Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T12:56:34.549Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Jews and the Archives of Angevin England: Reflections on Medieval Anti-Semitism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 July 2016

Gavin I. Langmuir*
Affiliation:
Stanford University

Extract

When should an historian analyze the assumptions which underlie his work, and when, if ever, is it incumbent on him to include in his work a discussion of the beliefs and procedures which have influenced his treatment of a subject? Recently historians, and in particular English medievalists, have been criticized for their anarchic empiricism; yet willingness to utilize any approach which promises concrete results, regardless of an integrated theoretical justification, is an attitude by no means limited to history but characteristic of many fields of detailed investigation in the natural and social sciences. By their fruits, as appraised by experts in the same field, shall their works be judged. There are times, however, when a broad historical subject is so narrowly treated that the result is tantamount to a philosophical statement, a statement, however implicit, that there is but one way of gaining valid knowledge of of men's past actions. We may then feel that the historian ought to have justified his procedure more explicitly, and we may be provoked to analyze and criticize the work, not for what has been said in it, but for what has not. This is especially true when the contrast between the dimensions of the subject and the limitations of a particular historian's vision throw his approach into high relief and incite the reader to examine the historian's conception of history. The English Jewry under Angevin Kings by H. G. Richardson is such a book because of its tone of certainty as to the proper path of history and because its subject cannot be domesticated to the calm conventions of professional habit.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Fordham University Press 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Walsh, M. W., ‘History and Theory,’ Encounter 105 (June 1962) 50–54. I would like to take this opportunity to thank Father Paul Démann of the Priests of Notre-Dame de Sion for extending to me the hospitality of the Center of Study and Documentation of the Cahiers Sioniens. Google Scholar

2 (London 1960). To the brief bibliography there given should now be added Lehmann, Ruth P., Nova Bibliotheca Anglo-Judaica : A Bibliographical Guide to Anglo-Jewish History 1937–1960 (Jewish Historical Society of England; London 1961).Google Scholar

3 E.g., Herbert Butterfield, The Whig Interpretation of History (London 1931) 99: ‘A great danger lies in the broad spaces over which the mind can range, playing upon the historian's half-truths; and for this reason genuine historical study is bound to be intensive, taking us away from our abridgements, not upwards to vague speculations, but downwards to concrete detail.’ Google Scholar

4 Stenton, F. M., The First Century of English Feudalism (Oxford 1950) 1: ‘His strength lay in analysis rather than synthesis, in the power of his attack upon individual problems, and the insight with which he perceived the inadequacy of accepted explanations. In reality, his books are all collections of essays, and innumerable other essays, each making a definite addition to our knowledge of English feudalism, are scattered in periodicals….’; ibid. 4: ‘With the abstract ideas which lay behind English feudalism, with the nature of lordship or the significance of homage, he had little concern. Every problem which he approached was for him, as it had once been for the men with whose history he was dealing, a matter of local interest.’Google Scholar

5 Bloch, Marc, La société féodale I (Évolution de l'Humanité 34; Paris 1939) 118: ‘Les désespoirs, les fureurs, les coups de tête, les brusques revirements proposent de grandes difficultés aux historiens, portés, par instinct, à reconstruire le passé selon les lignes de l'intelligence; éléments considerables de toute histoire sans doute, ils ont exercé sur le deroulement des événements politiques, dans l'Europe féodale, une action qui ne saurait être passée sous silence que par une sorte de vaine pudeur.’Google Scholar

6 Allport, Gordon W., The Nature of Prejudice (Boston 1954) 9: ‘Ethnic prejudice is an antipathy based upon a faulty and inflexible generalization. It may be felt or expressed. It may be directed toward a group as a whole, or toward an individual because he is a member of that group.’ For a recent summation of the problem see Marie Jahoda, ‘Relations raciales et santé mentale,’ Le racisme devant la science (UNESCO; Paris 1960). — In this article ‘anti-Semitism’ will be used for attitudes to Jews which depend upon false ideas about Jewish thoughts and actions which were, in principle, open to observation.Google Scholar

