¹ In a letter to Martinus Uranius (1489), Ficino lists, among the sources of Platonism available in Latin, , quaedam speculationes Nicolai Caisii Cardinalis (Opera Omnia [Basle, 1576], p. 899). The only manuscript containing that letter, Codex latinus Monacensis 10781, which I disovered in 1935, offers the variant Niccolai Cusii Cardinalis, which removes any doubt and which I published in 1937 (Supplementum Ficinianum [Florence, 1937], I, 35; cf. p. xxxv f.). The entire letter was republished by Klibansky, R. (The Continuity of the Platonic Tradition during the Middle Ages [London, 1938], pp. 45–47 who gives me credit only for a misprint in another variant of the same letter. This passage proves only that, by 1489, Ficino had heard about the writings of Cusanus, probably from Pico who is said to have visited Cusanus‘ library in Cues in 1488. Important coincidences between the philosophies of Cusanus and Ficino have not been discovered so far. Allers, R. (The Thomist, VI [1943], 411) claims that complexio is a Cusanian term, and that Ficino's, docta religio has something to do with Cusanus’, docta ignorantia. Yet the latter coincidence is merely verbal, and the Cusanian term of which he is thinking is complicatio, not complexio. Google Scholar

² Op. Om. , p. 1537.Google Scholar

³ Cf. Kristeller, P. O., The Philosophy of Marsilio Ficino (New York, 1943), pp. 15 and 25 f.Google Scholar

⁴ Op. Om. , pp. 616 f.Google Scholar

⁵ For Pletho, see Op. Om., pp. 327, 1047, 1594, 1596; for Bessarion, , ibid. , p. 899.Google Scholar

⁶ Pletho was interested chiefly in political reforms and in an allegorical interpretation of pagan theology, Bessarion, in a personal defense of Plato and in such theological problems as the relation of fate and providence. Center and content of Ficino's Platonism were quite different.Google Scholar

⁷ See my article, “Florentine Platonism and Its Relations with Humanism and Scholasti cism,” Church History , VIII (1939), 202 f.Google Scholar

⁸ For the influence of the writings attributed to Zoroaster and Orpheus, see Kieszkowski, B., Studi sul platonismo del rinascimento in Italia (Florence, 1936), pp. 113 ff. For the influence of the Hermetic writings, see my article, “Marsilio Ficino e Lodovico Lazzarelli,” Annali della R. Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Lettere, storia e filosofia, Ser. II, v. VII (1938), 237 ff.Google Scholar

⁹ Gabotto, F., “L'Epicureismo di Marsilio Ficino,” Rivista di filosofia scientifica , X (1891), 428 ff. The Philosophy of Marsilio Ficino, pp. 296 f.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Ficino composed a commentary on the Epistles of St. Paul, which is apparently based on a course of lectures and remained a fragment (Op. Om., p. 425 ff.), and a treatise De raptu Pauli in tertium coelum (ibid., 697 ff.) which he later translated into Italian (Suppl. Fic. I, 71). Ficino also made an Italian translation of St. Jerome's abridgment of the Psalms (ibid. I, clxii).Google Scholar

¹¹ See my article, “Augustine and the Early Renaissance,” Review of Reliaion , VIII (1944), 339–58.Google Scholar

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¹⁸ Op. Om. , pp. 577, 583, 584 (three times), 585 (twice), 586, 603 (three times), 1603.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Ibid. , pp. 514, 583, 584 (twice), 603, 900, 901, 1603. From two letters to Pico we learn that Ficino in August 1489 read Arnald of Villanova's treatise De retardanda senectute and immediately used it as a source for his own treatise De vita longa which he included as the second book in his work De vita (ibid., pp. 900 and 901, see Suppl. I, lxxxii).Google Scholar

²⁰ Ibid. , 507, 527, 528, 552, 557 (twice), 558. To this list we must probably add the mention of a certain Ebenus (Suppl. I, 39). On p. 507, Ficino calls him Petrus Ebanensis whereas in the other cases he uses the form Petrus Aponensis.Google Scholar

²¹ Op. Om. , pp. 506, 581, 587, 591, 592, 593, 600.Google Scholar

²² Ibid. , 591, 599, 600.Google Scholar

²³ Ibid. , 39, 43.Google Scholar

²⁴ Ibid. , 33, 39.Google Scholar

²⁵ Ibid. , 39.Google Scholar

²⁶ Ibid. , 39.Google Scholar

²⁷ Suppl. II, 72.Google Scholar

²⁸ Op. Om. , p. 1672.Google Scholar

²⁹ Suppl. II, 145.Google Scholar

³⁰ Op. Om. , p. 890. Ficino, writing to Pico in July 1488, speaks of their common reading of Oresme's treatise against astrology. At this time, Pico was working on his own treatise against astrology, and most probably it was Pico who became acquainted with Oresme during his stay in Paris and who called Ficino's attention to this author.Google Scholar

