supra) 1, 385ff., 490ff.; Werkmeister, W. H., ‘The Meaning of Meaning reexamined,’ Philos. Review 47, 245ff.; L. Bloomfield, ‘Meaning,’ Monatsschrift für deutschen Unterricht 35, 101ff.; Porzig, W, ‘Sprachform und Bedeutung,’ Indogermanisches Jahrbuch 12, 1ff.; Matthes, P, Sprachform, Wort und Bedeutungskategorie und Begriff (Halle 1926).Google Scholar

⁷³ ‘Kritische Musterung der neueren Theorien des Satzes,’ Indogermanisches Jahrbuch 6, 1ff.; Sprachtheorie (Jena 1934).Google Scholar

⁷⁴ Was ist ein Satz? (Prague 1933) 208ff. Google Scholar

⁷⁵ See Nehring, A., ‘Zur Begriffsbestimmung des Satzes,’ Kuhns Zeitschrift 55, 238ff. Google Scholar

⁷⁶ Die Sprache (in: Gercke-Norden, Einleitung in die Altertumswissenschaft, 3d. ed. Leipzig 1927; 1, 6) 60: ‘Der Satz ist eine sprachliche Äusserung, durch die ein Affect oder Willensvorgang ausgelöst wird.'Google Scholar

⁷⁷ Oxford 1932.Google Scholar

⁷⁸ A comprehensive discussion will be published in Fordham Studies. Google Scholar

⁷⁹ Modern Language Quarterly 4, 430f.Google Scholar