Article contents
The Theatre's Qualified Victory in an Old War
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 September 2009
Extract
After a century-long attack from the Puritan progeny of nineteenth-century America, the theatre by 1860 had long since come to accept as a way of life the religious public's antipathy to the stage. The story of the war between church and theatre is an old but, understandably, not a very popular one with theatre historians; nevertheless, some of the most surprising ironies in American cultural history lie in the dynamics — the death of a president, the death and burial of a respected actor, and an ultimate concession on both fronts — which by the turn of the twentieth century brought a winding down of clerical attacks against the stage and a qualified victory for the comparatively poor, scorned, unorganized theatrical forces over their powerful adversary.
- Type
- Articles
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © American Society for Theatre Research 1984
References
NOTES
1 For a description of anti-theatrical bias in the first decades following the American Revolution, see Dunlap, William, A History of the American Theatre (1832; rpt. New York: New York Historical Society, 1963), pp. 23–27, 120–23, 242, 252.Google Scholar
2 See Buckley, James Monroe, Christians and the Theatre (New York: Nelson and Phillips, 1875), pp. 16–18Google Scholar; Mowatt, Anna Cora, The Autobiography of an Actress (Boston: Tichnor, Reed and Fields, 1854), pp. 37,38Google Scholar; Armstrong, Margaret, Fanny Kemble. Passionate Victorian (New York: Macmillan Co., 1938), pp. 37, 92Google Scholar.
Although the standard stage histories of Barnard Hewitt, Glenn Hughes, Richard Moody, Arthur Hobson Quinn, and Garff Wilson make little mention of any theatrical bias in nineteenth century America, such bias did exist and was, moreover, widespread and intense. Note, for example, the following sources selected from first-hand accounts: Agnew, David, Theatrical Amusements (Philadelphia: W. S. Young, 1857)Google Scholar; Beecher, Henry Ward, Lectures to Young Men (New York: J. P. Jewett, 1856)Google Scholar; Clapp, William W., Record of the Boston Stage (Boston: J. Monroe, 1853)Google Scholar; Davidge, William, The Drama Defended (New York: Samuel French, 1859)Google Scholar; Dwight, Timothy, An Essay on the Stage (Middletown, Conn.: Sharp, Jones and Company, 1824)Google Scholar; Everts, William W., The Theatre (Chicago: Church and Goodman, 1866)Google Scholar; Gouley, George F., The Legitimate Drama (Washington, D.C.: W. H. Moore, 1857)Google Scholar; Gurley, Phineas Densmore, The Voice of the Rod (Washington, D.C.: Ballantyne, 1865)Google Scholar; Hatfield, Robert M., The Theatre (Chicago: Methodist Book Depository, 1866)Google Scholar; Hone, Philip, The Diary of Philip Hone, 1828–1851 (New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1936)Google Scholar; Jefferson, Joseph, The Autobiography of Joseph Jefferson (New York: The New Century Company, 1889)Google Scholar; Jeter, Jeremiah, A Discourse on the Immoral Tendency of Theatrical Amusements (Richmond: W. MacFarland, 1838)Google Scholar; Logan, Olive, Before The Footlights and Behind the Stage (Philadelphia: Parmelee and Co., 1870)Google Scholar; Lewis, George, Impressions of America and the American Churches (1848; rpt. New York: Negro University Press, 1868)Google Scholar; Ludlow, Noah M., Dramatic Life as I Found It (St. Louis: G. I. Jones and Co., 1880)Google Scholar; Palmer, A. M., “American Theatres,” in One Hundred Years of American Commerce, ed. Depew, Chauncy (New York: D. O. Haynes and Co., 1895), I, 157–65.Google Scholar
3 Hatfield, , pp. 27, 28.Google Scholar
4 Talmadge, DeWitt, Sports That Kill (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1875), p. 17.Google Scholar
5 Johnson, Herrick, A Plain Talk About the Theatre (Chicago:F.H. Revel, 1882), p. 19.Google Scholar
6 Talmadge, , p. 18.Google Scholar
7 Wood, William, Personal Recollections of the Stage (Philadelphia: H. C. Laird, 1855), p. 208.Google Scholar
8 Ludlow, , p. 347.Google Scholar
9 Smith, Sol, Theatrical Management in the South and West (New York: Benjamin Blom, 1868), p. 60.Google Scholar
10 Mowatt, , p. 214Google Scholar; Jefferson, Joseph, pp. 252–53Google Scholar; Morris, Clara, Stage Confidences (Boston: Lothrop Publishing Co., 1902), pp. 13, 14, 30Google Scholar; Davidge, passim.
