^* INITIA CONSUETUDINIS BENEDICTINAE: Consuetudines saeculi octavi et noni. Co-operantibus D. Petro Becker OSB, D. Hieronymo Frank OSB, D. Renato Hesbert OSB, D. Johanne Laporte OSB, D. Thoma Leccisotti OSB, D. Claudio Morgand OSB, Dr. Joseph Semmler, D. Maria Wegener OSB, D. Jacobo Winandy OSB, publici juris fecit Kassius Hallinger OSB (Siegburg, apud Franciscum Schmitt 1963). Pp. cxxiii, 627. Google Scholar

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² Op, cit., II 869–983.Google Scholar

³ As far as I am aware, the first public announcement of the project was made by Dom Hallinger at the fourth annual Settimana di Studio del Centro Italiano di studi sull' alto medio evo at Spoleto in April 1956, in his paper, ‘Progressi e problemi della ricerca sulla riforma pre-Gregoriana,’ Il Monachesimo nell' alto medioevo e la formazione della civiltà occidentale (Spoleto 1957) 265–266.Google Scholar

⁴ Andrieu, Michel, Les Ordines Romani du haut moyen âge III (Louvain 1951) 127–154.Google Scholar

⁵ Ibid. 155–193.Google Scholar

⁶ Ibid. 195–208.Google Scholar

⁷ Ibid. 209–227.Google Scholar

⁸ Hallinger, Kassius, 'Die römischen Ordines von Lorsch, Murbach und St. Gallen, Universitas (Bischof Stohr Festschrift; Mainz 1960) I 466–477.Google Scholar

⁹ See nn. 4–7 above.Google Scholar

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¹² Albers, B., Consuetudines monasticae 3 (Monte Cassino 1907) 205–214.Google Scholar

¹³ Gerbert, M., Monumenta veteris liturgiae Alemannicae 2 (Typis Sanblasianis 1779) 174 (‘De cursu’), 175 (‘Instruccio’), 183 (‘De convivio’).Google Scholar

¹⁴ Batiffol, P., Histoire du Bréviaire romain (Paris 1893, 2nd ed. 1895) 339–350; in the third edition (1911), the ‘Instruccio’ (1^a) was omitted; the ‘De cursu’ (2) and the ‘De convivio’ (3) are here found on pages 173–178 (of this third treatise, however, Batiffol omits almost one half).Google Scholar

¹⁵ Silva–Tarouca, C., ‘Giovanni archicantor di San Pietro a Roma e l'Ordo Romanus da lui composto’, Atti della Pontificia Accademia Romana di Archeologia Serie 3: Memorie 1.1 (1923) 194–202, 207–208, 210–211.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Martène, E., De antiquis ecclesiae ritibus III (Antwerp 1737) 371.Google Scholar

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²⁰ ‘Ordinem regularem apud eos qui in arce regulari pollent istum invenimus.’ To this perfect, ‘invenimus,’ corresponds the word, ‘vidimus,’ which occurs twice in our text (102.21, 103.15). But who are ‘we’? They remain anonymous. The document, like most of these early ‘ordines,’ is very succinct, and as literature, to quote the General Editor of the series, ‘wirklich keine angenehme Lektüre’ (ZRG Kan. Abt. 45 [1959] 99).Google Scholar

²¹ Annales O.S.B. 2 (Paris 1704) 144; 2nd ed. (Lucca 1739) 134.Google Scholar

²² Eigilis, , Vita S. Sturmii, MGH, Scriptores 2.371.34–372.14; Vita Leobae abbatissae Biscofesheimensis, auctore Rudolfo Fuldensi, MGH, Scriptores 15.1.125.48–55.Google Scholar

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²⁷ Annales O.S.B. 2 (Paris 1704) 144–145; 2nd ed. (Lucca 1729). 134. In the second edition of the Vetera analecta (Paris 1723), therefore, this text is included under the title, ‘Ordo officii in domo S. Benedicti ante Pascha.’ Certain passages were reprinted by E. Gattola in his famous Historia abbatiae Casinensis I (Venice 1733) 61–63, and are included also in Bibliotheca Casinensis 4 (Monte Cassino 1880) 17–34; again in Ambrogio Amelli's Miscellanea Cassinese 1.2 (Monastica) 11–16, and Albers, B., op. cit. (n. 23 above) 19–23.214–216.Google Scholar

²⁸ I retain here and below the spelling ‘Theodomar,’ which is obviously supported by the manuscripts collated for CCM in the edition of the two letters which follow — addressed to Theodoric (for ‘Theoderic’!) and Charlemagne, respectively — over against the form ‘Theodemar’ (and Theoderic), generally found elsewhere. As for the date, I follow the chronology established by Hoffman, Hartmut, ‘Die älteren Abtslisten von Monte Cassino,’ Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken 47 (1967) 249.Google Scholar

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³¹ Winandy, J., ‘Un témoignage oublié sur les anciens usages cassiniens,’ Revue Bénédictine 50 (1938) 254–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³² The phrase, ‘De monachis,’ which is found at the beginning of the lengthy title in the second (Zurich 1609) and third edition (n. 30 above) is missing in the first (Zurich 1588), the title of which begins ‘De origine’ etc.Google Scholar

³³ Ecclesiastica historia … centuria VIII (Basel 1560) 403–408.Google Scholar

³⁴ MGH, Scriptores 1.163, 165, 177, 179; Annales regni Francorum … qui dicuntur Annales Laurissenses maiores et Einhardi (Scriptores rer. germ. in usum scholarum; Hannoverae 1895) 61, 63, 89, 93.Google Scholar

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⁴¹ Archiv für ältere deutsche Geschichtskunde 10 (1849) 298ff.Google Scholar

