¹ Basil of Caesarea On Baptism 1.2.13, 15, 21, 27, ed. Ducatillon, Jeanne, SC 357 (Paris, 1989), 144, 150, 170, 186. I wish to thank Dr. Lisa Wolverton of the Harvard Society of Fellows, who carefully read and critiqued the entire manuscript.Google Scholar

² Ambrose De sacramentis 2.19, ed. Faller, Otto, CSEL 73 (Vienna, 1955), 34. For many more references, see Bedard, Walter, The Symbolism of the Baptismal Font in Early Christian Thought (Washington, D.C., 1951).Google Scholar

³ Three half-lines from eight distichs, possibly echoed in Pope Leo's Sermo 49.3, ed. Chavasse, Antonius, CCL 138 (Turnhout, 1973), 287. See Underwood, Paul, “The Fountain of Life in Manuscripts of the Gospels,” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 5 (1950): 41–138, at 55–57.Google Scholar

⁴ Gregory of Nazianzus Oratio 40.1, ed. Moreschini, Claudio, SC 358 (Paris, 1990), 198.Google Scholar

⁵ Ibid., 1–4 (198–204).Google Scholar

⁶ Ibid., 7–8, 10 (208–12, 216–18).Google Scholar

⁷ Ibid., 28 (262).Google Scholar

⁸ Ibid., 25–27 (252–60).Google Scholar

⁹ Ibid., 32, 38, 31 (270–72, 284, 268).Google Scholar

¹⁰ Peter Brown (Authority and the Sacred: Aspects of the Christianisation of the Roman World [Cambridge, 1995]) noted explicitly (p. x): “I have long suspected that accounts of the Christianisation of the Roman world are at their most misleading when they speak of that process as if it were a single block, capable of a single comprehensive description, that, in turn, implies the possibility of a single, all-embracing explanation.” For the present range of interpretation, see MacMullen, Ramsay, Christianizing the Roman Empire A.D. 100–400 (New Haven, 1984); Markus, Robert, The End of Ancient Christianity (Cambridge, 1990); Cameron, Averil, Christianity and the Rhetoric of Empire: The Development of Christian Discourse (Berkeley, 1991); Brown, Peter, Power and Persuasion in Late Antiquity: Towards a Christian Empire (Madison, 1992); idem, , The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, 200–1000 (Oxford, 1996); Hillgarth, Jocelyn, “Modes of Evangelization of Western Europe in the Seventh Century,” in Irland und die Christenheit (Stuttgart, 1987), 311–30. For the monumental evidence, see The Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third to Seventh Century , ed. Weitzmann, Kurt (Princeton, 1979), a 1977 exhibit published with an accompanying symposium in 1980. Mathews, John, The Clash of Gods (Princeton, 1993) challenged facile “imperial” interpretations of Christian art.Google Scholar

¹¹ Despite fine studies of the theology and liturgy of baptism, little has been done to integrate this subject into history and culture; one recent attempt is Cramer, Peter, Baptism and Change in the Early Middle Ages, c. 200–c. 1150 (Cambridge, 1993), with a good bibliography.Google Scholar

¹² Gregory Moralia 25.10.26, ed. Adriaen, M., CCL 143B (Turnhout, 1985), 1251–52.Google Scholar

¹³ See n. 96 below.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Justin Apologia 1.4, ed. Wartelle, André (Paris, 1987), 100–102. The word “name” begins the chapter and provides its underlying theme.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Tertullian Ad nationes 1.3.3, 1.2.1, 1.4.8, 1.8.1, ed. Borleffs, J. G. P., CCL 1 (Turnhout, 1954), 13, 12, 15, 21.Google Scholar

¹⁶ See still von Harnack, Adolf, The Mission and Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries, 2 vols. (New York, 1908), 1:266–78.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Ibid., 2.1–24.Google Scholar

¹⁸ See Taylor, Justin, “Why Were the Disciples First Called ‘Christians’ at Antioch? (Acts 11:26),” Revue Biblique 101 (1994): 75–94.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Cornelius Tacitus Annales 15.44, ed. Heubner, H. (Stuttgart, 1983), 369. See Wilken, Robert, The Christians as the Romans Saw Them (New Haven, 1984) 48–50.Google Scholar