11 Trollope, Frances, Domestic Manners of the Americans (1832; rpt. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1949), p. 107.Google Scholar
12 Johnson, Claudia D., “That Guilty Third Tier: Prostitution in Nineteenth-Century American Theatres,” in Victorian America, ed. Howe, Daniel (Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1976), pp. 111–20Google Scholar. See also Logan, , 33–35Google Scholar; Talmadge, , 20–22Google Scholar; Dunlap, , 407–12Google Scholar; Murtagh, John and Harris, Sara, Cast of the First Stone (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1957), pp. 203–05Google Scholar; Jennings, John J., Theatrical and Circus Life (St. Louis: Sun Publishing, 1882), 60–65Google Scholar; Minnigerode, Meade, The Fabulous Forties: 1840–1850 (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1924), pp. 55, 151–56Google Scholar; Everts, William, “The Theatre,” Problems of the City (Chicago: Church & Goodman, 1866), pp. 19–43.Google Scholar
13 Agnew, , p. 6Google Scholar; Turnbull, Robert, The Theatre (Hartford: W. S. Young, 1837), p. 197.Google Scholar
14 Turnbull, , p. 99Google Scholar; Winchester, Samuel G., The Theatre (New York: W. S. Martien, 1840), p. 196.Google Scholar
15 Buckley, , p. 63.Google Scholar
16 Disapproval of the theatre continued to be expressed in very strong language by the “stars” of pulpits throughout the century. See Beecher, passim; Talmadge, passim; Herrick Johnson, passim; Moody, Dwight L., Moody's Latest Sermons (Chicago: Fleming H. Revel, 1900), p. 53.Google Scholar
17 Hupp, Sandra, “Chicago's Church-Theatre Controversy,” Players, 12 and 01, 1970, pp. 60–64.Google Scholar
18 Abbott, Lyman, Silhouettes of My Contemporaries (New York: Doubleday, Page and Co., 1922), p. 23.Google Scholar
19 Palmer, A. M., I, 157.Google Scholar
20 Frohman, Daniel, Daniel Frohman Presents (New York: Kendall and W. Sharp, 1935), p. 44Google Scholar; Winter, William, The Life and Art of Edwin Booth (New York: Macmillan and Co., 1893), p. 81Google Scholar; Morris, , pp. 31–33.Google Scholar
21 Dyer, John, “Church and Theater,” Penn Monthly, 05, 1879, p. 385.Google Scholar
22 Talmadge continued in 1875 to indict the theatre for maintaining a third-tier clientele, but Olive Logan assumed in 1870 that no theatre in the country continued the practice. See Logan, , p. 542Google Scholar. In a letter written on 9 February 1882, the Hon. E. C. Larned corrected the Rev. Herrick Johnson's assumption that the third tier continued to be reserved for prostitutes. Larned's letter is bound with Johnson, 's A Plain Talk About the Theater, pp. 50–57Google Scholar. Phelps, H. P., Players of a Century (Albany: J. McDonough, 1880), p. 408Google Scholar, also assumes that theatres no longer maintained a third tier in the older fashion.
