1 The humanist translations of Greek physicians have, for the most part, been catalogued: Dioscorides by Riddle, John M., and Paulus Aegineta by Rice, Eugene F., in Catalogus translationum et commentariorum: Mediaeval and Renaissance Latin Translations and Commentaries , ed. Cranz, Ferdinand Edward and Kristeller, Paul Oskar, vol. 4 (Washington, 1980), 1–191; Hippocrates by Kibre, Pearl, Hippocrates Latinus: Repertorium of Hippocratic Writings in the Latin Middle Ages, rev. ed. (New York, 1985); and Maloney, Gilles and Savoie, Raymond, Cinq cent ans de bibliographie hippocratique: 1473–1982 (St-Jean-Chryso-stome, Québec, 1982); Galen by Durling, Richard J., “A Chronological Census of Renaissance Editions and Translations of Galen,” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 24 (1961): 230–305, who also provides the best introduction to this subject. I wish to thank Thomas Rütten for his valuable suggestions, which allowed me to improve this article.Google Scholar

2 Nicolai Leoniceni De Plinii et plurium aliorum medicorum in medicina erroribus (Ferrara, 1509), fol. 74r (Leoniceno's letter to Francesco Totti). On Leoniceno, see Daniela Mugnai Carrara, La biblioteca di Nicolò Leoniceno: Tra Aristotele e Galeno; cultura e libridi un medico umanista (Florence, 1991). Janus Cornarius's dedicatory letter regarding his translation of Paulus Aegineta addresses the same topic; Cornarius explains his academic education in Arabic medicine and his gradual conversion to the Greek. This preface is published by Rice, Paulus Aegineta, 173–75; it is analyzed by Brigitte Mondrain, “Éditer et traduire les médecins grecs au XVI^e siècle: L'exemple de Janus Cornarius,” Les voies de la science grecque: Études sur la transmission des textes de l'Antiquité au dix-neuvième siècle , ed. Jacquart, Danielle (Geneva, 1997), 391–417.Google Scholar

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4 See Rütten, Thomas, “Zur Anverwandlungsgeschichte eines Textes aus dem Corpus Hippocraticum in der Renaissance,” International Journal of the Classical Tradition 1 (1994): 75–91, at 79–85. The Greek manuscript used by Rinuccio has been identified by Remigio Sabbadini, he scoperte dei codici latini e greci ne' secoli XIV e XV, vol. 1 (Florence, 1914; repr. 1967, 1996), 49.Google Scholar

5 See Rütten, Thomas, “Receptions of the Hippocratic Oath in the Renaissance,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 51 (1996): 456–83, at 461–62 and 479.Google Scholar

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7 This information derives from a dated letter by Poliziano addressed to Leoniceno, which is printed in Angeli Politiani Omnia opera (Venice, 1489), fol. B 6v (Ep. 2.3). See Fortuna, S., “Le prime traduzioni umanistiche degli Aforismi di Ippocrate,” Aspetti delta terapia net Corpus Hippocraticum: Atti del IX ^e Colloque International Hippocratique (Pisa, 25–29 settembre 1996) , ed. Garofalo, Ivan, Lami, Alessandro, Manetti, Daniela, and Roselli, Amneris (Florence, 1999), 485–98, at 491.Google Scholar

8 Poliziano addressed the letter to Lorenzo il Magnifico and asked him to encourage the physician Pierleone of Spoleto in the matter of a revision of his translation of Galen's commentary on Hippocrates' Aphorisms; this letter is published in Angelo Poliziano: Prose volgari inedite e poesie latine e greche edite e inedite di Angelo Ambrogini Poliziano , ed. Del Lungo, Isidoro (Florence, 1867; repr., Hildesheim, 1976), 77.Google Scholar

9 See Riddle, , Dioscorides , 27–29 and 46–48.Google Scholar

10 See Touwaide, Alain, “‘Loquantur ipsi ut velint … modo quis serpens sit tirus … non ignorent’: Leoniceno's Contribution to Renaissance Epistemological Approch to Scientific Lexicology,” Medical Latin from the Late Middle Ages to the Eighteenth Century: Proceedings of the European Science Foundation Exploratory Workshop in the Humanities (Brussels, 3–4 September 1999) , ed. Bracke, Wouter and Deumens, Herwig (Brussels, 2000), 151–73, at 171–72.Google Scholar

11 Botfield, Beriah, Praefationes et epistolae editionibus principibus auctorum veterum praepositae (Cambridge, 1861), 200, 218; and Aldo Manuzio editore: dediche, prefazioni, note ai testi , ed. and trans. Orlandi, Giovanni, intro. Dionisotti, Carlo (Milan, 1975), 17 and 24.Google Scholar