²⁰ Didache 12.3, ed. Rordorf, Willy and Tuilier, André, SC 248 (Paris, 1978), 188. The Ethiopian version, notably, lacks the word “Christian.” Yet the next sentence of the Greek text (see n. 41 below) contains a wordplay that presupposes the word (placed at the end of the sentence for rhetorical effect).Google Scholar

²¹ Plini secundi epistularum libri 10.96; see Sherwin-White, A. N., The Letters of Pliny: A Historical and Social Commentary (Oxford, 1966), 691–710; Wilken, , Christians, 15–17, 22–24.Google Scholar

²² Ignatius Ad Rom. 3.1, ed. Camelot, P. Th., SC 10 (Paris, 1969), 110. See Schoedel, William R., Ignatius of Antioch: A Commentary on the Letters of Ignatius of Antioch (Philadelphia, 1985), 173–74.Google Scholar

²³ Mart. Poly. 10.1 (SC 10.222).Google Scholar

²⁴ 2 Macc. 2:21, 8:1, 14:38.Google Scholar

²⁵ Schoedel, , Ignatius, 7–8, with further references.Google Scholar

²⁶ Ignatius Magn. 10.1, 3 (SC 10.88–90). In Greek the term “believes” is the verbal form of the word “faith,” not reproducible in English as a transitive verb. The expressed opposition to “Judaism” is found as well in Phil. 6.1 (124). Schoedel, Compare, Ignatius, 126–27, 200–203.Google Scholar

²⁷ Bowersock, Glen W., Hellenism in Late Antiquity (Ann Arbor, 1990).Google Scholar

²⁸ The Epistle to Diognetus 6, ed. Meecham, Henry G. (Manchester, 1949), 80–81, 113–14. The term is Χριστιανοί, not Χριστιανισμός.Google Scholar

²⁹ Contra Celsum 1.1, ed. Koetschau, Paul, GCS Origenes 1 (Leipzig, 1899), 56. Celsus may have used the abstract term as well, as suggested by 3.75 (266).Google Scholar

³⁰ Ibid., 8.52 (GCS Origenes 2.267).Google Scholar

³¹ Ibid., 1.2 (GCS Origenes 1.57).Google Scholar

³² Ibid., 3.72 (GCS Origenes 1.264).Google Scholar

³³ Ibid., 1.7, 8, 26 (GCS Origenes 1.59, 60, 78).Google Scholar

³⁴ Ibid., 3.14, 28 (GCS Origenes 1.213, 225).Google Scholar

³⁵ Ibid., 2.15, 17, 13 (GCS Origenes 1.144, 147, 142).Google Scholar

³⁶ Ibid., 1.9, 3.12 (GCS Origenes 1.61, 211).Google Scholar

³⁷ Eusebius Church History 8.2.4, ed. Mommsen, Theodor, GCS Eusebius 2, 2 (Leipzig, 1909), 742–43. Rufinus's Latin did not know the abstract term: “si qui servorum permansisset Christianus.” Google Scholar

³⁸ Eusebius La préparation évangélique 1.1, ed. Sirinell, Jean and des Places, Edouard, SC 206 (Paris, 1974), 96.Google Scholar

³⁹ Ibid., 1.5.12 (136).Google Scholar

⁴⁰ This is the force of the first substantive chapter of his Demonstratio evangelica 1.2 (PG 22.23–28), where the comparison is elaborated at length.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Didache 12.5 (SC 248.188).Google Scholar

⁴² Basil Letter 240.3 (PG 32.897).Google Scholar

⁴³ Clement Fragmenta 68, ed. Stählin, Otto, GCS Clemens 3 (Leipzig, 1906), 229.Google Scholar

⁴⁴ See Diocletian's edict (8.2.4) cited at n. 37 above; and Polycarp's martyrdom (as in n. 23 above). Rufinus translated the abstraction logos christianismou as ratio christianae religionis: Eusebius Church History 4.15.21 (ed. Mommsen, , GCS Eusebius 2, 344–45).Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Vita Constantini 2.24, ed. Winkelmann, F., GCS Eusebius 1 (Berlin, 1991), 58.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Rufinus Historia monachorum 19.6–15, ed. Schulz-Flügel, Eva (New York, 1990), 352–53.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Athanasius Oratio contra Arianos 1.1 (PG 26.13).Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Athanasius Vita Antonii 78 (PG 26.952). The new critical edition by G. J. M. Bartelink in SC 400 (Paris, 1994), 334 reads christianoi. Just less than half the manuscripts read christianismos, parallel to hellenismos and apparently acceptable for many readers.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Probably the correct translation, but the word ἐκθιɩάζω originally meant “divinize,” and the sense for some fourth-century Roman Christians could well have been “having been made god-like in Christianism.” Google Scholar