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⁴⁴ In not a few of these editions the ‘Ordo’ — or as the present editor insists, ‘Memoriale’ — ‘qualiter’ appears as the first of five ‘Opuscula S. Benedicti.’ The four which follow are: (1) ‘Epistola ad S. Remigium Rhemensem Episcopum,’ (2) ‘Sermo habitus in morte S. Placidi,’ (3) ‘Sermo habitus in discessu S. Mauri et sociorum,’ (4) ‘Epistola ad S. Maurum.’ See the interesting discussion in Albareda, A., op. cit. (Montserrat 1933) 48–53. These ‘opuscula’ are reprinted in a slightly different order (3, 4, 1, 2), followed by the ‘Ordo qualiter,’ PL 66.933–942.Google Scholar

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⁴⁷ See Lehmann, Edgar, ‘Die Anordnung der Altäre in der karolingischen Klosterkirche zu Centula,’ Karolingische Kunst (Karl der Grosse 3; Düsseldorf 1965) 374–383, and the various studies to which reference is there made.Google Scholar

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⁵⁶ Browerus, C., Fuldensium antiquitatum libri IV (Antwerp 1612) 212–216.Google Scholar

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⁶² Baluze, S., op. cit. 1383–1385; Mabillon, J., op. cit. (n. 45 above) 697–698; Herrgott, M., op. cit. (n. 40 above) 34–36; Dümmler, E., op. cit. (n. 61 above) 302–304; Albers, B., op. cit. (n. 23 above) 95–103.Google Scholar

⁶³ Mabillon, J., op. cit. (n. 23 above) 458–459; Herrgott, M., op. cit. (n. 40 above) 15–16; Holstenius, L. – Brockie, M., op. cit. (n. 23 above) 80; Albers, B., op. cit. (n. 23 above) 112–114.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Dacherius, L., Spicilegium 4 (Paris 1661) 1 ff. Google Scholar

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⁶⁹ Lesne, E., ‘L’Économie domestique d'un monastère au ix^e siècle d'après les statuts d'Adalhard, abbé de Corbie' (Mélanges d'histoire du moyen-âge offerts à M. Ferdinand Lot [Paris 1925] 385–420).Google Scholar

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⁷¹ With the exception of IV, V, and VIII, all the titles in this list have been supplied by the editor, i.e., they are not found in any of the manuscripts.Google Scholar

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⁷⁴ See note 71 above.Google Scholar

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⁷⁸ Seebass, O., ‘Über die Statuta Murbacensia,’ ZKG 12 (1891) 322–332. These Statutes had been edited for the first time by Bernard Pez, Benedictine of Melk, in his Thesaurus anecdotorum novissimus (cit. n. 60 above) 2.3.373–381, from a sixteenth-century copy based on a transcript made in 1500 from a rotulus preserved in the abbey of Murbach. This roll had disappeared for a century or more, but was recently discovered by C. Wilsdorf, Directeur des Services d'Archives Départementales du Haut-Rhin (‘Le manuscrit et l'auteur des Statuts de Murbach,’ Revue d'Alsace 100 [1961] 102–110). The first to suggest a connection between these ordinances and the Capitularies of 817 was Mansi 14 (1769) 345–346. Pez's text has been reprinted four times in all, as follows: Schannat, J. F.– Hartzheim, J., Concilia Germaniae 1 (Coloniae 1759) 378–382; Mansi, , loc. cit. 349–354; PL 99.739–744; Albers, B., loc. cit. (n. 23 above) 79–93.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ The much disputed question of authorship (see Semmler, , ‘Zur handschriftlichen Überlieferung und zur Verfasserschaft der Statuta Murbacensia,’ Jahrbuch für das Bistum Mainz 8 [1958–1960] 273–288) would seem now to be finally settled. After a careful palaeographical study of the rotulus, Prof. Bernhard Bischoff has shown that it was produced in the episcopal scriptorium of Basel between 816 and 825, that is, during the bishopric of Haitto, who was abbot also of Reichenau from 806 to 822/823.Google Scholar

⁸⁰ Ed. Werminghof, A., MGH, Legum sect. 3 (Concilia) 2.1 (Hannoverae et Lipsiae 1906) 307–421, 421–456.Google Scholar

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⁸⁵ Ibid. 67: ‘… la question ne pourra être débrouillée sans un examen attentif de tous les mss existants.’ Google Scholar

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⁸⁷ The thirty-six canons of this capitulary are discussed at length by Semmler in his article, ‘Die Beschlüsse des Aachener Konzils im Jahre 816,’ ZKG 74 (1963) 14–82. After a brief Introduction we have the following divisions of the article: I. Die Quellen; II. Die monastischen Kanones der Synode von 816, the subdivisions of which are worth noting: 1. Prolog und einleitende Kapitel, 2. die Feier der Liturgie, 3. die Handarbeit, 4. Riten u. Gebräuche des monastischen Tages- u. Jahreslaufes, 5. Abt u. Konvent, 6. Disziplinäre Bestimmungen, 7. Bekleidung u. Verköstigung der Mönche, 8. die Verwaltung der klösterlichen Grundherrschaft; III. Der Verlauf u. die Teilnehmer des Konzils von Aachen im August 816; IV. Das Werk Benedikts v. Aniane; V. Der Gegenspieler: Adalhard v. Corbie.Google Scholar

⁸⁸ MGH, Legum sect. 2 (Capitularia regum Francorum) 1 (Hannoverae 1883) 343–349.Google Scholar

⁸⁹ Op. cit. (n. 23 above) 115–142.Google Scholar

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⁹¹ CCM 1.539–540.Google Scholar

⁹² The altogether arbitrary order of the statutes in family D, which is represented by one manuscript only, places it outside these two recensions. The sequence of the statutes is given by the editor in a footnote, since it does not conform to the order found in any other witness to the text.Google Scholar