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16 See Piovan, Francesco, “Un umanista trascurato. Ricerche su Lorenzo Lorenzi e sulla sua biblioteca,” Atti dell'Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti 142 (1983/84): 191–216, who also discusses the problem raised by the nine Greek manuscripts attributed to Lorenzi; this question has been settled by Vendruscolo, Fabio, “Lorenzo Loredan/λr;αυρέντιoς Λαυρευτάυος copista e possessore di codici greci,” Italia Medioevale e Umanistica 38 (1995): 337–63, who conclusively attributes the manuscripts to Lorenzo Loredan, an obscure Venetian aristocrat. On Galen translations by Lorenzi, see Fortuna, , “Le prime traduzioni” (n. 7 above), 487–91; and Fortuna, , “Les traductions du Prognostic d'Hippocrate par les Humanistes,” Le normal et le pathologique dans la Collection hippocratique. Actes du X ^eme Colloque International Hippocratique (Nice, 6–8 ottobre 1999) , ed. Thivel, Antoine and Zucker, Arnaud, vol. 2 (Nice, 2002), 793–813.Google Scholar

17 On Kopp, see Wickersheimer, Ernest, Dictionnaire biographique des médecins en France au moyen âge , 1 (Paris, 1936; repr., Geneva, 1979), 235–38; Portmann, Marie-Louise, “Der Basler Humanisten-Arzt Wilhelm Copp (urn 1460–1532),” Gesnerus 15 (1958): 106–19. On his translation of Galen's On Affected Parts , see Fortuna, S., “Edizioni e traduzioni del De locis affectis di Galeno tra Cinquecento e Seicento,” Bollettino dei Classici s. 3, 14 (1993): 3–30, at 8–13.Google Scholar

18 On Linacre and his translations of Galen, see Durling, Richard J., “Linacre and Medical Humanism,” Essays on the Life and Work of Thomas Linacre, c. 1460–1524 , ed. Maddison, Francis, Pelling, Margaret, and Webster, Charles (Oxford, 1977), 76–106.Google Scholar

19 On Calvo, see Gualdo, Riccardo, “Marco Fabio Calvo,” Dizionario biografico degli Italiani , 43 (Rome, 1993), 723–27; and the same entry by Aguzzi-Barbagli, Danilo in Contemporaries of Erasmus: A Biographical Register of the Renaissance and Reformation, 1, ed. Bietenholz, Peter G. and Deutscher, Thomas B. (Toronto, 1985), 246–47; the bibliography quoted by Rütten, “Zur Anverwandlungsgeschichte” (n. 4 above), 85 n. 49. The publication history of Calvo's Hippocratic edition is reconstructed by Campana, Augusto, “Manente Leontini fiorentino, medico e traduttore di medici greci,” La Rinascita 20 (1941): 499–515.Google Scholar

20 The first edition of the two Hippocratic translations by Kopp is undated, but the dedicatory letter to the French chancellor Jean de Ganay is dated 1511. On these translations see Fortuna, , “Les traductions du Prognostic,” 803–10; and Fortuna, , “Wilhelm Kopp possessore dei Par. gr. 2254 e 2255? Ricerche sulla sua traduzione del De victus ratione in morbis acutis di Ippocrate,” Medicina nei Secoli 13 (2001): 47–57.Google Scholar

21 On Manente and his translation, see Campana, , “Manente Leontini”; and Mazzini, Innocenzo, “Manente Leontini: Übersetzer der hippokratischen Epidemien,” in Die hippokratischen Epidemien, Theorie-Praxis-Tradition: Verhandlungen des V ^e Colloque International Hippocratique (Berlin, 10.–15. September 1984) , ed. Baader, Gerhard and Winau, Rolf, Archiv, Sudhoffs, Beiheft 27 (Stuttgart, 1989), 312–30.Google Scholar

22 On Montano's Latin edition of Aetius Amidenus and the printing of the translation by Cornarius for books 8–13, see Tartaglia, Luigi, “Intorno alla traduzione latina di Aezio curata da Ianus Cornarius,” Storia e ecdotica dei testi medici greci: Atti del II Convegno Internazionale (Parigi, 24–26 maggio 1994) , ed. Garzya, Antonio and Jouanna, Jacques (Naples, 1996), 427–38, at 429.Google Scholar