7 See Paul Démann, ‘La catéchèse chrétienne et le Peuple de la Bible,’ Cahiers Sioniens 3–4 (1952). Google Scholar

8 Namier, L. B., Avenues of History (New York 1952) 5; cf. Adorno, T. W. E Frenkel-Brunswik, Levinson, D. J. and Sanford, R. N., The Authoritarian Personality (New York 1950) 39.Google Scholar

9 For a recent description of some of the effects of anti-Semitism on the internal life of the Jewish communities, see Jacob Katz, Exclusiveness and Tolerance : Studies in Jewish-Gentile Relations in Medieval and Modern Times (Oxford 1961); Tradition and Crisis : Jewish Society at the End of the Middle Ages (New York 1961). Google Scholar

10 See Allport, , Nature of Prejudice 192–99.Google Scholar

11 On characteristics of a minority acquired as a result of being a minority see James Parkes, The Jew in the Medieval Community (London 1938) 387; Léon Poliakov, Du Christ aux Juifs de Cour (Paris 1955) 100–08; Merton, Robert K., Social Theory and Social Structure, rev. ed. (Glencoe, Ill. 1957) 421–36; Allport, Nature of Prejudice 142–62.Google Scholar

12 Cf. Baron, Salo W., ‘The Jewish Factor in Medieval Civilization,’ Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research XII (1942) 1–48. Joshua Trachtenberg, The Devil and the Jews : the Medieval Conception of the Jew and its Relation to Modern Antisemitism (New Haven 1943) recognizes that anti-Semitism is a psychological and cultural phenomenon but deals only with the demonological beliefs and overemphasizes the importance of that facet of medieval attitudes. Attention to consciously held beliefs about Jews predominates over analysis of why those beliefs were so willingly accepted and maintained.Google Scholar

13 Cohn, Norman, The Pursuit of the Millenium (London 1957) stresses the paranoid fantasies and popular discontents which underlay millenary movements.Google Scholar

14 Allport, , Nature of Prejudice 367–81.Google Scholar

15 Butterfield, , The Whig Interpretation 7378, 117–32; Isaiah Berlin, Historical Inevitability (London 1954) 53–8.Google Scholar

16 Roth, Cecil, A History of the Jews in England, 2nd ed. (Oxford 1949).Google Scholar

17 Poole, A. L., From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 2nd ed. (Oxford History of England; Oxford 1955) 353: ‘The ostentation which possession of great wealth enabled the Jews to display, and their unconcealed contempt for the practices of Christianity, made them an object of universal dislike; as usurers, moreover, they had gained a strangle-hold on the recently founded monastic houses whose splendid buildings they had financed, and on many of the smaller aristocratic families who sometimes took the initiative in these attacks with the hope of ridding themselves of their indebtedness by removing their creditors.’Google Scholar

18 Richardson, , English Jewry vii-viii.Google Scholar

19 Stenton, D. M. England in the Early Middle Ages, 2nd ed. (Pelican History of England 3; Harmondsworth, Middlesex 1952) 190–8.Google Scholar

20 Blumenkranz, Bernhard, Juifs et chrétiens dans le monde occidental, 430–1096 (École Pratique des Hautes Études, VIe section; Paris 1960); Jules Isaac, Genèse de l'antisémitisme (Paris 1956) 268.Google Scholar

21 Caro, Georg, Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte der Juden im Mittelalter und der Neuzeit (Leipzig 1908–20) [= Sozialgeschichte] I 89; Parkes, The Jew in the Medieval Community 114; Baron, Salo W. A Social and Religious History of the Jews, 2nd ed. (New York 1952) III 48–50; Blumenkranz, Juifs et chrétiens 295–9; cf. Ganshof, F. L. Histoire des rélations internationales I : Le moyen âge (Paris 1953) 52–3; and The Cambridge Economic History of Europe II : Trade and Industry in the Middle Ages, ed. Postan, M. and Rich, E. E. (Cambridge 1952) 272: ‘As a rule only the Jews could freely go back and forth because they had no definite nationality and were politically harmless.’Google Scholar