⁹³ Lesne, E., ‘Les ordonnances monastiques de Louis le Pieux et la Notitia de Servitio Monasteriorum,’ Revue d'histoire de l'Église de France 6 (1920) 167; Semmler, J., ‘Reichsidee u. kirchliche Gesetzgebung,’ ZKG 71 (1960)53: ‘Für die Mönche wurde auch 817 eine Reihe von capitula erlassen, die aber nur mehr oder weniger ergänzenden Character hatten u. die sich in einigen Punkten die Erfahrungen der angefangenen Reform zunutzemachten.’ Google Scholar

⁹⁴ CCM 1.430.Google Scholar

⁹⁵ Loc. cit. (n. 93 supra).Google Scholar

⁹⁶ de Nuce, A., op. cit. (n. 39 supra) Appendix 5–8: ex codice Casin. 175.Google Scholar

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⁹⁹ Karoli Magni et Ludovici Pii Christianiss. Regum et Impp. Francorum Capitula … ab Ansegiso et Benedicto Levita collectae … ed. Pithou, P. (Parisiis 1588) ff. 336–347; reprinted 1603. This was included by Severin Binius in the second edition of his Concilia generalia et provincialia 3.1 (Coloniae Agrippinae 1618) 260–264. From Pithou's manuscript (Parisin. lat. 4638) a new edition was published by Sirmond, J. in his Concilia antiqua Galliae 2 (Lutetiae Parisiorum 1629) 435–442. Pithou's edition was reprinted again in 1640, but it was Sirmond's text which was included in the Conciliorum omnium … collectio regia 21 (Parisiis 1644) 23–47, and it was his text also which Haeften, B. included in his Monasticarum disquisitionum Pars 2 (Antverpiae 1644) 1092–1103. It reappears in the great collection of Labbé, L. and Cossart, G., Sacrosancta concilia ad regiam editionem exacta 7 (Parisiis 1617) 1507–1512. Six years later appeared S. Baluze's edition of the Capitularia regum Francorum, whose text of the Capitulare Monasticum had rather held the field down to the appearance of B. Alber's edition in 1907 — quite unfortunately, says Semmler (see his discussion of the problem in Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters 16 [1960] 313–315). With the single exception, therefore, of J. Hardouin's Acta conciliorum et epistolae decretales ac constitutiones summorum pontificum 4 (Parisiis 1714) 1229–1233, where Sirmond's text is reprinted, Baluze's text, as has already been said, dominates in the following editions: Goldast, M., Collectio constitutionum imperialium 3 (Francofurti ad M. 1713) 220–224; Lünig, J. C., Deutsches Reichsarchiv 15 (Leipzig 1716) 107–111; Herrgott, M., Vetus disciplina monastica (Parisiis 1726) 23–32; Labbé, P. and Cossart, G., op. cit. supra , ed. Coleti, N., 9 (Venetiis 1729) 597–602; Georgisch, P., Corpus iuris Germanici antiqui (Halae Magdeburgicae 1738) 821–834; Schannat, J. F.– Hartzheim, J., Concilia Germaniae 2 (Coloniae Agrippinae 1760) 3–7; Mansi 14 (Venetiis 1769) Appendix 393–400; Baluze, , op. cit. 1 reprinted 1 (Venetiis 1772) 393–400; Walter, F., Corpus iuris Germanici antiqui 2 (Berolini 1824) 313–324; Pertz, G. H., MGH, Leges 1 (Hannoverae 1835) 200–204; PL 97.379–394; Boretius, A., MGH, Legum sectio 2. (Capitularia regum Francorum) 1 (Hannoverae 1883) 343–349; Albers, B., op. cit. (n. 23 above) 115–144, where in an appendix the supernumerary canons of Benedictus Levita are reprinted from Boretius' edition.Google Scholar

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¹⁰³ ‘La tradition bénédictine du moyen âge a laissé peu d'écrits sur la formation des novices’: the opening sentence of Dom Jean Leclercq's richly documented study, ‘Deux opuscules sur la formation des jeunes moines,’ Revue d'ascétique et de mystique 33 (1957) 387–399.Google Scholar

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¹⁰⁷ Rode's ‘career’ as reformer is interestingly recounted by Berlière, , op. cit. 102–122; by Redlich under the four chapter-headings: Rode als Abt u. Erneuerer von St. Mathias (op. cit. 34–48), R.'s Tätigkeit in Trier u. auf dem Konzil zu Basel (48–58), Der Erneuerer der Trierer Abteien u. der Mitbegründer der Bursfelder Kongregation (58–66), Wahl zum Generalvisitator durch das Easier Konzil 1434. R.'s Reformversuche in Hornbach, St. Gallen u. Reichenau (66–86). Reform des adeligen Benediktinerinnenklosters Marienberg u. letzte Lebenszeit (86–94).Google Scholar

¹⁰⁸ He was at least a ‘baccalaureus in decretis,’ perhaps also ‘licentiatus’ (Rode, , op. cit. 27: Berlière, , op. cit. 100).Google Scholar

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¹¹⁴ (1) Koblenz, Staatsarchiv Abt. 701 Nr. 87 (M^k), of the fifteenth century (1480); (2) Luxembourg, Bibliothèque Nationale 271 (M¹), of the sixteenth century; (3) Strasbourg, Bibliothèque du Grand Séminaire 18 (M^s, M^so), 1498; (4) Trier, Stadtbibliothek 1639/391 (M^t), of the seventeenth century; (5) Epinal, Bibliothèque Municipale 176 (M^e), of the eighteenth century.Google Scholar