23 See Nutton, Vivian, “Hellenism Postponed: Some Aspects of Renaissance Medicine, 1490–1530,” Sudhoffs Archiv 81 (1997): 158–70, at 166. The author of the work originally ascribed to Psellus is Theophanes Chrysobalantes, as has been proved by Sonderkamp, Joseph A. M., “Untersuchungen zur Überlieferung der Schriften des Theophanes Chrysobalantes,” Poikila Byzantina 7 (Bonn, 1987), 1–6.Google Scholar

24 See Rice, , Paulus Aegineta (n. 1 above), 151–57.Google Scholar

25 Erasmus, Desiderius, Opus epistolarum Des. Erasmi Roterdami , ed. Allen, Percy S., vol. 2 (Oxford, 1910), 489 (Ep. 549). In his preface to Galen's Greek edition of 1525, Andrea Asolano expresses a similar opinion on the first humanistic translators; see Botfield, Praefationes (n. 11 above), 362.Google Scholar

26 See Durling, , “Linacre,” 82–84; and Durling, , “Chronological Census” (n. 1 above), 238–40, who points out some of the limitations of the humanist translations without, how ever, disregarding their innovative impetus and contribution to medical progress in the sixteenth century.Google Scholar

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28 On Chalcondylas, see Cammelli, Giuseppe, Demetrio Calcondila (Florence, 1954); Petrucci, Armando, “Demetrio Calcondila,” Dizionario biografico degli Italiani, 16 (Rome, 1973), 542–47. On his translation of Galen's Anatomical Procedures , see Fortuna, S., “I Procedimenti anatomici di Galeno e la traduzione latina di Demetrio Calcondila,” Medicina nei Secoli 11 (1999): 9–28.Google Scholar

29 This preface is discussed by Durling, , “Chronological Census,” 239.Google Scholar

30 This information derives from a dated letter by Gerolamo Menochi to Leoniceno, printed in Nicolai Leoniceni De Plinii … erroribus (n. 2 above), fol. 84r; see Carrara, Daniela Mugnai, “La polemica ‘De cane rabido’ di Nicolò Leoniceno, Nicolò Zocca e Scipione Carteromaco: un episodio di filologia medico-umanistica,” Interpres 9 (1989): 196–236, at 200.Google Scholar

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32 See Fortuna, , “Nicolò Leoniceno e le edizioni Aldine.” Google Scholar

33 See Durling, , “Linacre,” 81.Google Scholar

34 Galeni in Aphorismos Hippocratis, ab ipso Nicolao Leoniceno Vicentino interprete diligentius emendati (Venice, 1524), fol. AIv.Google Scholar

35 The characteristics of style and composition of prefaces to humanist translations are studied by Rosa, Lucia Gualdo, “Le lettere di dedica nelle traduzioni dal greco nel '400: Appunti per un'analisi stilistica,” Vichiana n. s. 2 (1973): 68–85, who bases her research on the conclusions regarding ancient Latin prefaces drawn by Janson, Tore, Latin Prose Prefaces: Studies in Literary Conventions, Studia Latina Stockholmiensia 13 (Stockholm, 1964); see also Prefazioni, prologhi, proemi di opere scientifiche latine , ed. Santini, Carlo, Scivoletto, Nino, and Zurli, Loriano, 3 vols. (Rome, 1990–98). The prefaces to humanist medical translations are used and quoted in various essays, but only Linacre's prefaces to his translations of Galen have been thoroughly analyzed by Durling, “Linacre.” The prefaces to the humanist translations of Dioscorides and Paulus are printed in Catalogus translationum (n. 1 above). Research on prefaces to French editions of classics in the sixteenth century has been conducted by Sharratt, Peter, “The Role of the Writer and the Uses of Literature: Critical Theory in the Prefaces to the Editions of the Classics in Sixteenth-Century France,” Acta Conventus Neo-Latini Turonensis: III ^e Congrès international d'études néolatines (Tours, 6–10 Septembre 1976) , ed. Margolin, Jean-Claude, vol. 2 (Paris, 1980), 1249–56.Google Scholar

36 Hippocratis De natura hominis (Rome, 1482), fol. 1r. This edition (I.G.I. 4785) has no page numbers; I follow the numbering added to the copy preserved in the National Library of Florence.Google Scholar

37 Galeni De affedorum locorum notitia libri sex, Guilielmo Copo Basileiensi interprete (Paris, 1513), fol. AIIIv.Google Scholar

38 Galeni libri tres de crisi, idest, de iudicationibus, interprete Laurentiano medico Florentino (Bologna, 1522), fol. BIIr. This passage has been commented on by Piovan, “Un umanista trascurato” (n. 16 above), 197 n. 30, who tries to establish the chronology of Lorenzi's translations.Google Scholar

39 Hippocrates: De insomniis (Rome, ca. 1481), 10; the edition has no page numbers. I have numbered the pages from the beginning.Google Scholar