³¹ Suppl. II, 146.Google Scholar

³² Op. Om. , pp. 899 and 1760. One of these quotations is in the letter which we have mentioned in connection with Cusanus (see above, note 1), the other in the commentary on Plotinus. Ficino's acquaintance with Henry of Ghent was hence certainly late, and probably indirect, that is, through Pico who quotes this author quite often. Pico had a first hand knowledge of the traditions at Paris and Padua, which Ficino had not.Google Scholar

³³ Suppl. II, 131 and 138. These references are, of course, indirect, probably from Aquinas.Google Scholar

³⁴ Op. Om., 124: non ergo ex ipso (i.e. Deo) et materia fit animal unum ut stulte putant Almariani. Google Scholar

³⁵ Op. Om., 997, see Klibansky, ( op. cit. p. 36).Google Scholar

³⁶ Op. Om. , 780, see Klibansky, (ibid.). Ficino's letter, addressed to Jacopo Bracciolini in 1477, is accompanied by the text of the Epistola Plutarchi ad Traianum which Ficino had read recently and which he wants to communicate to his friend. We know that this epistle is one of the few remnants of a lost, pseudo-Plutarchian work entitled Institutio Traiani (Plutarchi Moralia , ed. Bernardakis, G. N., VII [Leipzig, 1896], 183 f.). These fragments have been transmitted through the Policraticus of John of Salisbury (Book V, ch. 1, 539 b ff., ed. Webb, [Oxford, 1909], I, 281 f.). However, the epistle occurs, without the other frag- Google Scholar

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⁴⁰ On Niccolò Tignosi cf. Thorndike, L., Science and Thought in the Fifteenth Century (New York, 1929), pp. 161 ff. and 308 ff. On Lorenzo Pisano cf. Mancini, A., Bollettino storico pisano, I (1932), 33 ff.; Giov. Card. Mercati, Codici latini Pico Grimani Pio (Studi e Testi, 75, Città del Vaticano, 1938), pp. 98 ff. and 274 ff. The name of Antoninus has been suggested by Mr. Allers (The Thomist, VI [1943], 412), cf. Suppl. II, 204 and my article, “Per la biografia di Marsilio Ficino, “ Civiltà Moderna, X (1938), 287-8. Among the possible sources of Ficino's Platonism, M. Heitzman has emphasized medieval Augustinianism and especially the so-called Augustinisme avicennizant which supposedly continued in Italy throughout the fourteenth century (“Etudes sur l'Académie Platonicienne de Florence,” Bulletin international de l'Académie polonaise de sciences et lettres, classe de philologie, classe d'histoire et de philosophie, 1932, pp. 18-22; 1933, pp. 35-39; “L'agostinismo avicennizzante e il punto di partenza della filosofia di Marsilio Ficino,” Giornale critico della filosofia italiana, XVI [1935], 295-322; 460-80; XVII [1936], 1-11). I have my doubts about the Augustinisme avicennizant, since the coincidences concern really only one issue, that is, the theory of illumination. On the other hand, I fully agree that late medieval Augustinianism is one of the important antecedents of Ficino's Platonism, and I wish Mr. Heitzman had presented more specific evidence in support of this point. However, the character and content of the texts published in this paper, will justify my emphasis on Ficino's connection with medieval Aristotelianism rather than Augustinianism. I may add that the direct influence of Augustine on Ficino was very strong, but that the contemporary influences which were responsible for Ficino's Augustinianism, are still obscure to us, in spite of Heitzman's studies. Those influences may very well have been humanistic as well as theological.Google Scholar

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⁴⁵ Ficino addressed several letters to Michele Mercati (Suppl. II, 81 f.; 88 f.) and dedicated to him his Dialogue inter Deum et animant theologicus (Op. Om., 609) and addressed him in his commentary on Plato's, Philebus (ibid. , p. 1252). Baronius reports, upon the testimony of Mercati's grandson, that Ficino appeared after his death to Mercati in order to prove the immortality of the soul (Suppl. Fic. II, 216 f.). Mercati seems to have been a teacher (ibid., 89), and a few of his letters are extant (ibid., 259 and 322).Google Scholar

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⁵¹ ff. 34-34^v .Google Scholar

⁵² ff. 5 and 7^v .Google Scholar

⁵³ f. 22.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ The Timaeus was translated by Chalcidius, Phaedo and Phaedrus by Bruni, Leonardo (cf. Baron, H., Leonardo Bruni Aretino: Humanistisch-philosophische Schriften , Leipzig-Berlin, 1928); the Republic was at this time available in several translations the best known of which had been made by Emanuel Chrysoloras and revised first by Uberto Decembrio, and again by his son Pier Candido Decembrio.Google Scholar

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⁵⁶ f. 16.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ ff. 12 and 17.Google Scholar

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⁷¹ Op. Om. , pp. 757 ff.; 759 f.; 612 ff. Suppl. II, 87 f.Google Scholar

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⁷⁵ Suppl. II, 109 ff.; I, 39 f. Cf. Op. Om., 656. Suppl. II, 162 ff.; 173 ff.Google Scholar