¹¹⁵ The full import of chapters 36–62 (63 deals with ritual only) is discussed at some length by D. Becker in his article, ‘Die Abtswahl in den Consuetudines des Johannes Rode von St. Matthias († 1439),’ Trierer Theologische Zeitschrift 75 (1966) 295–302.Google Scholar

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¹ Hallinger, Kassius, O.S.B., Gorze–Kluny: Studien zu den monastischen Lebensformen und Gegensätzen im Hochmittelalter I–II (Studia Anselmiana 22–23, 24–25; Rome 1950–1951). This work, as is well known, was read at the time with close attention and widely discussed, nor has its value or importance diminished since. Special mention may be made here of the review written by Hans Erich Feine (Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, Kanonistische Abteilung [= ZRG Kan. Abt.] 37 [1951] 404–416), that of Paulus Volk, O.S.B. (Revue d'histoire ecclésiastique [= RHE] 47 [1952] 247–251), and of Dom Hubert Dauphin's valuable article, ‘Monastic Reforms from the Tenth Century to the Twelfth,’ Downside Review 70 (1952) 62–74. Of exceptional value are Dom Jean Leclercq's brilliant lectures published under the title, ‘Pour une histoire de la vie de Cluny,’ RHE 47 (1952) 385–408, 783–812, and of importance also the comments of Gerd Tellenbach in his Introduction to the volume, Neue Forschungen über Cluny und die Cluniacenser (Freiburg i. Br. 1959) 6–9. Only after this Survey had gone to press, did the most detailed review of all come to my attention: Schieffer, Theodor, ‘Cluniazensische oder gorzische Reformbewegung?’ Archiv für mittelrheinische Kirchengeschichte 4 (1952) 24–44. Still further reviews are mentioned by K. Hallinger in his article, ‘Zur geistigen Welt der Anfänge Klunys,’ Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters 10 (1953) 418 n. 7.Google Scholar

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⁷ Ibid. 209–227.Google Scholar

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²⁰ ‘Ordinem regularem apud eos qui in arce regulari pollent istum invenimus.’ To this perfect, ‘invenimus,’ corresponds the word, ‘vidimus,’ which occurs twice in our text (102.21, 103.15). But who are ‘we’? They remain anonymous. The document, like most of these early ‘ordines,’ is very succinct, and as literature, to quote the General Editor of the series, ‘wirklich keine angenehme Lektüre’ (ZRG Kan. Abt. 45 [1959] 99).Google Scholar

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²⁸ I retain here and below the spelling ‘Theodomar,’ which is obviously supported by the manuscripts collated for CCM in the edition of the two letters which follow — addressed to Theodoric (for ‘Theoderic’!) and Charlemagne, respectively — over against the form ‘Theodemar’ (and Theoderic), generally found elsewhere. As for the date, I follow the chronology established by Hoffman, Hartmut, ‘Die älteren Abtslisten von Monte Cassino,’ Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken 47 (1967) 249.Google Scholar

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³⁴ MGH, Scriptores 1.163, 165, 177, 179; Annales regni Francorum … qui dicuntur Annales Laurissenses maiores et Einhardi (Scriptores rer. germ. in usum scholarum; Hannoverae 1895) 61, 63, 89, 93.Google Scholar

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⁴⁴ In not a few of these editions the ‘Ordo’ — or as the present editor insists, ‘Memoriale’ — ‘qualiter’ appears as the first of five ‘Opuscula S. Benedicti.’ The four which follow are: (1) ‘Epistola ad S. Remigium Rhemensem Episcopum,’ (2) ‘Sermo habitus in morte S. Placidi,’ (3) ‘Sermo habitus in discessu S. Mauri et sociorum,’ (4) ‘Epistola ad S. Maurum.’ See the interesting discussion in Albareda, A., op. cit. (Montserrat 1933) 48–53. These ‘opuscula’ are reprinted in a slightly different order (3, 4, 1, 2), followed by the ‘Ordo qualiter,’ PL 66.933–942.Google Scholar

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⁴⁷ See Lehmann, Edgar, ‘Die Anordnung der Altäre in der karolingischen Klosterkirche zu Centula,’ Karolingische Kunst (Karl der Grosse 3; Düsseldorf 1965) 374–383, and the various studies to which reference is there made.Google Scholar

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⁶³ Mabillon, J., op. cit. (n. 23 above) 458–459; Herrgott, M., op. cit. (n. 40 above) 15–16; Holstenius, L. – Brockie, M., op. cit. (n. 23 above) 80; Albers, B., op. cit. (n. 23 above) 112–114.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Dacherius, L., Spicilegium 4 (Paris 1661) 1 ff. Google Scholar

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⁷⁸ Seebass, O., ‘Über die Statuta Murbacensia,’ ZKG 12 (1891) 322–332. These Statutes had been edited for the first time by Bernard Pez, Benedictine of Melk, in his Thesaurus anecdotorum novissimus (cit. n. 60 above) 2.3.373–381, from a sixteenth-century copy based on a transcript made in 1500 from a rotulus preserved in the abbey of Murbach. This roll had disappeared for a century or more, but was recently discovered by C. Wilsdorf, Directeur des Services d'Archives Départementales du Haut-Rhin (‘Le manuscrit et l'auteur des Statuts de Murbach,’ Revue d'Alsace 100 [1961] 102–110). The first to suggest a connection between these ordinances and the Capitularies of 817 was Mansi 14 (1769) 345–346. Pez's text has been reprinted four times in all, as follows: Schannat, J. F.– Hartzheim, J., Concilia Germaniae 1 (Coloniae 1759) 378–382; Mansi, , loc. cit. 349–354; PL 99.739–744; Albers, B., loc. cit. (n. 23 above) 79–93.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ The much disputed question of authorship (see Semmler, , ‘Zur handschriftlichen Überlieferung und zur Verfasserschaft der Statuta Murbacensia,’ Jahrbuch für das Bistum Mainz 8 [1958–1960] 273–288) would seem now to be finally settled. After a careful palaeographical study of the rotulus, Prof. Bernhard Bischoff has shown that it was produced in the episcopal scriptorium of Basel between 816 and 825, that is, during the bishopric of Haitto, who was abbot also of Reichenau from 806 to 822/823.Google Scholar

