1 The principal recent accounts of Severian's life are Altendorf, 265–70, and Voicu, 752–53. Baur and Kelly, passim, also treat of Severian's relations with Chrysostom. The following are the sigla used in this article: Google Scholar Albert, Goten = Albert, Gerhard, Goten in Konstantinopel (Paderborn, 1984).Google Scholar Altendorf = Altendorf, Hans-Dietrich, “Untersuchungen zu Severian von Gabala” (diss. Tübingen, 1957).Google Scholar Aucher = Aucher, Jean-Baptiste, Severiani sive Seberiani Gabalorum episcopi Emesensis homiliae nunc primum editae ex antiqua versione Armena in Latinum sermonem translatae (Venice, 1827).Google Scholar Baur = Baur, Chrysostomus, John Chrysostom and His Time, 2: Constantinople , trans. Gonzaga, M. (Westminster, Md., 1958).Google Scholar Brottier = Brottier, Laurence, Jean Chrysostome: Sermons sur Genèse , SC 433 (Paris, 1998).Google Scholar Cameron, Barbarians = Cameron, Alan and Long, Jacqueline, Barbarians and Politics at the Court of Arcadius (Berkeley, 1993).Google Scholar Carter = Carter, Robert E., “An Index of Scriptural References in the Homilies of Severian of Gabala,” Traditio 54 (1999): 323–51.Google Scholar CPG = Geerard, Mauritius, Clavis Patrum Graecorum, 2: Ab Athanasio ad Chrysostomum (Turnhout, 1974) and Supplementum (Turnhout, 1998).Google Scholar Gregory = Gregory, Caspar, “Die kirchlichen Lesestücke aus dem Neuen Testament,” in Textkritik des Neuen Testaments 1 (Leipzig, 1900), 343–86.Google Scholar Kecskeméti = Kecskeméti, Judit, “Sévérien de Gabala: exégéte et théologien méconnu,” Euphrosyne, N.S. 24 (1996): 99–126.Google Scholar Kelly = Kelly, J. N. D., Golden Mouth (Ithaca, N. Y., 1995).Google Scholar Liebeschuetz = Liebeschuetz, J. H. W. G., Barbarians and Bishops: Army, Church and State in the Age of Arcadius and Chrysostom (Oxford, 1990).Google Scholar Palladius = Palladius: Dialogue de la vie de Jean Chrysostome , ed. Malingrey, Anne-Marie, SC 341 (Paris, 1988).Google Scholar Paverd, Statues = van de Paverd, Frans, St. John Chrysostom, the Homilies on the Statues , Orientalia Christiana Analecta, 239 (Rome, 1991).Google Scholar Quasten = Quasten, Johannes, Patrology, 3: The Golden Age of Greek Patristic Literature (Westminster, Md., 1960).Google Scholar REB = Revue des Études Byzantines. Google Scholar Savile = Savile, Henry, S. Iohannis Chrysostomi opera graece , 8 vols. (Eton, 1612–13).Google Scholar SC = Sources Chrétiennes.Google Scholar Socrates, , ed. Hansen, = Sokrates Kirchengeschichte , ed. Hansen, Günther Christian (Berlin, 1995).Google Scholar Sozomen, , ed. Bidez-Hansen, = Sozomenus Kirchengeschichte , 2d edition, ed. Bidez, Joseph and Hansen, Günther Christian (Berlin, 1995).Google Scholar Voicu = Voicu, Sever J., “Sévérien de Gabala,” Dictionnaire de spiritualité 14 (Paris, 1990), 752–63.Google Scholar Zellinger, , Studien = Johannes Zellinger, Studien zu Severian von Gabala , Münsterische Beiträge zur Theologie, 8 (Münster i. W., 1926).Google Scholar

2 Socrates, , ed. Hansen, , 329, 3–7, or PG 67: 697A; Sozomen, , ed. Bidez-Hansen, , 362, 21–27, or PG 67: 1541B.Google Scholar

3 Kelly, , 106.Google Scholar

4 Socrates, , ed. Hansen, , 329, 7–13, or PG 67: 697A; Sozomen, , ed. Bidez-Hansen, , 363, 1–3, or PG 67: 1541C.Google Scholar

5 Socrates, , ed. Hansen, , 329, 13–17, or PG 67: 697B: Sozomen, ed. Bidez-Hansen, , 363, 3–5, or PG 67: 1541C.Google Scholar

6 For a detailed account of Severian's dispute with Sarapion and then with Chrysostom see Kelly, , 181–90.Google Scholar

7 Baur, , 181, followed by Altendorf, , 265.Google Scholar

8 Kelly, , 172–73. In note 48 on page 173 Kelly refers to Wenger's article in REB 10 (1952): 51–54 that attributes an unpublished homily on the Epiphany to Chrysostom. Not noted by Kelly is that later, in REB 29 (1971): 118, Wenger denied Chrysostom's authorship. When Wenger published the text of this homily in Analecta Bollandiana 95 (1977): 73–90, he attributed it tentatively to Severian. Severian's authorship has been denied (rightly) by Aubineau and Voicu; see CPG Appendix 4882. The homily was delivered a few days after Epiphany 402 and refers to the newly baptized Theodosius as reigning with his father. (Theodosius was elevated to Augustus on 10 January 402.) Its relevance for us is that it confirms the date of Theodosius's baptism but not who baptized him.Google Scholar

