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⁴ On the career of John Maunsell to 1250, see Baylen, J. O., ‘John Maunsell: The Royal Clerk and the King's Will in Thirteenth Century England,’ Journal of Public Law 2 (1953) 47–62.Google Scholar

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⁶ Cf. Bliss, W. H. and Twemlow, J. A., eds. Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers relating to Great Britain and Ireland: Papal Letters (London 1893–1902), I 362–63 [= Cal. Papal Letters]; Luard, H. R., ed. Matthaei Parisiensis, monachi Sancti Albani, Chronica Majora (Rolls Series; London 1872–73) IV 129, 749 [= Paris, Chronica Majora].Google Scholar

⁷ Calendar of the Close Rolls of the Reign of Henry III preserved in the Public Record Office, 1227–1268 … (London 1902–37), 1231–34 pp. 466–67 [= Close Rolls]; Calendar of the Charter Rolls preserved in the Public Record Office … (London 1903–16) I 157 [= Ch. Rolls].Google Scholar

⁸ Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the Public Record Office, 1232–1327 … (London 1916–37), 1232–47 p. 93 [= CPR].Google Scholar

⁹ Cf. CPR 1232–47 pp. 192, 220, 248, 252–53; Calendar of the Liberate Rolls preserved in the Public Record Office, 1226–1245 … (London 1910–30) I 13, 308, 332 [= Lib. Rolls]; Close Rolls 1237–42 pp. 217, 232–33, 252; Ch. Rolls I 258; Paris, Chronica Majora IV 154; Foss, E., Biographica juridica: A Biographical Dictionary of the Judges of England … 1066–1870 (London 1870) 292. See also Baylen, J. O., ‘Maunsell, John and Grosseteste, Robert, Bishop of Lincoln,’ Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church 23 (1954) 203ff.Google Scholar

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¹¹ Cf. Powicke, , Henry III I 156–57; Baylen, Journal of Public Law 2.51.Google Scholar

¹² Weaver, John, Antient Funeral Monuments of Great Britain , Ireland, and the Islands Adjacent (London 1767) 70.Google Scholar

¹³ Bémont, C., Simon de Monifort , Earl of Leicester, 1208–1265 (Oxford 1930) 112. See also Clark, J. W., ed. Liber memorandorum ecclesie de Bernewelle (Cambridge 1907) 79; Baldwin, J. F., The King's Council in England during the Middle Ages (Oxford 1913) 79; Stamp, A. E., ‘Some Notes on the Court and Chancery of Henry III,’ Historical Essays in Honour of James Tait (Manchester 1922) 305ff.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Close Rolls 1237–42 p. 514; CPR 1232–47 pp. 345, 361, 401, 406; Dibben, L. B., ‘Chancellor and Keeper of the Seal under Henry III,’ English Historical Review 28 (1912) 39, 45. To avoid offending the barons, Henry (probably on the advice of Maunsell) did not at this time appoint the counsellor the seneschal of Gascony.Google Scholar

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¹⁸ Baldwin, King's Council 28.Google Scholar

¹⁹ CPR 1232–47 p. 508; Paris, History II 209; John Lord Campbell, The Lives of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal of England, From the Earliest Times till the Reign of George IV (London 1848) IV 138.Google Scholar

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²¹ See Professor Harold Snellgrove, S.'s admirable study of The Lusignans in England, 1247–1258 (Albuquerque 1950), passim. Google Scholar

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²³ Cf. Paris, Chronica Majora V 209; CPR 1247–58 pp. 67ff.; Shirley, W., ed. Royal and other Historical Letters Illustrative of the Reign of Henry III (Rolls Series; London 1862–66) I 52 [= Royal Letters]; Eleanor Lodge, C., Gascony under English Rule (London 1926) 36–37; Marsh, F. B., English Rule in Gascony, 1199–1259, with Special Reference to the Towns (Ann Arbor 1912) 110–35 el passim. Google Scholar

²⁴ Maunsell's opposition to Montfort and his responsibility for the king's failure to support the earl of Leicester were also due to the counsellor's fear of Montfort as a potential threat to Henry's personal government. Cf. Bémont, Montfort (n. 13 supra) 48.Google Scholar

²⁵ Paris, History II 477.Google Scholar

²⁶ Ibid. See also Brewer, J. S., ed. Monumenta Franciscana (Rolls Series; London 1858–82) I 122–30.Google Scholar

²⁷ St. Louis’ scrupulous regard for the legal rights of his brother-in-law, Henry, minimized France as a threat to the English in Gascony. Cf. Sayles, G. O., The Medieval Foundations of England (London 1948) 415 Google Scholar