⁵⁰ Epiphanius Adversus haereses 2.49 (PG 42.204).Google Scholar

⁵¹ Sozomenus Historia ecclesiastica 5.10, 5.15, 8.1 (PG 67.1140, 1256, 1509).Google Scholar

⁵² Chrysostom, John Homilies to the People 21 (PG 49.220). See Cameron, (n. 10 above), 137.Google Scholar

⁵³ In Johannem 17 (PG 59.112).Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Hom. in I Tim. 10.3 (PG 62.551).Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Hom. in Phil. 2.1 (PG 62.276).Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Hom. in Rom. 6.1 (PG 60.432).Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Hom. in I Cor. 25.3, 36.3 (PG 61.208, 310).Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Hom. in I Cor. 19.5 (PG 61.157).Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Die 50 geistlichen Homilien des Makarios 27.4, ed. Dörries, Hermann, Klostermann, Erich, and Kroeger, Matthias (Berlin, 1964), 221.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Homily 1.2, in Pseudo-Macaire, Oeuvres spirituelles, ed. Desprez, Vicent, SC 275 (Paris, 1980), 78.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Ibid., 1.3 (82).Google Scholar

⁶² Ibid., 12.1 (166).Google Scholar

⁶³ Ibid., 25.2 (286).Google Scholar

⁶⁴ De professione christiana , ed. Jaeger, Werner, Gregorii Nysseni Opera 8 (Leiden, 1952), 129, 130.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Ibid., 133.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ Ibid., 136.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ These percentages are drawn from the computerized concordances available from CETEDOC, the Thesaurus Augustinianus (Turnhout, 1989) and the Thesaurus sancti Gregorii magni (Turnhout, 1986).Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Augustine Sermo 46.31, ed. Lambot, C., CCL 41 (Turnhout, 1961), 557.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Augustine Confessions 9.3, ed. Skutella, M. (Stuttgart, 1969), 182–83.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ Augustine Retractationes 1.13.3, ed. Mutzenbecher, A., CCL 57 (Turnhout, 1984), 37.Google Scholar

⁷¹ Quintilian Oratorical Institutes 8.3.30, 8.6.31, ed. Radermacher, Ludwig, 2 vols. (Stuttgart, 1971), 2:84–85, 121. My thanks to Knut Nörr for drawing these passages to my attention.Google Scholar

⁷² Codex Theodosianus 12.1.123, ed. Mommsen, Theodor, Theodosiani Libri XVI (Berlin, 1962), 692–93.Google Scholar

⁷³ Ibid., 16.8.26 (894).Google Scholar

⁷⁴ Ibid., 16.8.9 (891–92); a shortened form, without this passage, in the Codex Justinianus 1.9.12, ed. Krueger, Paulus, Corpus Iuris Civilis (Berlin, 1954), 61.Google Scholar

⁷⁵ Codex Theodosianus 15.5.5 (820); compare Codex Justinianus 3.12.6 (127).Google Scholar

⁷⁶ Maximus Sermo 2.3, ed. Mutzenbecher, A., CCL 23 (Turnhout, 1962), 7.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ Idem, Sermo 107.2 (CCL 23.421).Google Scholar

⁷⁸ Idem, Sermo 106.2 (CCL 23.417).Google Scholar

⁷⁹ Idem, Sermo 27.2 (CCL 23.105).Google Scholar

⁸⁰ I have drawn this from the Thesaurus Augustinianus. Google Scholar

⁸¹ Augustine Contra litteras Petiliani 2.92.204–5, ed. Petschenig, M., CSEL 52 (Vienna, 1909), 127–30.Google Scholar

⁸² Augustine Epistola 53, ed. Goldbacher, Al., CSEL 34 (Vienna, 1895), 152.Google Scholar