⁷⁶ Suppl. II, 158 ff.; 167 ff.; 169 ff.; 82; 85 f.Google Scholar

⁷⁷ See above, note 48.Google Scholar

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⁸¹ Suppl. II, 87 f.Google Scholar

⁸² Ibid. I, pp. cxliv f. and clxiv. A translation of a few verses from the Argonautica in Cod. Ricc. 62 has been attributed to Ficino by Kieszkowski (op. cit. above, note 8, p. 156).Google Scholar

⁸³ “Per la biografia di Marsilio Ficino,” pp. 288 ff.Google Scholar

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^{page 293 note 66} hunc locum non repperi. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 67} sonum post collidentibus repet. cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 68} 2 b 5 sq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 69} 1 a 24 sq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 70} ex separaretur corr. cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 71} 420 a 3 sqq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 72} quoniam, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 73} 420 b 27 sqq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 74} 420 b 5 sq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 75} 420 b 15 sqq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 76} 420 b 5 sqq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 77} Cf. 1 a 1 sqq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 78} 82 a 21 sqq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 79} 419 b 19 sq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 80} mo dicunt, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 81} punmidale, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 82} 420 b 14 sq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 83} quem, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 84} 420 b 16 sqq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 85} 16 a 5 sq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 86} 192 b 8 sqq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 87} 420 b 32 sq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 88} alices, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 89} 421 a 9 sq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 90} peiorem, addidi Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 91} 422 a 6.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 92} minimus, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 93} interseque, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 94} 421 a 11 sq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 95} intentos cod., corr. Bigongiari. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 96} 421 a 18 sq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 97} efficiat, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 98} deservient, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 99} invalidi, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 100} 1260 a 12 sqq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 101} 421 a 21 sqq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 102} 414 a 11 sq. et 25 sqq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 103} diversis, cod., corr. Bigongiari. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 104} evaporatio, addidi. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 105} Cf. De sensu et sensato, 438 b 24.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 106} Pars II, cap. 5, Avicenne … Opera (Venetiis, 1508), f. 8 d, cf. Winter, M., Über Avicennas Opus egregium de anima (Liber sextus naturalium), progr. München, 1903, p. 41.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 107} 443 a 21.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 108} 340 b 3.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 109} fumubus, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 110} l. c., VII, f. 71.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 111} raritas, bis repet. cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 112} odor, addidi. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 113} soni, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 114} 421 a 18 sq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 115} Cf. 424 b 22 sq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 116} quodam, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 117} 422 a 17 sq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 118} 416 a 32.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 119} senus, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 120} Cf. 424 b 22 sq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 121} 422 b 23 sqq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 122} multa, addidi. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 123} contrarietatem, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 124} 424 a 4 sq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 125} l. c., VII, f. 74^v sqq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 126} illa, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 127} hoc, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 128} quominus, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 129} obiecto, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 130} 419 a 26 sqq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 131} quem, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 132} l. c., VII, f. 78.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 133} ibid. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 134} 417 a 12 sq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 135} visum, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 136} aspicies, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 137} ligna, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 138} vivendi, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 139} lingua, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 140} 422 b 10 sqq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 141} illam, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 142} 419 a sqq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 143} et, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 144} Proclus, , Elements of Theology , c. 15 (ed. Dodds, , Oxford, 1933, p. 16).Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 145} que, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 146} caro, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 147} dissimilem, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 148} 249 a 21 sqq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 149} 1 a 1 sq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 150} 437 a 19 sqq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 151} utque, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 152} 425 a 5.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 153} 425 a 6.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 154} 423 b 31 sq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 155} 324 b 17 sq.Google Scholar

^{page 293 note 156} solum mavult Bigongiari. Google Scholar

^{page 315 note 1} Sunt … durant, in marg. add. cod. Google Scholar

^{page 315 note 2} vel … proprietates, in marg. add. cod. Google Scholar

^{page 315 note 3} mores, addidi. Google Scholar

^{page 315 note 4} quem, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 315 note 5} quelibet, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 315 note 6} duplex, cod. Google Scholar

^{page 317 note 1} nature dicicitur, ed. Google Scholar

^{page 317 note 2} pertinet, ed. Google Scholar

^{page 317 note 3} Cf. 29 e sqq.Google Scholar

^{page 317 note 4} 400 a.Google Scholar

^{page 317 note 5} ita cognominatam: incognominatam, ed. Google Scholar

^{page 317 note 6} 30 d.Google Scholar

^{page 317 note 7} 716 a.Google Scholar

^{page 317 note 8} 312 d.Google Scholar

^{page 317 note 9} 341 d.Google Scholar

^{page 317 note 10} Cf. Enn. III, 8.Google Scholar

^{page 317 note 11} Cf. Elements of Theology , c. 21 (p. 24 Dodds, ).Google Scholar

^{page 317 note 12} Phys. II, 1, 192 b 21.Google Scholar

^{page 317 note 13} ubi, ed. Google Scholar