9 Gennadius, , Liber de viris illustribus , ed. Richardson, Ernest C., TU 14/1 (Leipzig, 1896) 70.Google Scholar

10 Palladius, , 288.Google Scholar

11 De regressu , CPG 4394, PG 52: 422–23.Google Scholar

12 Sozomen, , ed. Bidez-Hansen, , 361, 20–21, or PG 67: 537C.Google Scholar

13 Socrates, , ed. Hansen, , 329, 17–333, 13, or PG 67: 697–700 and 732–36; Sozomen, , ed. Bidez-Hansen, , 362, 21–363, 25, or PG 67: 1541–44.Google Scholar

14 PG 52: 423–26.Google Scholar

15 CPG 4214, Latin in PG 52: 425–28; Greek, ed. Papadopoulos-Kerameus, A., Analecta Hierosolymitikis Stachyologias 1 (1898): 15–26.Google Scholar

16 Liebeschuetz, , 195–227, catalogues the opponents of Chrysostom with an account of their motivation.Google Scholar

17 Kelly's chapter “The Oak,” 211–27, is highly recommended.Google Scholar

18 See Kelly's chapter “Between Two Exiles,” 228–49, for a good account of the tumultuous and confused events of this period.Google Scholar

19 Palladius, , 310–12, and Kelly, 252.Google Scholar

20 A thorough discussion of all the works attributed to Severian is made by Voicu, , 754–59. A convenient list of Severian's works indicating the dubia, spuria, and inedita can be found in Carter, 324–26.Google Scholar

21 Voicu, , 753.Google Scholar

22 CPG 4214. See note 15 above.Google Scholar

23 CPG 4192 (PG 56: 397–410). Google Scholar

24 PG 56: 407, 19–26, 41–46, and 408, 5–9 (my English translation).Google Scholar

25 Recent accounts of this crisis are: Albert, Gerhard, “Zur Chronologie der Empörung des Gainas im Jahre 400 N. Chr.,” Historia 29 (1980): 504–8, and Albert, , Goten, Liebeschuetz, and Cameron, Barbarians. This last work augments and corrects the earlier studies; in general I follow Cameron's interpretations and judgments.Google Scholar

26 Cameron, , Barbarians , 335–36.Google Scholar

27 Zellinger, , Studien , 64–65.Google Scholar

28 PG 56: 398, 1–5.Google Scholar

29 CPG 4204 (PG 59: 687–700), here 696, 14–697, 51.Google Scholar

30 CPG 4212 (PG 65: 15–26); Zellinger, , Studien , 66.Google Scholar

31 PG 59: 687, 36–33 ab imo and PG 65: 21B, 2–5. A. Wenger has published the original ending of this homily found in Sinaiticus graecus 491, in his “Notes inédites sur les empereurs Théodose I, Arcadius, Théodose II, Léon I,” REB 10 (1952): 47–52. This ending further indicates that the homily was delivered in the church of the Holy Apostles, where the mausoleums of Constantine and Theodosius I were located.Google Scholar

32 PG 56: 402, 24–30.Google Scholar

33 CPG 4190 (PG 55: 603–12).Google Scholar

34 Zellinger, , Studien , 62. PG 56: 402 cites Ps. 96:1, Rom. 6:12, Rom. 5:14, Ps. 96:1 in that order; in almost the same order PG 55: 603–4 cites Ps. 96:1, Rom. 5:14, Rom. 6:12, Ps. 96:1, reversing only the order of Rom. 5:14 and Rom. 6:12.Google Scholar

35 CPG 4196 (PG 56: 499–516).Google Scholar

36 PG 56: 510, 40–42.Google Scholar

37 PG 55: 605, 23 and PG 56: 510, 42; PG 55: 605, 63 and PG 56: 510, 47; and PG 55: 606, 4 and 15 and PG 56: 510, 49. See Zellinger, , Studien , 58. It should also be noted that only these two homilies, CPG 4190 and 4196, use all three of these proof texts; see Carter, , 333 and 339.Google Scholar