22 Scherer, J. E., Beiträge zur Geschichte des Judenrechts im Mittelalter I : Die Rechtsverhältnisse der Juden in den deutschösterreichischen Ländern, mit einer Einleitung über die Principien der Judengesetzgebung in Europa während des Mittelalters (Leipzig 1901) 62–63.Google Scholar

23 Jew in the Medieval Community 102, 111, 155–60.Google Scholar

24 Social and Religious History of the Jews IV 49, 50 and n. 66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

25 Graetz, H., Geschichte der Juden von den ältesten Zeiten bis auf die Gegenwart 2nd ed. (Leipzig 1866–74) V 192–6, 218–35.Google Scholar

26 Sozialgeschichte I 130–5, 166, 288, 459Google Scholar

27 Dubnow, Simon M., Weltgeschichte des jüdischen Volkes (Berlin 1925–30) IV 114, 129, 272.Google Scholar

28 Genèse de l'antisémitisme 319.Google Scholar

29 Kisch, Guido, The Jews in Medieval Germany (Chicago 1949) 135–9, 307, 523 nn. 15, 18.Google Scholar

30 Blumenkranz, , Juifs et chrétiens 299301 352, 386.Google Scholar

31 Roth, , History of the Jews in England 6.Google Scholar

32 Ibid. 10 19, 32.Google Scholar

33 English Jewry 111; cf. Liebermann, F., Über die Leges Edwardi Confessoris (Halle a. S.1896) 66 n. 9, where it is noticed that John's charter refers only to the conditions under Henry I and not to privileges issued by Henry I.Google Scholar

34 English Jewry 176.Google Scholar

35 Ibid. 176–7.Google Scholar

36 Ibid. 109–11.Google Scholar

37 See my ‘ “Judei nostri” and the Beginning of Capetian Legislation,’ Traditio 16 (1960) 203–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

38 Caro, , Sozialgeschichte I 354; Poliakov, Du Christ aux Juifs de Cour 52 n. 32.Google Scholar

39 Caro, , Sozialgeschichte I 318; Parkes, Jew in the Medieval Community 168.Google Scholar

40 Die Gesetze der Angelsachsen. ed. Liebermann, F. (Halle a S. 1898–1912) I 650.Google Scholar

41 See above, n. 37. Google Scholar

42 Quoted in Kisch, Jews in Medieval Germany 427 n. 43. Google Scholar

43 Ibid. 133–4, 143–53.Google Scholar

44 Pollock, F. and Maitland, F. W., The History of English Law, 2nd ed. (Cambridge 1898) I 468.Google Scholar

45 Jacobs, Joseph, The Jews of Angevin England, Documents and Records (London 1893) xv-xvi.Google Scholar

46 Beiträge zur Geschichte des Judenrechts I 87.Google Scholar

47 Schechter, Frank I., ‘The Rightlessness of Mediaeval English Jewry,’ Jewish Quarterly Review, new series 4 (1913–14) 137Google Scholar

48 History of the Jews in England 96.Google Scholar

49 Sozialgeschichte I 317.Google Scholar

50 English Jewry 110.Google Scholar

51 Ibid. 118; cf. Schechter, ‘The Rightlessness (n. 47 supra) … 131.Google Scholar

52 Historia rerum Anglicarum in Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II., and Richard I., ed. Howlett, R. (Rolls Series; London 1884–85) I 323; quoted in Jacobs, Jews of Angevin England 131–2, but not by Richardson.Google Scholar

53 Richardson, , English Jewry 168.Google Scholar

54 Ibid. 294.Google Scholar

55 Ibid. 111.Google Scholar

56 Ibid. 89.Google Scholar

57 Kisch, , Jews in Medieval Germany 109.Google Scholar

58 Grayzel, Solomon, The Church and the Jew in the XIII Century (Philadelphia 1933); G. Balladore-Pallieri and Vismara, G., Acta pontificia juris gentium (Milan 1946) 209–17, nos. 231 236, 237, 239, 253, 271.Google Scholar