⁸⁰ Ed. Werminghof, A., MGH, Legum sect. 3 (Concilia) 2.1 (Hannoverae et Lipsiae 1906) 307–421, 421–456.Google Scholar

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⁸⁵ Ibid. 67: ‘… la question ne pourra être débrouillée sans un examen attentif de tous les mss existants.’ Google Scholar

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⁸⁷ The thirty-six canons of this capitulary are discussed at length by Semmler in his article, ‘Die Beschlüsse des Aachener Konzils im Jahre 816,’ ZKG 74 (1963) 14–82. After a brief Introduction we have the following divisions of the article: I. Die Quellen; II. Die monastischen Kanones der Synode von 816, the subdivisions of which are worth noting: 1. Prolog und einleitende Kapitel, 2. die Feier der Liturgie, 3. die Handarbeit, 4. Riten u. Gebräuche des monastischen Tages- u. Jahreslaufes, 5. Abt u. Konvent, 6. Disziplinäre Bestimmungen, 7. Bekleidung u. Verköstigung der Mönche, 8. die Verwaltung der klösterlichen Grundherrschaft; III. Der Verlauf u. die Teilnehmer des Konzils von Aachen im August 816; IV. Das Werk Benedikts v. Aniane; V. Der Gegenspieler: Adalhard v. Corbie.Google Scholar

⁸⁸ MGH, Legum sect. 2 (Capitularia regum Francorum) 1 (Hannoverae 1883) 343–349.Google Scholar

⁸⁹ Op. cit. (n. 23 above) 115–142.Google Scholar

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⁹² The altogether arbitrary order of the statutes in family D, which is represented by one manuscript only, places it outside these two recensions. The sequence of the statutes is given by the editor in a footnote, since it does not conform to the order found in any other witness to the text.Google Scholar

⁹³ Lesne, E., ‘Les ordonnances monastiques de Louis le Pieux et la Notitia de Servitio Monasteriorum,’ Revue d'histoire de l'Église de France 6 (1920) 167; Semmler, J., ‘Reichsidee u. kirchliche Gesetzgebung,’ ZKG 71 (1960)53: ‘Für die Mönche wurde auch 817 eine Reihe von capitula erlassen, die aber nur mehr oder weniger ergänzenden Character hatten u. die sich in einigen Punkten die Erfahrungen der angefangenen Reform zunutzemachten.’ Google Scholar

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⁹⁵ Loc. cit. (n. 93 supra).Google Scholar

⁹⁶ de Nuce, A., op. cit. (n. 39 supra) Appendix 5–8: ex codice Casin. 175.Google Scholar

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⁹⁹ Karoli Magni et Ludovici Pii Christianiss. Regum et Impp. Francorum Capitula … ab Ansegiso et Benedicto Levita collectae … ed. Pithou, P. (Parisiis 1588) ff. 336–347; reprinted 1603. This was included by Severin Binius in the second edition of his Concilia generalia et provincialia 3.1 (Coloniae Agrippinae 1618) 260–264. From Pithou's manuscript (Parisin. lat. 4638) a new edition was published by Sirmond, J. in his Concilia antiqua Galliae 2 (Lutetiae Parisiorum 1629) 435–442. Pithou's edition was reprinted again in 1640, but it was Sirmond's text which was included in the Conciliorum omnium … collectio regia 21 (Parisiis 1644) 23–47, and it was his text also which Haeften, B. included in his Monasticarum disquisitionum Pars 2 (Antverpiae 1644) 1092–1103. It reappears in the great collection of Labbé, L. and Cossart, G., Sacrosancta concilia ad regiam editionem exacta 7 (Parisiis 1617) 1507–1512. Six years later appeared S. Baluze's edition of the Capitularia regum Francorum, whose text of the Capitulare Monasticum had rather held the field down to the appearance of B. Alber's edition in 1907 — quite unfortunately, says Semmler (see his discussion of the problem in Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters 16 [1960] 313–315). With the single exception, therefore, of J. Hardouin's Acta conciliorum et epistolae decretales ac constitutiones summorum pontificum 4 (Parisiis 1714) 1229–1233, where Sirmond's text is reprinted, Baluze's text, as has already been said, dominates in the following editions: Goldast, M., Collectio constitutionum imperialium 3 (Francofurti ad M. 1713) 220–224; Lünig, J. C., Deutsches Reichsarchiv 15 (Leipzig 1716) 107–111; Herrgott, M., Vetus disciplina monastica (Parisiis 1726) 23–32; Labbé, P. and Cossart, G., op. cit. supra , ed. Coleti, N., 9 (Venetiis 1729) 597–602; Georgisch, P., Corpus iuris Germanici antiqui (Halae Magdeburgicae 1738) 821–834; Schannat, J. F.– Hartzheim, J., Concilia Germaniae 2 (Coloniae Agrippinae 1760) 3–7; Mansi 14 (Venetiis 1769) Appendix 393–400; Baluze, , op. cit. 1 reprinted 1 (Venetiis 1772) 393–400; Walter, F., Corpus iuris Germanici antiqui 2 (Berolini 1824) 313–324; Pertz, G. H., MGH, Leges 1 (Hannoverae 1835) 200–204; PL 97.379–394; Boretius, A., MGH, Legum sectio 2. (Capitularia regum Francorum) 1 (Hannoverae 1883) 343–349; Albers, B., op. cit. (n. 23 above) 115–144, where in an appendix the supernumerary canons of Benedictus Levita are reprinted from Boretius' edition.Google Scholar

