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The Contribution of the Medieval Canon Lawyers to the Formation of International Law
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 29 July 2016
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References
1 Les origines du droit international (Brussels-Paris 1894) iv. See also his Études de droit international et de droit politique (2 vols.; Brussels 1896, 1901) and Le droit international (3 vols.; Brussels 1912). A convenient summary of Nys' views on the pre-Grotian origins of international law can be found in his introduction to Vitoria's De Indis et de jure belli relectiones (Washington, D.C. 1917; reprinted New York 1964) 55–100.Google Scholar
2 Nys, Origines 7.Google Scholar
3 Ibid. 11.Google Scholar
4 Ibid. 144.Google Scholar
5 Ibid. 150.Google Scholar
6 Ibid. 154–55.Google Scholar
7 Ibid. 159.Google Scholar
8 Nussbaum, Arthur, A Concise History of the Law of Nations (rev. ed. New York 1954) 293–94.Google Scholar
9 Vanderpol, A., Le Droit de guerre d'après les théologiens et les canonistes du moyen-ǎge (Paris-Brussels 1911).Google Scholar
10 Regout, Robert, La doctrine de la guerre juste (Paris 1935) 301.Google Scholar
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13 Holland, Thomas E., Studies in International Law (Oxford 1898) 1–39.Google Scholar
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15 Ibid.Google Scholar
16 Ibid. 22.Google Scholar
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18 Ibid. 44, 56. It should be noted, however, that Holland's references to the canonists are filled with minor errors which suggest that his knowledge of the sources must have been slight. For example, he refers to ‘the title De Homocidio in the sixth book of the Decretals' when in fact it is in the fifth and last book.Google Scholar
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29 Scott, J. B., The Spanish Conception of International Law and of Sanctions (Washington, D.C. 1934) 51. Scott's other works include: The Spanish Origin of International Law (Washington, D.C. 1928); The Catholic Conception of International Law (Washington, D.C. 1934); The Spanish Origin of International Law: Francisco de Vitoria and his Law of Nations (Oxford 1934).Google Scholar
30 See for example, Spanish Origin (1934) 71, 118.Google Scholar
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35 Brierly, J. L., The Law of Nations (Oxford 1928) 19.Google Scholar
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44 See Wright, H. F., ‘International Law: Old Wine in New Bottles,’ Catholic World 132 (1931–1932) 513–21; ‘Catholic Founders of International Law,’ Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia 45 (1934) 119–43. See also his ‘The Divorce of Henry VIII,’ American Catholic Quarterly Review 44 (1919) 556–65; ‘Origin of American Aborigines: A Famous Controversy,’ Catholic Historical Review 3 (1917–1918) 257–75; and ‘St. Augustine and International Peace,’ Thought 6 (1931) 399–416.Google Scholar
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47 McKenna, C. H., ‘Francisco de Vitoria: Father of International Law,’ Studies 21 (1932) 635–48 at 647.Google Scholar
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51 Parry, J. H., The Spanish Theory of Empire in the Sixteenth Century (Cambridge 1940) 19.Google Scholar
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54 Hanke, Lewis, The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America (Philadelphia 1949; reprinted Boston 1965) 28.Google Scholar
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57 Fenwick, C. G., AJIL 29 (1935) 183–84 at 184.Google Scholar
58 Ibid.Google Scholar
59 Nussbaum 113.Google Scholar
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61 Ibid. 298.Google Scholar
62 Ibid.Google Scholar
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67 Ibid. 59–60.Google Scholar
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70 Ibid. 523–24.Google Scholar
71 Ibid. 514.Google Scholar
72 Ibid. 486.Google Scholar
73 Ibid. 524.Google Scholar
74 Ibid. 531.Google Scholar
75 Ibid. 532.Google Scholar
76 Belch, Stanislaus, Paulus Vladimiri and His Doctrine Concerning International Law and Politics (2 vols.; The Hague 1965) I 742.Google Scholar
77 Ibid.Google Scholar
78 Ibid. 751.Google Scholar
79 Ibid. 75.Google Scholar
80 Muldoon, J., ‘Extra ecclesiam non est imperium : The Canonists and the Legitimacy of Secular Power,’ Studia Gratiana 9 (1960) 553–80.Google Scholar
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83 Several of the most important bulls are available in Davenport, F. G., European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and its Dependencies to 1815 (4 vols.; Washington, D.C. 1917–1919; reprinted Gloucester, Mass. 1967) I.Google Scholar
84 Weckman, Luis, Las Bulas Alejandrinas de 1493 y la teoría política del papado medieval (Mexico City 1949). Weckman's bibliography, though extensive, does not include the works of Nys, Vanderpol, or Scott.Google Scholar
85 de Witte, Charles-Martial, ‘Les bulles pontificales et l'expansion portugaise au XVe siècle,’ Revue d'histoire ecclésiastique 48 (1953) 683–718; 49 (1954) 438–61; 51 (1956) 415–53, 809–36; 53 (1958) 5–46 and 443–71.Google Scholar
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