²⁸ Cf. CPR 1247–58 pp. 123–24; Close Rolls 1251–53 pp. 186–87; Royal Letters II 78–80 82–83; Paris, Chronica Majora V 289.Google Scholar

²⁹ Paris, Chronica Majora V 258–59; Paris, History II 530; CPR 1247–58 pp. 141–42, 150, 157ff.; Royal Letters II 86–88; Mitchell, S. K., Studies in Taxation under John and Henry III (New Haven 1914) 253.Google Scholar

³⁰ These claims were based on Alfonso's descent from Henry II of England. Cf. Marsh, , English Rule in Gascony (note 23 supra) 134.Google Scholar

³¹ Paris, Chronica Majora V 364; Marsh 135.Google Scholar

³² See Stamp, , Hist. Essays Tait, J. (n. 13 supra) 310; Denholm-Young. Richard of Cornwall 84; Bémont, Montfort 124; Lodge, Gascony (n. 23) 42.Google Scholar

³³ Powicke, , Henry III (note 5 supra) I 232.Google Scholar

³⁴ Close Rolls 1251–53 pp. 355, 466–67; CPR 1247–58 pp. 191–92, 199.Google Scholar

³⁵ On May 15, Alfonso was informed that ‘John Maunsel [sic], Chancellor of London and Provost of Beverley, the king's secretary [was invested] with special power … to swear on the king's soul …’ for the arrangement of a marriage contract. And, in the event ‘the said John should fall by the way,’ his clerk, Master John Clarel, was empowered to act ‘as his substitute.’ Close Rolls 1251–53 p. 230; CPR 1247–58 p. 476.Google Scholar

³⁶ Henry, and Maunsell planned a marriage contract for the king's ten-year old daughter, Beatrice, and the eldest son of Jaime I, king of Navarre. But in view of the successful conclusion of the treaty with Castile, this alternate project was abandoned. Close Rolls 1251–53 pp. 475–76; Powicke I 232.Google Scholar

³⁷ May 28, 1253: Close Rolls 1251–53 p. 475; Luard, H. R., ed. Annales Prioratus de Dun staplia, in the Annales monastici III (Rolls Series; London 1866) 188.Google Scholar

³⁸ May 24, 1253: CPR, 1247–58 p. 230; Close Rolls 1251–53 pp. 475–76; Paris, Chronica Majora V 396–97.Google Scholar

³⁹ August 1, 1253: CPR 1247–58 p. 219.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ Close Rolls 1251–53 pp. 368, 478.Google Scholar

⁴¹ The absence of any mention in official records from August 9 to January 25, 1254 would seem to indicate that he was abroad during this period. See also CPR 1247–58 pp. 209–10, 234; Close Rolls 1251–53 pp. 393, 402, 408.Google Scholar

⁴² Powicke, Henry III I 232; Ramsay, Dawn of the Constitution (n. 5 supra) 143. Yet, the Dunstaple chronicler asserted that the embassy ‘was not able to succeed in either the manner or the form of the business.’ Annales de Dunstaplia 188.Google Scholar

⁴³ Paris, History III 41–42. ⁴⁴ Ibid. 42.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Cf. CPR 1247–58 p. 263.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ CPR 1247–58 pp. 230–58; Paris, History III 34.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Cf. Paris, History III 41–42; Champollion, J.-Figeac, ed. Lettres de Rois, Reines et autres Personnages des Cours de France et d'Angleterre depuis Louis VII jusqu’à Henri IV, tirées des Archives de Londres par Brequigny (Paris 1839–47) I 90–95; CPR 1247–58 pp. 243–44; Lodge, Gascony 42.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Paris, Chronica Majora V 407; Paris, History III 57.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ CPR 1247–58 pp. 248–49. ⁵⁰ Bémont, Montfort 120.Google Scholar

⁵¹ Paris, , Chronica Majora V 415–16; Paris, History III 57; Lodge 42. See also Marsh, , English Rule 142–44.Google Scholar

⁵² Cf. Mitchell, , Studies in Taxation (n. 29 supra) 260; Sayles, Medieval Foundations (n. 27) 418; Tout, Admin. History (n. 5) I 270–71.Google Scholar