40 Ibid., 30.Google Scholar

41 Ibid.Google Scholar

42 Ibid., 3.Google Scholar

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46 On Gaza's translation of Aristotle's On Animals and its fortune, see Perfetti, Stefano, “‘Cultius atque integrius’: Teodoro Gaza, traduttore umanistico del De partibus animalium,” Rinascimento 25 (1995): 253–60; and Perfetti, , Aristotle's Zoology and Its Renaissance Commentators (1521–1601) (Leuven, 2000), 11–28.Google Scholar

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48 Lorenzi's preface and translation of Galen's Art of Medicine were published for the first time in 1502, in the edition of Galen's Opera omnia by Hieronymus Surianus. I quote from the preface printed in the Giuntine edition of 1522, vol. 2, fol. CCLXXXIr. On Francesco Pandolfini, see Bianca, Concetta, “I possessori,” Lorenzo Valla: Orazione per l'inaugurazione dell'anno accademico 1455–1456: Atti di un Seminario di Filologia Umanistica , ed. Rizzo, Silvia (Rome, 1994), 151–74, at 166; the catalogue of his library has been published by De Robertis, Teresa, “Breve storia del ‘Fondo Pandolfini’ della Colombaria e della dispersione di una libreria privata fiorentina,” Le raccolte della “Colombaria,” I. Incunabuli , ed. Spagnesi, Enrico (Florence, 1993), 77–285, and by Palau, Annaclara Cataldi, “La biblioteca Pandolfini: Storia della sua formazione e successiva dispersione; identificazione di alcuni manoscritti,” Italia Medioevale e Umanistica 31 (1988): 259–395; see also Bianca, Concetta, “Un ‘nuovo’ codice Pandolfini,” Rinascimento 24 (1994): 153–55.Google Scholar

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61 See n. 26 above.Google Scholar

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67 Ibid.Google Scholar

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72 Aristotelis De animalibus, interprete Theodoro Gaza (Venice, 1498), fol. AV. The first edition was published in Venice in 1476.Google Scholar

73 Hippocratis medici Sententiarum particulae VII , fol. AIIv.Google Scholar

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75 Ibid., fol. AVIr; Hippocratis medici sententiarum particulae VII , fol. BlVr.Google Scholar

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78 Ibid. If Gaza was indeed the translator of Hippocrates' Aphorisms, this passage can be explained as an attempt to hide the plagiarism; if Lorenzi was the translator, it can be explained as a contribution to the erroneous attribution of the translation. See n. 45 above.Google Scholar

79 Perfetti, , “‘Cultius atque integrius”’ (n. 46 above), 267–71, provides a stylistic and lexical analysis of Gaza's translation and gives some examples of anatomical terms in Gaza's translation and in George of Trebizond's translation. It is worth noting that Lorenzi translates three terms according to Gaza's translation ϕρέυες, = praecordia; ϰτυλβδόυες = acetabula; πιμελή = pinguedo), and two terms according to George's translation (γουή; = genitura; ἰχρ = sanies). Regarding Linacre's medical terminology, one must commend once again Durling's seminal contribution, “Linacre” (n. 18 above), 99–103.Google Scholar

80 Nicolai Leoniceni In libros Galeni … prefatio (n. 49 above), fol. 2r.Google Scholar

81 This debate is reconstructed by Carrara, Mugnai, La polemica (n. 30 above).Google Scholar

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83 Hoffmann, , “Autres données” (n. 60 above), 706–7, dates these and other marginal corrections of the Par. gr. 2273, written by the same hand, to the second half of the fifteenth century; see also Boudon, Véronique, Exhortation à l'étude de la médecine: Art médical, Collection des Universités de France 2 (Paris, 2000), 220–22. But they must date from a later time, since they certainly depend on Leoniceno's Prefatio communis written not long before 1503; see n. 30 above. On the sources of the marginal corrections of the Par. gr. 2273, see Fortuna, S., “Nicolò Leoniceno e la traduzione latina dell'Ars medica di Galeno,” I testi medici greci: Tradizione e ecdotica; Atti del III Convegno Internazionale (Napoli, 15–18 ottobre 1997) , ed. Garzya, Antonio and Jouanna, Jacques (Naples, 1999), 157–73, at 171–72.Google Scholar

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85 Ibid.Google Scholar

86 Ibid., fol. 2v. Google Scholar

87 See Kenney, Edward J., The Classical Text: Aspects of Editing in the Age of the Printed Book (Berkeley, 1974), 28–36.Google Scholar

88 Ibid., 42.Google Scholar

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