⁸³ Augustine Contra Felicem 1.19, ed. Zycha, Joseph, CSEL 25 (Vienna, 1891), 825.Google Scholar

⁸⁴ Augustine Expositio ad Romanos inchoata 22, ed. Divjak, J., CSEL 84 (Vienna, 1971), 177.Google Scholar

⁸⁵ Salvian De gubernatione Dei 4.55, ed. LaGarrique, Georges, SC 220 (Paris, 1974), 278.Google Scholar

⁸⁶ Ibid., 1.21 (120).Google Scholar

⁸⁷ Ibid., 3.5–6 (188–90).Google Scholar

⁸⁸ Ibid., 3.20–32 (202).Google Scholar

⁸⁹ Ibid., 3.59–60 (230).Google Scholar

⁹⁰ Ibid., 4.1 (232).Google Scholar

⁹¹ Ibid., 1.7 (106).Google Scholar

⁹² Ibid., 3.44–46 (220).Google Scholar

⁹³ Ibid., 4.71–73 (290).Google Scholar

⁹⁴ Ibid., 4.74–77 (290–94).Google Scholar

⁹⁵ Ibid., 4.81–82 (296–98).Google Scholar

⁹⁶ Ibid., 6.35–36 (384–86).Google Scholar

⁹⁷ A full review of the vocabulary in Opelt, Ilona, “Griechische und lateinische Bezeichnungen der Nichtchristen: Ein terminologischer Versuch,” Vigiliae Christianae 19 (1965): 1–22.Google Scholar

⁹⁸ Lactantius Institutiones 2.13.12–13, ed. Monat, Pierre, SC 337 (Paris, 1987), 184.Google Scholar

⁹⁹ Sancti Petri Chysologi collectio sermonum 20.2, ed. Olivar, A., CCL 24 (Turnhout, 1975), 118.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁰ See now Klein, Richard, “Hellenen,” RAC 14: 432–45, with extensive references.Google Scholar

¹⁰¹ Augustine Questions on the Gospels 1.14 (PL 35.1326); De operibus monachorum 14, ed. Zycha, Joseph, CSEL 41 (Vienna, 1900), 555.Google Scholar

¹⁰² See Trombley, Frank, Hellenic Religion and Christianization, c. 370–529, 2 vols. (Leiden, 1993); and Bowersock, (n. 27 above).Google Scholar

¹⁰³ Eusebius Demonstratio evangelica 1.2, ed. Heikel, Ivar, GCS Eusebius 6 (Leipzig, 1913), 7.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁴ Gregory Oratio XLV in Pascha 4 (PG 36.628).Google Scholar

¹⁰⁵ Vita Antonii 78 (PG 26.952 = SC 400.332–34).Google Scholar

¹⁰⁶ The best treatment of this disputed word may be found in Demougeot, E., “Remarques sur l'emploi de paganus,” in Studi in onore A. Calderini (Milan, 1956) 1.337–50.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁷ Codex Theodosianus 16.5.46 (870).Google Scholar

¹⁰⁸ Augustine Epistola 184A.5, ed. Goldbacher, Al., CSEL 44 (Vienna, 1904), 734–35. Cf. the Codex Theodosianus 16.5.46: “gentiles quos uulgo paganos appellant….” In general see the excellent lexicographical entry in the Thesaurus linguae latinae 10.1 (Leipzig, 1982), 81–84.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁹ Augustine Retractationes 2.43.1, ed. Mutzenbecher, A., CCL 57 (Turnhout, 1984) 124, where Augustine was recalling the people and circumstances that caused him to write his De civitate Dei. Google Scholar

¹¹⁰ Orosius Histories, Prol., ed. Zangemeister, Carolus, CSEL 5 (Vienna, 1882), 3.Google Scholar

¹¹¹ Augustine City of God 1.1, ed. Dombart, B. and Kalb, A., CCL 47 (Turnhout, 1955), 1.Google Scholar

¹¹² Augustine Epistolae nuper prolatae 2*. 1–3, ed. Divjak, Johannes, CSEL 88 (Vienna, 1981), 9–11. The word iustitia means “justice” but also, in a Christian context, “righteousness.” Google Scholar