⁵³ Paris, Chronica Majora V 424; Cobbett, Parliamentary History (n. 20 supra) I 26; Denholm-Young, Richard of Cornwall 78.Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Cf. Paris, History III 75; Paris, Chronica Majora V 440; Mitchell 261.Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Paris, Chronica Majora V 424; Paris, History III 63, 75; Mitchell 262; Denholm-Young 79.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Paris, Chronica Majora V 440; Bémont, Montfort 122; Richardson, National Movement (n. 2 supra) 63.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Marsh, , English Rule (n. 23) 143–45; Lodge, Gascony 42. See Henry, 's lavish concessions to merchants in Bordeaux in return for a loan of 2,000 marks. CPR 1247–58 p. 294.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ CPR 1247–58 pp. 266, 269; Sweetman, H. S. and Handcock, G. F., eds. Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland preserved in Her Majesty's Public Record Office, 1171–1307 (London 1875–86) II 50 [= Cal. Docs. Ireland]; Tout, T. F., The History of England from … Henry III to the death of Edward III, 1216–1377 (London 1930) 73. Maunsell was at thi’ time handsomely rewarded for his service in Castile. Thus, the king ordered the Excheque-‘not to demand any debt’ from his counsellor ‘while … in the service of the king overseas, r and, soon after this directive, cancelled Maunsell's debts to the Exchequer ‘in consideration of his many great services [because] in the past the king has had too little respect fos his [servant's] debts at the Exchequer …’ February 5, 1254: Close Rolls 1253–54 p. 211 February 11, 1254: CPR 1247–58 p. 267.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ February 14, 1254: CPR, 1247–58 p. 570; Thomas Rymer, ed. Foedera, Conventiones, Litterae … (2d ed. London 1715–35) I i.501.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Foedera I i.502.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Cf. ibid. 498–99.Google Scholar

⁶² See the text of the treaty ibid, 503–04.Google Scholar

⁶³ April 22, 1254: ibid. 509–10. In a separate document of this date, Maunsell pledged his king to support Castilian claims to suzerainty over Navarre. This was apparently a move to dispel Alfonso's suspicions of the king of Navarre's recognition of Edward as his suzerain on March 8, 1254. Cf. ibid. 510; Ch. Bémont, ed. Recueil d'actes relatifs à l'administration des rois d'Angleterre en Guyenne au XIII^e siècle (Paris 1914) 162.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Denholm-Young, , Richard of Cornwall 84.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Paris, History III 81. Maunsell arrived at the king's encampment by July 6, and on July 18 the marriage announcement was issued. Cf. CPR 1247–58 p. 316; Foedera I i.518.Google Scholar

⁶⁶ July 20, 1254: CPR 1247–58 p. 314f.; Cal. Docs. Ireland I 59; Foedera, I i.519–22.Google Scholar

⁶⁷ CPR 1247–58 pp. 311, 316–21, 331, 350–52; Marsh, English Rule 149. In an attempt to spare Montfort any embarrassment resulting from the amnesty of his enemies, the kin^g (apparently at the behest of Maunsell) dispatched the earl with Gilbert Segrave on ‘^a secret mission’ to the king of Scotland. CPR 1247–58 p. 321; Foedera I i.523.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Close Rolls 1253–54, p. 274. There seems to be much uncertainty as to the date of the marriage. While Bémont declared that the couple was united on August 5, the Burton annalist placed the date around October 13. I am inclined to agree with Powicke, Tout, and Ramsay who assert that the ceremony occurred at the end of October. Cf. Bémont, Montfort (n. 13) 124; Luard, H. R., ed. de Burton, Annales, in the Annales monastici I (Rolls Series; London 1864) 323; Powicke, Henry III I 333; Tout, History of England (n. 58) 73; Ramsay, Dawn of the Constitution (n. 5) 147. See also Tout, T. F., Edward the First (London 1913) 11.Google Scholar

⁶⁹ Cf. CPR 1247–58 p. 351; Paris, Chronica Majora V 396–98, 450. The charter mentioned by Matthew Paris is reproduced in Foedera I i.530–31. It is also interesting to note that Eleanor surrendered all claims to the crown of Castile. José Llampayas, Alfonso X: El hombre, el rey y el sabio (Madrid 1947) 128.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ From September 8, 1254 to the first week of March, 1255 there is no mention in official records of Maunsell's presence near the king. Thus a letter close, dated September 20, 1254, which mentioned Robert le Sauvage as having ‘departed for Spain … together with John Maunsell,’ seems to indicate that the counsellor had left for Castile not long before that date. Maunsell reappears in the records on March 6, 1255 when a pardon was granted to Thomas Fitz-Adams ‘at the instance of John Maunsell, Provost of Beverley.’ Cf. Close Rolls 1253–54 pp. 76, 274; CPR 1247–58 p. 402.Google Scholar

⁷¹ Maunsell also won favor with English scholars for bringing from Spain a rare work dealing with the life of St. Alban. Cf. James Ussher, Whole Works (Dublin 1847–64) V 191.Google Scholar

⁷² Bémont, Montfort 123; Hugo Koch, Richard von Cornwall, I: 1209–1257 (Strassburg 1887) 94.Google Scholar

⁷³ Cf. Luard, H. R., ed. de Theokesberia, Annales, in the Annales monastici I 179; Annales Londonienses (n. 15) I 66.Google Scholar