59 George La Piana, ‘The Church and the Jews,’ Historia Judaica 11 (1949) 124; Kisch, Jews in Medieval Germany 147. Google Scholar

60 Richardson, , English Jewry 25Google Scholar

61 Plucknett, T. F. T., Early English Legal Literature (Cambridge Studies in English Legal History; Cambridge 1958) 24.Google Scholar

62 Richardson, , English Jewry 112–3, 152.Google Scholar

63 Ibid. 114.Google Scholar

64 Painter, Sidney, The Reign of King John (Baltimore 1949) 140; Richardson, English Jewry 115–6.Google Scholar

65 Ibid. Google Scholar

66 Ibid. 8386, 104.Google Scholar

67 Ibid. 27.Google Scholar

68 Roth, E.g., History of the Jews in England 1417; Painter, Reign of King John 140.Google Scholar

69 English Jewry 50-66Google Scholar

70 Ibid. 5152, 66, 162, 172.Google Scholar

71 Ibid. 167.Google Scholar

72 Ibid. 45.Google Scholar

73 Ibid. 62.Google Scholar

74 Ibid. 4047.Google Scholar

75 Ibid. 115–56.Google Scholar

76 Mitchell, S. K., Studies in Taxation under John and Henry III (New Haven 1914) 91, 96–101; Taxation in Medieval England (New Haven 1951) 31, 190, 278, 320; Richardson, English Jewry 171.Google Scholar

77 Painter, , Reign of King John 220 225.Google Scholar

78 English Jewry 162-65, 172–74.Google Scholar

79 Ibid. 169.Google Scholar

80 Ibid. 121–22.Google Scholar

81 Ibid. 132; cf. Roth, History of the Jews in England 31.Google Scholar

82 English Jewry 121.Google Scholar

83 The Jewish Exchequer,’ American Historical Review 45 (1939–1940) 327–37; ‘The Origins and Function of the Jewish Exchequer,’ Speculum 16 (1941) 226–29.Google Scholar

84 English Jewry 115-20, 161–62.Google Scholar

85 Ibid. 120.Google Scholar

86 Ibid. 114.Google Scholar

87 Ibid. 226.Google Scholar

88 English Jewry 83.Google Scholar

89 Geschichte der Juden V 193.Google Scholar

90 Weltgeschichte des jüdischen Volkes IV 51, 110–11, 135.Google Scholar

91 Sozialgeschichte I 95, 136–42, 164–65, 191, 213 318–19.Google Scholar

92 Jew in the Medieval Community 49-50, 82–83, 340.Google Scholar

93 Social and Religious History of the Jews IV 202; see also III 489, and IV 153–64.Google Scholar

94 Geschichte der Juden V 196; Weltgeschichte des jüdischen Volkes IV 129; Sozialgeschichte I 190.Google Scholar

95 Rabinowitz, Louis, The Social Life of the Jews of Northern France in the XII-XIV Centuries (London 1938) 41.Google Scholar

96 Juifs et chrétiens 20-33.Google Scholar

97 Parkes, E.g., Jew in the Medieval Community 82; Kisch, Jews in Medieval Germany 318.Google Scholar

98 Social and Religious History of the Jews IV 205.Google Scholar

99 Juifs et chrétiens 20, 24–30.Google Scholar

100 Cambridge Economic History of Europe II 168–74; George Duby, La société aux XI e et XII e siècles dans la région mâconnaise (Paris 1953) 340–41.Google Scholar

101 English Jewry 25-27.Google Scholar

102 R. Génestal, Rôle des monastères comme établissements de crédit, étudié en Normandie du XI e à la fin du XIII e siècle (Paris 1901). Google Scholar