¹¹³ Ibid., 2*.4 (CSEL 88.11).Google Scholar

¹¹⁴ JK 293 = PL 56.500–505.Google Scholar

¹¹⁵ Caesarius, , Sermo 13.1, ed. Morin, G., CCL 103 (Turnhout, 1953), 64.Google Scholar

¹¹⁶ Idem, Sermo 13.2 (CCL 103.65).Google Scholar

¹¹⁷ Idem, Sermo 209.2 (CCL 104.835).Google Scholar

¹¹⁸ Idem, Sermo 13.5 (CCL 103.70), a point he repeated several times: 20.4 (90), 54.1 (236).Google Scholar

¹¹⁹ Idem, Sermo 52.2 (CCL 103.230–31).Google Scholar

¹²⁰ Ambrose De sacramentis 1.4, 1.8, 2.19, 2.23, ed. Botte, Bernard, SC 25 (Paris, 1968), 55, 57, 68, 69.Google Scholar

¹²¹ Ibid., 1.1 (SC 25.53). See Gal. 3:6–7.Google Scholar

¹²² Leo Tractatus 4, ed. Chavasse, Antonius, CCL 138 (Turnhout, 1973), 16.Google Scholar

¹²³ Niceta of Remesiana Instructio ad competentes 5.3.26, ed. Gamber, Klaus, Textus patristici et liturgici 1 (Regensburg, 1964), 120.Google Scholar

¹²⁴ For the baptistry verse, see n. 3 above. The prayer said before the blessing of fonts (“Deus qui nocentes mundi crimina”) has the lines: “quos aut sexu in corpore aut etas discernit in tempore, omnes in una pareat gratia mater infantia.” This is an ancient and common prayer, cited here from the Liber sacramentorum Gellonensis 2317c, ed. Dumas, A., CCL 159 (Turnhout, 1981), 334.Google Scholar

¹²⁵ Augustine Sermo 221 (PL 38.1100).Google Scholar

¹²⁶ The essential work, on which I have relied, is Clerck, Paul De, La ‘prière universelle’ dans les liturgies latines anciennes (Münster, 1977).Google Scholar

¹²⁷ Prosper Capitula 8 (PL 51.209–10).Google Scholar

¹²⁸ Prosper De vocatione omnium gentium 1.8 (PL 51.664–65).Google Scholar

¹²⁹ This is the argument of De Clerck, , La ‘prière universelle’ passim, with his summary on 313–14.Google Scholar

¹³⁰ For the text of the prayer, here and throughout (without further citation), I follow the critical edition of De Clerck, , La prière universelle, 126–29, The text may also be found, slightly emended, in the later Good Friday liturgy. See, for instance, the Hadrianum no. 79, ed. Deshusses, Jean, Le sacramentaire grégorien: ses principales formes d'après les plus anciens manuscrits (Fribourg, 1992), 1.176–80; or the Sacramentarium Fuldense, saeculi X no. 104, ed. Richter, Gregor and Schönfelder, Albert, HBS 101 (1977), 81–83.Google Scholar

¹³¹ Thus: “non respublica in ecclesia sed ecclesia in republica, idest in imperio romano.” Optatus Libri VII 3.3, ed. Ziwsa, Carolus, CSEL 26 (Vienna, 1893), 74.Google Scholar

¹³² Leo Tractatus 82.1 (CCL 138.509).Google Scholar

¹³³ Ibid., 84 (CCL 138.525–26).Google Scholar

¹³⁴ De Clerck, (n. 126 above), the end foldouts with comparative texts.Google Scholar

¹³⁵ Optatus Libri VII 1.1–2 (CSEL 26.3–4).Google Scholar

¹³⁶ Lactantius De mortibus persecutorum 48, ed. Moreau, Jacques, SC 39 (Paris, 1982), 132–35. The exact status of this so-called “Edict of Milan” remains a matter of debate. Its provision for the restoration of Christian properties and freedom of religious practice had been anticipated.Google Scholar

¹³⁷ Eusebius Vita Constantini 2.28, 42, 55–56, ed. Winkelmann, F., GCS Eusebius 1 (Berlin, 1991), 60, 65–66, 70–71.Google Scholar