23 Henderson, Mary C., The City and the Theater (Clifton, New Jersey: James White Co., 1973), pp. 104–08. Also note that both Larned and Logan, cited above, claim that by the 1880s, the larger respectable theatres no longer maintained bars, while Herrick Johnson argues that, even should the theatre maintain no bar on the premises, bars were invariably located in the neighborhood.Google Scholar
24 McLean, Albert F. Jr., American Vaudeville As Ritual (Louisville, Kentucky: Univ. of Kentucky Press, 1965), p. 31.Google Scholar
25 Dithmar, Edward A., “Margaret Fleming,” New York Times, 10 12 1891, p. 5.Google Scholar
26 “The Theatre and Public Morals,” The Nation, 9 02 1899, p. 104Google Scholar; Davies, Henry, “The Stage as a Moral Institution,” The Critic, 07 1903, pp. 24–28Google Scholar; also comments by Walter Pritchard Eaton, theatre critic, and Charles Burnham, president of a theatrical managers' association, in “Muckraker in the Playhouse,” Current Literature, 08 1909, pp. 537–40Google Scholar
27 “Editor's Easy Chair,” Harper's, 01 1889, pp. 316–17.Google Scholar
28 Phelps, , pp. 408–10.Google Scholar
29 McGlinchee, Claire, The First Decade of the Boston Museum (Boston: Humphries, 1940), pp. 24, 25.Google Scholar
30 Moody, Richard, ed., Dramas From the American Theatre, 1762–1909 (New York: World Publishers, 1966), pp. 349–59.Google Scholar
31 Palmer, , p. 165.Google Scholar
32 Palmer, , p. 165.Google Scholar
33 Frohman, , p. 44.Google Scholar
34 Morehouse, Ward, Matinee Tomorrow (New York: Whittlesey House, 1949), p. 13Google Scholar; “The Approachment of Church and Theatre,” The Independent, 31 12 1903, pp. 31–37.Google Scholar
35 Sheldon, Charles M., “Christian Theatre — Is it Possible,” The Independent, 1901, p. 616.Google Scholar
36 Lesser, Allen, The Naked Lady (New York: Ruttle, Shaw and Wetherill, 1947)Google Scholar, passim; Barnes, Eric Wollencott, The Lady of Fashion (New York: Charles Scribners' Sons, 1954)Google Scholar, and Stebbins, Emma, Charlotte Cushman, Her Life, Letters and Memories (Boston: Houghton Osgood and Co., 1878), passim.Google Scholar
37 Conwell, Russell, Acres of DiamondsGoogle Scholar. With Conwell's life and achievements by Robert Shakleton (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1915), passim.
38 Palmer, , p. 164Google Scholar, and Dempsey, David K., The Triumphs and Trials of Lotta Crabtree (New York: Morros, 1968), passim.Google Scholar
39 Morris, Clara, Life on the Stage (New York: McClure, Phillips and Co., 1901), p. 34Google Scholar. Also see previously cited Harper's article of 01 1889.Google Scholar
40 Roscoe, Theodore, The Web of Conspiracy (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1959), p. 132.Google Scholar
41 Ruggles, Eleanor, Prince of Players. Edwin Booth (New York: W. W. Norton Co., 1953), pp. 185–86.Google Scholar
42 Roscoe, , p. 324.Google Scholar
43 Lewis, Lloyd, Myths After Lincoln (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1949), pp. 137, 156–57.Google Scholar
44 “The Theatres, Etc.,” New York Times, 16 04 1865, p. 5.Google Scholar
45 “Theatrical Loyalty,” New York Times, 21 04 1866, p. 5.Google Scholar
46 “The Theatres, Etc.,” New York Times, 21 04 1866, p. 4.Google Scholar
47 Sandburg, Carl, Abraham Lincoln: The War Years (New York: Harcourt Brace and World, 1939), pp. 357–59.Google Scholar
48 Gurley, , p. 15.Google Scholar
49 “Ford's Theatre,” New York Times, 18 06 1865, p. 4.Google Scholar
50 Winter, , The Life and Art of Edwin Booth, p. 37.Google Scholar
51 Ludlow, , p. 699.Google Scholar
52 Jefferson, , pp. 252, 253.Google Scholar
53 Skinner, Maud, One Man in His Time: the Adventures of H. Watkins, Strolling Player, 1845–1863 (Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1938), pp. 38, 47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
54 “A Sample of Priestly Intolerance,” New York Times, 29 12 1871, p. 4.Google Scholar
55 “A Live Parson is Worth More Than a Dead Actor,” New York Times, 17 01 1872, p. 9Google Scholar. See other notices and articles in the pages of the Times between 29 December and 17 January.
56 “Total Receipts of Holland Testimonial,” New York Times, 20 01 1871, p. 4.Google Scholar
57 Ludlow, , p. 699.Google Scholar
58 Abell, Aaron I., “Actor's Church Alliance,” The Urban Impact on American Protestantism, 1865–1900 (Cambridge, Mass.: H. Milford of Oxford Univ. Press, 1943), p. 113.Google Scholar
59 Winter, William, Wallet of Time (New York: Moffat, Yard and Co., 1913), II, 631–48.Google Scholar
- 2
- Cited by