103 Richardson, , English Jewry 50.Google Scholar

104 Merton cited above n. 13. Google Scholar

105 English Jewry 69-70, 81.Google Scholar

106 Ibid. 7476, 82.Google Scholar

107 Ibid. 7173, 104–07.Google Scholar

108 Ibid. 74.Google Scholar

109 Grayzel, , The Church and the Jews 232 no. 90, 234 no. 91, 236 no. 92; Raymond of Pennafort, Summa de casibus (Rome 1603) 2.7; cf. Pierre Michaud-Quantin, Sommes de casuistique et manuels de confession au moyen âge (Analecta mediaevalia Namurcensia 13; Louvain-Lille-Montreal 1962) 40: ‘L’œuvre de Raymond, S. exerce une influence considérable, on est même tenté de dire essentielle. Elle est moins répandue que certaines de celles de ses successeurs … mais pour tous il restera la grande autorité à laquelle chaque auteur se réfère expressément nombre de fois, et dont il reçoit, même là ou il ne le cite pas, le plus clair de son inspiration et de sa doctrine …’Google Scholar

110 English Jewry 84-86, 92–93, 98, 103.Google Scholar

111 Ibid. 94.Google Scholar

112 Ibid. 103.Google Scholar

113 Ibid. 8687.Google Scholar

114 Ibid. 8790.Google Scholar

115 Ibid. 9091.Google Scholar

116 Dugdale, William, Monasticon Anglicanum, new ed. by John Caley, Henry Ellis, and Bulkeley Bandinel (London 1817–1830) V 505 no. 14.Google Scholar

117 Starrs and Jewish Charters preserved in the British Museum. ed. Abrahams, I., Stokes, H. P. and Loewe, H. (Jewish Historical Society of England; Cambridge 1930, London 1932) I 128.Google Scholar

118 Statuta capitulorum generalium ordinis Cisterciensis. ed. Canivez, J. M. I (Bibliothèque de la Revue d'histoire ecclésiastique 9; Louvain 1933) 90 no.9, 96 no. 8, 109 no. 10, 113 no. 15, 120 no. 14, 142 no. 42, 306–7 no. 5, 321 no. 9, 427–8 no. 54, 448 no. 65; cited in this context in Knowles, D., The Monastic Order in England (Cambridge 1941) 656.Google Scholar

119 Cartulary of the Priory of St. Gregory. Canterbury, ed. Woodcock, Audrey M. (Camden Third Series 88; London 1956) nos. 57, 68, 103, 144.Google Scholar

120 Richardson, , English Jewry 99.Google Scholar

121 History of English Law I 475.Google Scholar

122 Above, n. 102. Google Scholar

123 Clapham, J. H., A Concise Economic History of Britain (Cambridge 1949) 138.Google Scholar

124 Snape, R. H., English Monastic Finances in the Later Middle Ages (Cambridge 1936) 147; see also Knowles, Monastic Order 353–54.Google Scholar

125 Jews of Angevin England 177-78; see also Baron, Social and Religious History of the Jews IV 204: ‘At times the king as well as the monasteries … took over the land of impecunious barons mortgaged to Jews by paying off the loans, thus increasing the royal and especially the ever growing Church domains.’Google Scholar

126 Starrs and Jewish Charters xxvi.Google Scholar

127 History of the Jews in England 64.Google Scholar

128 Roth, Cecil, The Jews of Medieval Oxford (Oxford Historical Society, New Series 9; Oxford 1951) 34.Google Scholar

129 The Economic Causes of the Expulsion in 1290,’ Economic History Review, 1st. Series 7 (1936–1937) 145.Google Scholar

130 Ibid. 149–50.Google Scholar

131 English Jewry 49 n. 1, 10 n. 1.Google Scholar

132 English Jewry 28.Google Scholar

133 Ibid. 2122, italics mine.Google Scholar

134 Ibid. 45.Google Scholar

135 Ibid. 46.Google Scholar

136 Jacobs, , Jews of Angevin England 86 93, 115; Michael Adler, Jews of Medieval England (London 1939) 51–2, 55; Roth, History of the Jews in England 11, 24, 120.Google Scholar

137 English Jewry 47.Google Scholar

138 See Allport, , Nature of Prejudice 261–82.Google Scholar

139 Roth, , History of the Jews in England 8; Richardson (English Jewry 25) mentions the fine but not the accusation.Google Scholar