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¹⁰³ ‘La tradition bénédictine du moyen âge a laissé peu d'écrits sur la formation des novices’: the opening sentence of Dom Jean Leclercq's richly documented study, ‘Deux opuscules sur la formation des jeunes moines,’ Revue d'ascétique et de mystique 33 (1957) 387–399.Google Scholar

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¹⁰⁵ The spirit in which Rode entered upon his task at St. Matthias' is admirably expressed in the Prologue to the Customary written some fourteen years later. (Berlière, , op. cit. 104–107, gives a French translation of the document; Redlich publishes the Latin original, op. cit. 108–112; see present edition, pages 3–7).Google Scholar

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¹⁰⁷ Rode's ‘career’ as reformer is interestingly recounted by Berlière, , op. cit. 102–122; by Redlich under the four chapter-headings: Rode als Abt u. Erneuerer von St. Mathias (op. cit. 34–48), R.'s Tätigkeit in Trier u. auf dem Konzil zu Basel (48–58), Der Erneuerer der Trierer Abteien u. der Mitbegründer der Bursfelder Kongregation (58–66), Wahl zum Generalvisitator durch das Easier Konzil 1434. R.'s Reformversuche in Hornbach, St. Gallen u. Reichenau (66–86). Reform des adeligen Benediktinerinnenklosters Marienberg u. letzte Lebenszeit (86–94).Google Scholar

¹⁰⁸ He was at least a ‘baccalaureus in decretis,’ perhaps also ‘licentiatus’ (Rode, , op. cit. 27: Berlière, , op. cit. 100).Google Scholar

¹⁰⁹ Berlière, , op. cit. 102.Google Scholar

¹¹⁰ RB 76 (1966) 292–313.Google Scholar

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¹¹² Edited with excellent introduction by Paulus Volk, OSB, Der Liber Ordinarius des Lütticher St. Jakobs-Klosters (Beiträge 10 [Münster i. W. 1923]).Google Scholar

¹¹³ Trier, Seminar-Bibliothek 83 (E^t), the ‘Reinschrift’ of the Customary of St. Matthias, compiled before 20. XII. 1435, the date of promulgation; (2) Cologne, Stadtarchiv GB 4° (E^k) written sometime before the summer of 1433; this contains only the chapters on the election of the abbot; (3) Berlin, Staatsbibliothek, Cod. lat. 8° 220, (E^b), a collection of excerpts made at Bursfeld for Clus not long after 1435.Google Scholar

¹¹⁴ (1) Koblenz, Staatsarchiv Abt. 701 Nr. 87 (M^k), of the fifteenth century (1480); (2) Luxembourg, Bibliothèque Nationale 271 (M¹), of the sixteenth century; (3) Strasbourg, Bibliothèque du Grand Séminaire 18 (M^s, M^so), 1498; (4) Trier, Stadtbibliothek 1639/391 (M^t), of the seventeenth century; (5) Epinal, Bibliothèque Municipale 176 (M^e), of the eighteenth century.Google Scholar

¹¹⁵ The full import of chapters 36–62 (63 deals with ritual only) is discussed at some length by D. Becker in his article, ‘Die Abtswahl in den Consuetudines des Johannes Rode von St. Matthias († 1439),’ Trierer Theologische Zeitschrift 75 (1966) 295–302.Google Scholar

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¹ Hallinger, Kassius, O.S.B., Gorze–Kluny: Studien zu den monastischen Lebensformen und Gegensätzen im Hochmittelalter I–II (Studia Anselmiana 22–23, 24–25; Rome 1950–1951). This work, as is well known, was read at the time with close attention and widely discussed, nor has its value or importance diminished since. Special mention may be made here of the review written by Hans Erich Feine (Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, Kanonistische Abteilung [= ZRG Kan. Abt.] 37 [1951] 404–416), that of Paulus Volk, O.S.B. (Revue d'histoire ecclésiastique [= RHE] 47 [1952] 247–251), and of Dom Hubert Dauphin's valuable article, ‘Monastic Reforms from the Tenth Century to the Twelfth,’ Downside Review 70 (1952) 62–74. Of exceptional value are Dom Jean Leclercq's brilliant lectures published under the title, ‘Pour une histoire de la vie de Cluny,’ RHE 47 (1952) 385–408, 783–812, and of importance also the comments of Gerd Tellenbach in his Introduction to the volume, Neue Forschungen über Cluny und die Cluniacenser (Freiburg i. Br. 1959) 6–9. Only after this Survey had gone to press, did the most detailed review of all come to my attention: Schieffer, Theodor, ‘Cluniazensische oder gorzische Reformbewegung?’ Archiv für mittelrheinische Kirchengeschichte 4 (1952) 24–44. Still further reviews are mentioned by K. Hallinger in his article, ‘Zur geistigen Welt der Anfänge Klunys,’ Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters 10 (1953) 418 n. 7.Google Scholar

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²⁰ ‘Ordinem regularem apud eos qui in arce regulari pollent istum invenimus.’ To this perfect, ‘invenimus,’ corresponds the word, ‘vidimus,’ which occurs twice in our text (102.21, 103.15). But who are ‘we’? They remain anonymous. The document, like most of these early ‘ordines,’ is very succinct, and as literature, to quote the General Editor of the series, ‘wirklich keine angenehme Lektüre’ (ZRG Kan. Abt. 45 [1959] 99).Google Scholar