¹³⁸ Lactantius De mortibus persecutorum 1 (SC 39.78–79).Google Scholar

¹³⁹ Ibid., 52 (138).Google Scholar

¹⁴⁰ Eusebius Hieronymi Chronicon a. 313, ed. Helm, Rudolph, GCS Eusebius 7 (Berlin, 1984), 230; Orosius Adversus paganos 7.28 (CSEL 5.502): “Constantinus pacem ecclesiis post decem annos quam a persecutoribus vexabantur indulsit.” Google Scholar

¹⁴¹ Constantine alluded to such a reversal in his letter to eastern pagans, where he described “barbarians” as showing hospitality (“philanthrophy”) to Christians and Romans putting fellow citizens to flight: Vita Constantini 2.53, ed. Winkelmann, , GCS Eusebius 1.70.Google Scholar

¹⁴² Augustine De catechizandis rudibus 21.37, ed. Bauer, J., CCL 46 (Turnhout, 1969), 162.Google Scholar

¹⁴³ Jerome Vita Malchi monachi captivi 1 (PL 23.55).Google Scholar

¹⁴⁴ Augustine De utilitate credendi 19 (CSEL 25.23–24), written in 391.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁵ Augustine De catechizandis rudibus 3.6 (CCL 46.125).Google Scholar

¹⁴⁶ Augustine De civitate Dei 18.51 (CCL 48.650).Google Scholar

¹⁴⁷ The best general orientation remains Gaudemet, Jean, L’Église dans l'Empire romain (IVe–Ve siècles) (Paris, 1958).Google Scholar

¹⁴⁸ Marvelous on this, now, is Brown, , Power and Persuasion (n. 10 above).Google Scholar

¹⁴⁹ Codex Justinianus 1.3.35 (23–24).Google Scholar

¹⁵⁰ JK 636 = PL 59.55.Google Scholar

¹⁵¹ JK 682 = PL 59.139.Google Scholar

¹⁵² See Violante, Cinzio, “Le strutture organizzative nella cura d'anime nelle campagne dell'Italia centrosettentrionale (secoli V-X),” in: Cristianizzazione ed organizzazione ecclesiastica delle campagne nell'alto medioevo: espansione e resistenze, Settimane di studio 28 (Spoleto, 1982), 972–98.Google Scholar

¹⁵³ Codex Justinanus 1.3–4 (19–50).Google Scholar

¹⁵⁴ Ambrose De officiis 1.4, 1.23–25, ed. Testard, Maurice, Saint Ambroise, Les devoirs, 2 vols. (Paris, 1984), 1:97, 106–7.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁵ Ibid., 1.246–49 (1:214–16).Google Scholar

¹⁵⁶ See the Council of Chalcedon of 451, canons 2, 12, 20; with further references in Tanner, Norman, ed., Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils (London and Washington, D.C., 1990), 87–93.Google Scholar

¹⁵⁷ Leo Tractatus 82 (CCL 138. 508–18).Google Scholar

¹⁵⁸ Chalcedon canon 28 (ed. Tanner, 99–100).Google Scholar

¹⁵⁹ Leo Epistola 104.3 (PL 54.995).Google Scholar

¹⁶⁰ Leo Tractatus 1 (CCL 138.5).Google Scholar

¹⁶¹ Ibid., 3.4 (CCL 138.14).Google Scholar

¹⁶² Ibid., 4.3–4 (CCL 138.18–19).Google Scholar

¹⁶³ Ibid., 2.1 (CCL 138.7).Google Scholar

¹⁶⁴ Ibid., 3.2 (CCL 138.11).Google Scholar

¹⁶⁵ Ibid., 4.3 (CCL 138.19). This remarkable passage was repeated in a second sermon for the feast day of Peter and Paul: ibid., 83.2 (520–21). Google Scholar

¹⁶⁶ Ibid., 3.3–4 (CCL 138.12–13).Google Scholar

¹⁶⁷ Ibid., 3.3 (CCL 138.13). This, importantly, is another phrase that got repeated at the beginning of a sermon on Peter and Paul: ibid., 83.1 (519).Google Scholar

¹⁶⁸ Ibid., 5.4 (CCL 138.24).Google Scholar

¹⁶⁹ Leo Epistola 106.2 (PL 54.1005). The reference is to canon 6 of Nicaea on the status of eastern bishops.Google Scholar

¹⁷⁰ Augustine De consensu evangelistarum 1.14.21, ed. Weihrich, Franciscus, CSEL 43 (Vienna, 1904), 20–21. This work was written a decade before the rethinking that went into his City of God. Google Scholar