140 Roth, , History of the Jews in England 13.Google Scholar

141 Ibid. 1925.Google Scholar

142 Parkes, , Jew in the Medieval Community 361.Google Scholar

143 Above n. 42. Google Scholar

144 Richardson, , English Jewry 9394.Google Scholar

145 Ibid. 7576, 165.Google Scholar

146 Roth, , History of the Jews in England 4 93.Google Scholar

147 English Jewry 4.Google Scholar

148 Ibid. 1112.Google Scholar

149 For another exaggerated statement, see Baron, , Social and Religious History of the Jews IV 79; cf. Caro, Sozialgeschichte I 331.Google Scholar

150 Above n. 42. Google Scholar

151 English Jewry 20.Google Scholar

152 Ibid. 177–78.Google Scholar

153 Ibid. vii-viii.Google Scholar

154 Poliakov, , Du Christ aux Juifs de Cour 101; Siegfried Stein, ‘The Development of the Jewish Law on Interest from the Biblical Period to the Expulsion of the Jews from England,’ Historia Judaica 17 (1955) 39.Google Scholar

155 Baron, , Social and Religious History cf the Jews V 131; Katz, Exclusivenes and Tolerance 10–11, 43, 89–91.Google Scholar

156 Poliakov, , Du Christ aux Juifs de Cour 101.Google Scholar

157 Cf. Theodor Adorno, ‘Les Allemands aux prises avec le passé,’ Evidences 81 (January-February 1960) 9: ‘Il est bon de parler à l'unisson de ce que Franz Böhm nomme de façon suggestive l'opinion non-publique. Ceux qui se conforment à un état d'esprit qui est tenu en échec par des tabous officiels, mais qui n'en possède que plus de virulence, apportent à la fois la preuve de leur intégration à la société et de leur indépendence individuelle.’ Google Scholar

158 English Jewry 28-45.Google Scholar

159 Ibid. 1314.Google Scholar

160 Ibid. 48.Google Scholar

161 Ibid. 22.Google Scholar

162 Ibid. 28.Google Scholar

163 Ibid. 46.Google Scholar

164 Ibid. 178–87.Google Scholar

165 Ibid. 192.Google Scholar

166 Ibid. 213230 Google Scholar

167 Ibid. 231.Google Scholar

168 Graetz, , Geschichte der Juden VII 3.Google Scholar

169 Jacobs, , Jews of Angevin England l.c. Google Scholar

170 Caro, , Sozialgeschichte I 351.Google Scholar

171 Rabinowitz, , Social Life of the Jews in Northern France 18.Google Scholar

172 Trachtenberg, , The Devil and the Jews 161 italics mine.Google Scholar

173 Isaac, , Genèse de l'antisémitisme 319–20.Google Scholar

174 The Foot of Pride (Boston 1950).Google Scholar

175 George La Piana, ‘The Church and the Jews,’ Historia Judaica 11 (1949) 122. Google Scholar

176 Kisch, Guido, Forschungen zur Rechts- und Sozialgeschichte der Juden in Deutschland während des Mittelalters (Stuttgart 1955); but cf. Kisch, Jews in Medieval Germany 349–55.Google Scholar

177 Lovsky, F., Antisémitisme et mystère d'israël (Paris 1955) 222.Google Scholar

178 Jew in the Medieval Community 66, 82–88.Google Scholar

179 Ignatius, R. Burns, S. J., ‘Social Riots on the Christian-Moslem Frontier,’ American Historical Review 66 (1961) 398–9; also ‘Journey from Islam,’ Speculum 35 (1960) 337–56. The partial parallel between the treatment of Moslems within Christian lands in Spain and the treatment of the Jews in Europe, to which these articles draw attention, is worth further examination.Google Scholar

180 E.g. Lumière et Vie 37 (May 1958) on Israel; Paul Démann, Les Juifs, foi et destinée (Je sais-je crois, 3rd Section: Frères séparés; Paris 1961); Christen und Juden: Ihr Gegenüber vom Apostelkonzil bis heute, ed. Wolf-Dieter Marsch and Karl Thieme (Mainz 1961). Google Scholar