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²⁸ I retain here and below the spelling ‘Theodomar,’ which is obviously supported by the manuscripts collated for CCM in the edition of the two letters which follow — addressed to Theodoric (for ‘Theoderic’!) and Charlemagne, respectively — over against the form ‘Theodemar’ (and Theoderic), generally found elsewhere. As for the date, I follow the chronology established by Hoffman, Hartmut, ‘Die älteren Abtslisten von Monte Cassino,’ Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken 47 (1967) 249.Google Scholar

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³⁴ MGH, Scriptores 1.163, 165, 177, 179; Annales regni Francorum … qui dicuntur Annales Laurissenses maiores et Einhardi (Scriptores rer. germ. in usum scholarum; Hannoverae 1895) 61, 63, 89, 93.Google Scholar

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⁴⁴ In not a few of these editions the ‘Ordo’ — or as the present editor insists, ‘Memoriale’ — ‘qualiter’ appears as the first of five ‘Opuscula S. Benedicti.’ The four which follow are: (1) ‘Epistola ad S. Remigium Rhemensem Episcopum,’ (2) ‘Sermo habitus in morte S. Placidi,’ (3) ‘Sermo habitus in discessu S. Mauri et sociorum,’ (4) ‘Epistola ad S. Maurum.’ See the interesting discussion in Albareda, A., op. cit. (Montserrat 1933) 48–53. These ‘opuscula’ are reprinted in a slightly different order (3, 4, 1, 2), followed by the ‘Ordo qualiter,’ PL 66.933–942.Google Scholar

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⁴⁷ See Lehmann, Edgar, ‘Die Anordnung der Altäre in der karolingischen Klosterkirche zu Centula,’ Karolingische Kunst (Karl der Grosse 3; Düsseldorf 1965) 374–383, and the various studies to which reference is there made.Google Scholar

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⁶³ Mabillon, J., op. cit. (n. 23 above) 458–459; Herrgott, M., op. cit. (n. 40 above) 15–16; Holstenius, L. – Brockie, M., op. cit. (n. 23 above) 80; Albers, B., op. cit. (n. 23 above) 112–114.Google Scholar

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⁷⁸ Seebass, O., ‘Über die Statuta Murbacensia,’ ZKG 12 (1891) 322–332. These Statutes had been edited for the first time by Bernard Pez, Benedictine of Melk, in his Thesaurus anecdotorum novissimus (cit. n. 60 above) 2.3.373–381, from a sixteenth-century copy based on a transcript made in 1500 from a rotulus preserved in the abbey of Murbach. This roll had disappeared for a century or more, but was recently discovered by C. Wilsdorf, Directeur des Services d'Archives Départementales du Haut-Rhin (‘Le manuscrit et l'auteur des Statuts de Murbach,’ Revue d'Alsace 100 [1961] 102–110). The first to suggest a connection between these ordinances and the Capitularies of 817 was Mansi 14 (1769) 345–346. Pez's text has been reprinted four times in all, as follows: Schannat, J. F.– Hartzheim, J., Concilia Germaniae 1 (Coloniae 1759) 378–382; Mansi, , loc. cit. 349–354; PL 99.739–744; Albers, B., loc. cit. (n. 23 above) 79–93.Google Scholar

⁷⁹ The much disputed question of authorship (see Semmler, , ‘Zur handschriftlichen Überlieferung und zur Verfasserschaft der Statuta Murbacensia,’ Jahrbuch für das Bistum Mainz 8 [1958–1960] 273–288) would seem now to be finally settled. After a careful palaeographical study of the rotulus, Prof. Bernhard Bischoff has shown that it was produced in the episcopal scriptorium of Basel between 816 and 825, that is, during the bishopric of Haitto, who was abbot also of Reichenau from 806 to 822/823.Google Scholar

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⁸⁷ The thirty-six canons of this capitulary are discussed at length by Semmler in his article, ‘Die Beschlüsse des Aachener Konzils im Jahre 816,’ ZKG 74 (1963) 14–82. After a brief Introduction we have the following divisions of the article: I. Die Quellen; II. Die monastischen Kanones der Synode von 816, the subdivisions of which are worth noting: 1. Prolog und einleitende Kapitel, 2. die Feier der Liturgie, 3. die Handarbeit, 4. Riten u. Gebräuche des monastischen Tages- u. Jahreslaufes, 5. Abt u. Konvent, 6. Disziplinäre Bestimmungen, 7. Bekleidung u. Verköstigung der Mönche, 8. die Verwaltung der klösterlichen Grundherrschaft; III. Der Verlauf u. die Teilnehmer des Konzils von Aachen im August 816; IV. Das Werk Benedikts v. Aniane; V. Der Gegenspieler: Adalhard v. Corbie.Google Scholar

⁸⁸ MGH, Legum sect. 2 (Capitularia regum Francorum) 1 (Hannoverae 1883) 343–349.Google Scholar

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⁹² The altogether arbitrary order of the statutes in family D, which is represented by one manuscript only, places it outside these two recensions. The sequence of the statutes is given by the editor in a footnote, since it does not conform to the order found in any other witness to the text.Google Scholar

⁹³ Lesne, E., ‘Les ordonnances monastiques de Louis le Pieux et la Notitia de Servitio Monasteriorum,’ Revue d'histoire de l'Église de France 6 (1920) 167; Semmler, J., ‘Reichsidee u. kirchliche Gesetzgebung,’ ZKG 71 (1960)53: ‘Für die Mönche wurde auch 817 eine Reihe von capitula erlassen, die aber nur mehr oder weniger ergänzenden Character hatten u. die sich in einigen Punkten die Erfahrungen der angefangenen Reform zunutzemachten.’ Google Scholar

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⁹⁵ Loc. cit. (n. 93 supra).Google Scholar