¹⁷¹ Gregory Registrum 3.61, ed. Norberg, Dag, CCL 140 (Turnhout, 1982), 210–11. See the discussion in Richards, Jeffrey, Consul of God: The Life and Times of Gregory the Great (London, 1980), 217–27, who struck the right interpretive balance, but himself added the terms christianitas and romanitas. Google Scholar

¹⁷² Gregory Registrum 1.72 (CCL 140.80).Google Scholar

¹⁷³ Ibid., 1.72 (CCL 140.81–82).Google Scholar

¹⁷⁴ Maximus Sermo 91.2 (CCL 23.369).Google Scholar

¹⁷⁵ Ibid., 91.1 (CCL 23.369).Google Scholar

¹⁷⁶ Augustine Liber de fide rerum invisibilium 1, ed. Van den Hout, M. P. J., CCL 46 (Turnhout, 1969), 1.Google Scholar

¹⁷⁷ Ibid., 7.10 (CCL 46.17).Google Scholar

¹⁷⁸ Augustine De catechizandis rudibus 3.5 (CCL 46.124–25).Google Scholar

¹⁷⁹ Ibid., 16–17 (149–51).Google Scholar

¹⁸⁰ Ibid., 7–8 (133–35).Google Scholar

¹⁸¹ Maximus Sermo 17.2 (CCL 23.64–65).Google Scholar

¹⁸² Idem, Sermo 48.3 (CC 23.188–89).Google Scholar

¹⁸³ Augustine De catechizandis rudibus 25.48 (CCL 46.171). This is also the theme of Sermo 223 (PL 38.1092–93), preached at the Easter vigil.Google Scholar

¹⁸⁴ Prudentius Peristephanon 2, vv. 69–312, ed. Cunningham, Maurice, CCL 126 (Turnhout, 1966), 259–67.Google Scholar

¹⁸⁵ Leo Tractatus 26.2 (CCL 138.126).Google Scholar

¹⁸⁶ Ibid., 10.2 (CCL 138.41–42).Google Scholar

¹⁸⁷ Ibid., 11.2 (CCL 138.45–46).Google Scholar

¹⁸⁸ Ibid., 7 (CCL 138.29).Google Scholar

¹⁸⁹ Ibid., 8 (CCL 138.31). This same theme, in expanded versions, in three more sermons, 9–11 (32–46). For the setting, see Chavasse's introduction, ibid., clxxxiv-clxxxvii.Google Scholar

¹⁹⁰ Leo Tractatus 40.5 (CCL 138.230–31), with a reference to possible imperial acts intended by this remark.Google Scholar

¹⁹¹ JK 636 = Gelasius, dated 494; cited in Gratian Decretum C. 12 q. 2 c. 27. For Gregory, see the response in his Registrum 1.27 (CCL 140.80).Google Scholar

¹⁹² Leo Tractatus 26.5 (CCL 138.131).Google Scholar

¹⁹³ Augustine Epistola 173.4–5 (CSEL 44.642–43).Google Scholar

¹⁹⁴ Augustine Tractatus in Iohannis evangelium 11.13–14, ed. Willems, R., CCL 36 (Turnhout, 1954), 118–20.Google Scholar

¹⁹⁵ Gregory Registrum 1.72 (CCL 140.80).Google Scholar

¹⁹⁶ Compare Augustine Tractatus in Iohannis evangelium 90.3 (CCL 36.552–53), and his Tractatus adversus Judaeos 10.15 (PL 42.635). In general, see Ladner, Gerhart B., “Aspects of Patristic Anti-Judaism,” Viator 2 (1971): 355–63, and Cohen, Jeremy, “The Jews as the Killers of Christ in the Latin Tradition, from Augustine to the Friars,” Traditio 39 (1983): 1–27.Google Scholar

¹⁹⁷ Gregory Registrum 1.34, 2.45 (CCL 140.42, 137).Google Scholar

¹⁹⁸ Gregory Registrum 9.195 (CCL 140.750–51).Google Scholar

¹⁹⁹ Homilia 2.33.6 (PL 76.1237).Google Scholar

²⁰⁰ Moralia 10.30.51 (CCL 143.573).Google Scholar