181 Adorno, T. W. et. al., The Authoritarian Personality (New York 1950) 218: ‘The fact of acceptance or rejection of religion is not as important [for prejudice] as the way in which it is accepted or rejected.’ Allport, Nature of Prejudice 446: ‘The chief reason why religion becomes the focus of prejudice is that it usually stands for more than faith — it is the pivot of the cultural tradition of a group.’Google Scholar

182 Simon, Marcel, Verus Israël: Étude sur les rélations entre chrétiens et juifs dans l'empire Romain, 135–425 (Bibliothèque des Écoles Françaises d'Athènes et de Rome 166; Paris 1948) 12, 155–62, 437–40; also James Parkes, The Conflict of the Church and the Synagogue (London 1934).Google Scholar

183 A. L Williams, Adversus Judaeos (Cambridge 1935); Peter Browe, S. J., Die Judenmission im Mittelalter und die Päpste (Miscellanea Historiae Pontificiae 8.6; Rome 1942); Blumenkranz, Juifs et chrétiens. Google Scholar

184 Blumenkranz, Bernhard, Die Judenpredigt Augustins (Basler Beiträge zur Geschichtswissenschaft 25; Basel 1946); Simon, Verus Israël 239–74; Lovsky, Antisémitisme 144–7.Google Scholar

185 Blumenkranz, , Juifs et chrétiens 67158.Google Scholar

186 LaPiana, ‘The Church and the Jews’ 124–25. Google Scholar

187 Grayzel, , The Church and the Jews 30; Katz, Exclusiveness and Tolerance 106–10; cf. Kisch, Jews in Medieval Germany 151.Google Scholar

188 Blumenkranz, , Juifs et chretiens 293344.Google Scholar

189 Decr. Greg. IX 5.19.12, 18.Google Scholar

190 Ibid. 5.6.15.Google Scholar

191 Potthast 3274, 4922. Google Scholar

192 Grayzel, , The Church and the Jews 200 no. 78, 218 no. 81, 226 no. 87, 228 no. 88, 260 nos. 110, 111, 262 no. 113, 264 no. 114, 268 nos. 115, 116, 272 no. 117, 274 no. 118.Google Scholar

193 Ibid. 81: ‘Thus it seems undeniable that the popes tried to protect the Jews; nor can it be doubted that their efforts met with some success. It is not difficult to imagine what the fate of the Jews would have been had not the popes made it a part of Church policy to guarantee the Jews life, and rights of religious observance.’Google Scholar

194 Kisch, E.g., Jews in Medieval Germany 318.Google Scholar

195 This is not meant to agree with the modified form of Roscher's theory accepted by Kisch (Jews in Medieval Germany 320–2 and bibliography there cited). In addition to the known monastic lending, the early importance of Christians as moneylenders, brought out by Richardson (English Jewry 50–55), raises strong doubts about the extent to which Jews pioneered in moneylending or non-Jews lacked the interest or ability to develop this activity at a very early stage. The differential effect of ecclesiastical and social disapprobation of moneylending on Christians and Jews is another question. But cf Cambridge Economic History of Europe II 303. Google Scholar

196 Paul Démann, ‘Juifs et chrétiens à travers les siècles,’ Lumière et Vie 37 (May 1958) 99. Google Scholar

197 Les Allemands aux prises avec le passé,’ Evidences 81 (January-February 1960) 8.Google Scholar

198 Magna Carta cc. 11, 12; Robert of Auxerre, MGH Scriptores 26.243; Grayzel, The Church and the Jews 138 no. 30; cf. Duby, La société aux XI e et XII e siècles 484–512. Google Scholar

199 Trachtenberg, , The Devil and the Jews, passim. Google Scholar

200 Adorno et al., The Authoritarian Personality 55, 94, 151–52, 385–87, 406, 450; Allport, Nature of Prejudice 396–406. Google Scholar

201 Du Christ aux Juifs de Cour (Paris 1955); De Mahomet aux Marranes (1961); a third volume of this history of anti-Semitism is projected to deal with Germany.Google Scholar