⁹⁶ de Nuce, A., op. cit. (n. 39 supra) Appendix 5–8: ex codice Casin. 175.Google Scholar

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⁹⁹ Karoli Magni et Ludovici Pii Christianiss. Regum et Impp. Francorum Capitula … ab Ansegiso et Benedicto Levita collectae … ed. Pithou, P. (Parisiis 1588) ff. 336–347; reprinted 1603. This was included by Severin Binius in the second edition of his Concilia generalia et provincialia 3.1 (Coloniae Agrippinae 1618) 260–264. From Pithou's manuscript (Parisin. lat. 4638) a new edition was published by Sirmond, J. in his Concilia antiqua Galliae 2 (Lutetiae Parisiorum 1629) 435–442. Pithou's edition was reprinted again in 1640, but it was Sirmond's text which was included in the Conciliorum omnium … collectio regia 21 (Parisiis 1644) 23–47, and it was his text also which Haeften, B. included in his Monasticarum disquisitionum Pars 2 (Antverpiae 1644) 1092–1103. It reappears in the great collection of Labbé, L. and Cossart, G., Sacrosancta concilia ad regiam editionem exacta 7 (Parisiis 1617) 1507–1512. Six years later appeared S. Baluze's edition of the Capitularia regum Francorum, whose text of the Capitulare Monasticum had rather held the field down to the appearance of B. Alber's edition in 1907 — quite unfortunately, says Semmler (see his discussion of the problem in Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters 16 [1960] 313–315). With the single exception, therefore, of J. Hardouin's Acta conciliorum et epistolae decretales ac constitutiones summorum pontificum 4 (Parisiis 1714) 1229–1233, where Sirmond's text is reprinted, Baluze's text, as has already been said, dominates in the following editions: Goldast, M., Collectio constitutionum imperialium 3 (Francofurti ad M. 1713) 220–224; Lünig, J. C., Deutsches Reichsarchiv 15 (Leipzig 1716) 107–111; Herrgott, M., Vetus disciplina monastica (Parisiis 1726) 23–32; Labbé, P. and Cossart, G., op. cit. supra , ed. Coleti, N., 9 (Venetiis 1729) 597–602; Georgisch, P., Corpus iuris Germanici antiqui (Halae Magdeburgicae 1738) 821–834; Schannat, J. F.– Hartzheim, J., Concilia Germaniae 2 (Coloniae Agrippinae 1760) 3–7; Mansi 14 (Venetiis 1769) Appendix 393–400; Baluze, , op. cit. 1 reprinted 1 (Venetiis 1772) 393–400; Walter, F., Corpus iuris Germanici antiqui 2 (Berolini 1824) 313–324; Pertz, G. H., MGH, Leges 1 (Hannoverae 1835) 200–204; PL 97.379–394; Boretius, A., MGH, Legum sectio 2. (Capitularia regum Francorum) 1 (Hannoverae 1883) 343–349; Albers, B., op. cit. (n. 23 above) 115–144, where in an appendix the supernumerary canons of Benedictus Levita are reprinted from Boretius' edition.Google Scholar

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¹⁰⁵ The spirit in which Rode entered upon his task at St. Matthias' is admirably expressed in the Prologue to the Customary written some fourteen years later. (Berlière, , op. cit. 104–107, gives a French translation of the document; Redlich publishes the Latin original, op. cit. 108–112; see present edition, pages 3–7).Google Scholar

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¹⁰⁷ Rode's ‘career’ as reformer is interestingly recounted by Berlière, , op. cit. 102–122; by Redlich under the four chapter-headings: Rode als Abt u. Erneuerer von St. Mathias (op. cit. 34–48), R.'s Tätigkeit in Trier u. auf dem Konzil zu Basel (48–58), Der Erneuerer der Trierer Abteien u. der Mitbegründer der Bursfelder Kongregation (58–66), Wahl zum Generalvisitator durch das Easier Konzil 1434. R.'s Reformversuche in Hornbach, St. Gallen u. Reichenau (66–86). Reform des adeligen Benediktinerinnenklosters Marienberg u. letzte Lebenszeit (86–94).Google Scholar

¹⁰⁸ He was at least a ‘baccalaureus in decretis,’ perhaps also ‘licentiatus’ (Rode, , op. cit. 27: Berlière, , op. cit. 100).Google Scholar

¹⁰⁹ Berlière, , op. cit. 102.Google Scholar

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¹¹³ Trier, Seminar-Bibliothek 83 (E^t), the ‘Reinschrift’ of the Customary of St. Matthias, compiled before 20. XII. 1435, the date of promulgation; (2) Cologne, Stadtarchiv GB 4° (E^k) written sometime before the summer of 1433; this contains only the chapters on the election of the abbot; (3) Berlin, Staatsbibliothek, Cod. lat. 8° 220, (E^b), a collection of excerpts made at Bursfeld for Clus not long after 1435.Google Scholar

¹¹⁴ (1) Koblenz, Staatsarchiv Abt. 701 Nr. 87 (M^k), of the fifteenth century (1480); (2) Luxembourg, Bibliothèque Nationale 271 (M¹), of the sixteenth century; (3) Strasbourg, Bibliothèque du Grand Séminaire 18 (M^s, M^so), 1498; (4) Trier, Stadtbibliothek 1639/391 (M^t), of the seventeenth century; (5) Epinal, Bibliothèque Municipale 176 (M^e), of the eighteenth century.Google Scholar

¹¹⁵ The full import of chapters 36–62 (63 deals with ritual only) is discussed at some length by D. Becker in his article, ‘Die Abtswahl in den Consuetudines des Johannes Rode von St. Matthias († 1439),’ Trierer Theologische Zeitschrift 75 (1966) 295–302.Google Scholar

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