38 CPG 4193 (PG 56: 411–28); Zellinger, , Studien , 31.Google Scholar

39 PG 56: 411, 10–9 ab imo.Google Scholar

40 Gregory, , 351.Google Scholar

41 CPG 4215 (ed. Aucher, , 320–71 and Zellinger + Martin). See Zellinger, , Studien , 25–26.Google Scholar

42 Aucher, , 323, and Zellinger, Studien , 22.Google Scholar

43 PG 56: 428, 16.Google Scholar

44 Cum Saturninus et Aurelianus acti essent in exilium , PG 52: 415, 3.Google Scholar

45 Albert, , Goten , 151–79, gives an extensive account of Chrysostom's meetings with Gainas.Google Scholar

46 CPG 4209 (PG 63: 531–44).Google Scholar

47 CPG 4186 (PG 49: 323–36).Google Scholar

48 Kecskeméti, , 103. For John 7:37 see PG 49: 334, 2–1 ab imo, and for Gal. 3:27 see ibid., 335, 4.Google Scholar

49 CPG 4200 (PG 59: 627–36).Google Scholar

50 CPG 4212 (PG 65: 15–26).Google Scholar

51 Kecskeméti, , 103.Google Scholar

52 CPG 4240 (Aucher, , 17–55).Google Scholar

53 Aucher, , 49, 24–33 (my English translation).Google Scholar

54 Cameron, Alan, “Earthquake 400,” Chiron 17 (1987): 343–60, especially 354–55.Google Scholar

55 PG 60: 291, 4.Google Scholar

56 CPG 4240 (Aucher, , 19, 17–22).Google Scholar

57 CPG 4209 (PG 63: 531–44).Google Scholar

58 PG 63: 532, lin. ult.–533, 5.Google Scholar

59 PG 63: 544, 18–22.Google Scholar

60 CPG 4210 (PG 63: 543–50).Google Scholar

61 PG 63: 543, 25 ab imo–19 ab imo.Google Scholar

62 Zellinger, , Studien , 39.Google Scholar

63 Zellinger, , Studien , 41. The references to baptism begin on PG 63: 545, 7 ab imo and continue to 546, 10 ab imo.Google Scholar

64 CPG 4198 (PG 56: 553–64).Google Scholar

65 PG 56: 557, 1–7 (my English translation).Google Scholar

66 Zellinger, , Studien , 44.Google Scholar

67 CPG 4194/5 (PG 56: 471–84).Google Scholar

68 PG 56: 481, 23–26.Google Scholar

69 PG 63: 534, 4 ab imo–535, 19 ab imo. See Carter, , 341–42.Google Scholar

70 CPG 4194 (PG 56: 429–500).Google Scholar

71 CPG 4195 (Savile 5: 648–53).Google Scholar

72 PG 56: 469, 8–4 ab imo, and 470, 20 ab imo.Google Scholar

73 In a communication on 17 August 1999 at the Thirteenth International Conference on Patristic Studies at Oxford.Google Scholar

74 Socrates, , ed. Hansen, , 300, 10–301, 4, or PG 67: 632B-633A; Sozomen, , ed. Bidez-Hansen, , 331, 5–16, or PG 67: 1477A10–B10.Google Scholar

75 Baumstark, Anton, Comparative Liturgy , revised ed. Botte, Bernard, English ed. Cross, F. L. (London, 1958), 194–95.Google Scholar

76 Rahlfs, A., Die alttestamentlichen Lektionen der griechischen Kirche, SB Göttingen (Berlin, 1915), 175, and 221–29.Google Scholar

77 Paverd, , Statues , 210–16.Google Scholar

78 van de Paverd, Frans, Zur Geschichte der Messliturgie in Antiocheia und Konstantinopel gegen Ende des vierten Jahrhunderts , Orientalia Christiana Analecta, 187 (Rome, 1970), passim.Google Scholar

79 PG 53: 273, 18–21 and 18–12 ab imo.Google Scholar

80 Paverd, , Statues , 214.Google Scholar

81 Quasten, , 534.Google Scholar

82 According to Kelly, 89, who follows von Bonsdorf, M., Zur Predigttätigkeit des Johannes Chrysostomus (Helsingfors, 1922), 9–13.Google Scholar

83 PG 53: 305–6.Google Scholar

84 Giet, Stanislas, Basile de Césarée: Homélies sur l'Hexaéméron , SC 26 (Paris, 1949): 5.Google Scholar

85 Quasten, , 216.Google Scholar

86 Brottier, , 182–84.Google Scholar

87 Sermon, 2. 13–14, Brottier, , 180.Google Scholar

88 Brottier, , 270, n. 3.Google Scholar

89 Brottier, , 218, 252, 256, 300, 302, 310, 348.Google Scholar

90 Zellinger, Johannes, Die Genesishomilien des Bischofs Severian von Gabala , Alttestamentliche Abhandlungen, 7.1 (Miinster i. W., 1916), 46.Google Scholar

91 Savile 5: 648, 40.Google Scholar

92 PG 56: 450, 4–3 ab imo; 456, 9–8 ab imo; 457, 3 and 16; 477, 23; 478, 30; 487, 39–42; 493, 4–8; and Savile 5: 648, 42–44.Google Scholar

93 PG 56: 472, 32–33.Google Scholar

94 PG 56: 465, 10–39.Google Scholar

95 PG 56: 482, 6–11 referring to 431, 17–20.Google Scholar

96 PG 56: 468, 19–16 ab imo.Google Scholar

97 PG 56: 456, 10–12.Google Scholar

98 PG 56: 469, 8–4 ab imo, and 470, 20 ab imo.Google Scholar

99 PG 56: 456, 7–28.Google Scholar

100 PG 56: 447, 20–21.Google Scholar

101 PG 56: 431, 34–41.Google Scholar

102 Savile 5: 648, 40.Google Scholar