1 For listings of these works, the reader is referred to Larson, Carl F. W., American Regional Theatre History to 1900: A Bibliography (Metuchen, N. J.: Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1979)Google Scholar; Litto, Frederic M., American Dissertations on the Drama and the Theatre (Kent, Ohio: Kent State Univ. Press, 1969)Google Scholar; Wilmeth, Don B., The American State of World War I, Performing Arts Information Guide Series, Vol. 4 (Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1978)Google Scholar; Wilmeth, Don B., American and English Popular Entertainment, Performing Arts Information Guide Series, Vol. 7 (Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1980).Google Scholar

2 Letter received from Douglas McDermott, 1 Oct. 1981.

3 McDermott, Douglas, “The Development of Theatre on the American Frontier, 1750–1890,” Theatre Survey; 19 (May 1978), 65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

4 Cleveland Herald, 19 Jan. 1833, p. 3, col. 2; Chicago Democrat, 18 Feb. 1834, p. 3, col. 3.

5 There is evidence in Sherman of performances for which no advertisements appear in extant Chicago newspapers. Sometimes he provides both titles of productions and cast lists but no date of performance. The Chicago Historical Society reports that he worked from a scrapbook collection destroyed by his family after his death.

6 McDermott, pp. 69, 70.

7 Letter received from Douglas McDermott, 1 Oct. 1981.

8 Baker, Michael, The Rise of the Victorian Actor (Totowa, N. J.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1978), p. 65.Google Scholar

9 Wemyss, Francis Cortney, Theatrical Biography; or the Life of an Actor and Manager (Glasgow: R. Griffin & Son, 1838), pp. 137–38, 158Google Scholar; Lancaster Journal, 29 Apr. 1831, p. 2, col. 1; Durang, Charles, History of the Philadelphia Stage Between the Years 1749 and 1855, 3rd ser., p. 92.Google Scholar This is actually a series of newspaper articles published in the Philadelphia Sunday Dispatch between 1854 and 1861 and then bound in folio by the Pennsylvania Historical Society. A microfilm of the volume is in the Lincoln Center Library for the Performing Arts in New York City. Winter, William, The Jeffersons (Boston: James R. Osgood & Co., 1881), p. 102.Google Scholar

10 American and Commercial Daily Advertiser (Baltimore), 8 Jan. (p. 3, col. 2), 8 May (p. 3, col. 2), 1830.

11 American and Commercial Daily Advertiser, 14 Jan. (p. 3, col. 4), 2 Feb. (p. 3, col. 4), 19 Feb. (p. 3, col. 5), 26 Feb. (p. 3, col. 5), 26 Apr. (p. 3, col. 3), 6 May (p. 3, col. 2), 1830; The United States Gazette (Philadelphia), 4 Sept. 1829, p. 3, col. 2; Daily National Intelligencer (Washington), 9 Sept. 1829, p. 3, col. 5.

12 Daily National Intelligencer (Washington), 4 Mar. (p. 3, col. 5), 22 Apr. (p. 3, col. 5), 1830. Even before the Brown company opened in Washington, Cornelia Burke Jefferson and Joseph Jefferson II were commuting from Baltimore to work with another troupe. Daily National Intelligencer (Washington), 15 Feb. (p. 2, col. 6), 18 Feb. (p. 2, col. 6), 1830.

13 According to C. D. Odell, Mary-Anne Jefferson had “but slight ability.” Odell, C. D., Annals of the New York Stage, 24 vols. (New York: Columbus Univ. Press, 1938), IV, 25.Google Scholar

14 The Maryland Gazette (Annapolis), 15 July 1830, p. 3, col. 3.

15 “Chat with Mrs. Germon,” New York Public Library Lincoln Center Clipping Collection, Germon: Mrs. Jane.

16 Isherwood did not join the Jeffersons until Saturday, 1 January 1831. Before that date he worked at the Washington Theatre and Circus. Daily National Intelligencer (Washington), 15 Dec. (p. 2, col. 4), 24 Dec. (p. 2, col. 6), 1830.

17 Mudd, I., “Early Theatres in Washington City,” Recordsofthe Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D. C., 5 (1902), 77Google Scholar; Daily National Intelligencer (Washington), 6 Aug. 1829, p. 2, col. 6; 1 Dec. 1830, p. 2, col. 6.

18 Cowell, Joseph, Thirty Years Passed Among the Players in England and America (New York; Harper & Bros., 1844), p. 82.Google Scholar

19 Kemble, Francis Anne, Journal, 1832–1833 (London: J. Murray, 1835), II, 122.Google Scholar

20 Kemble, II, 119, 122; Mudd, “Early Theatres,” 77, 81.

21 In her dissertation on Columbus, Ohio, Kathryn Elizabeth Utz found that of the 578 plays given between the 1840–41 and the 1860–61 seasons, only 145 or twenty-five percent were given more than three times, while 237 or forty-one percent were given only once. Kathryn Elizabeth Utz, “Columbus, Ohio, Theatre Seasons 1840–41 to 1860–61,” Diss. Ohio State Univ., 1952, 1, 522.

22 Daily National Intelligencer (Washington), 12 Jan. 1831, p. 3, col. 5. William Winter refers to Jefferson I's wife as Euphemia, although the Daily National Intelligencer refers to her as Jane. Since their eldest daughter was named Euphemia, I think the former name is the more likely.

22 Winter, William, The Jeffersons, pp. 94, 122Google Scholar; Wemyss, F. C., Chronology of the American Stage, from 1752 to 1852 (1852; rpt. New York: Benjamin Blom, 1968), p. 78.Google ScholarAmerican and Commercial Daily Advertiser (Baltimore), 20 May 1825, p. 3, col. 3. The issue of the Daily Advertiser just cited notes that the “dresses” for the spectacular musical Cherry and Fairstar were “designed by Mr. John Jefferson.” It is very rare to find anyone in the period referred to as a designer.

24 Alexandria Gazette, 30 Mar. (p. 3, col. 4), 19 Apr. (p. 3, col. 3), 1831.

25 Lancaster Journal, 29 Apr. (p. 2, col. 1), 4 Nov. (p. 2, col. 6), 1831; Harrisburg Chronicle, 22 Aug. 1831, p. 2, col. 2; Glass, Paul E., “Annals of the Reading Stage: Early Theatre and Playbills,” The Historical Review of Berks County, 12, No. 1 (October, 1946), 6Google Scholar; The Miner's Journal (Pottsville, Pa.), 21 Aug. (p. 3, col. 1), 28 Aug. (p. 3, col. 3), 1830, 2 July (p. 2, col. 5), 23 July (p. 3, col. 5), 1831; The Berks Schuykill Journal (Reading, Pa.), 4 June 1831, p. 2, col. 4.

26 James W. Shettel contends that the Jeffersons appeared in “the long room at Luttman's Inn on the southwest corner of George and King Streets in York.” According to Shettel, the sixty-foot-long space was located on the building's second floor and entered through an outside stairwell on its eastern end. Freichmann, Felix, “Amusements in Lancaster 1750–1940,” Papers ReadBefore the Lancaster County Historical Society, 45, no. 2 (1941), 42Google Scholar; The York Dispatch, 18 Sept. 1942, p. 19, cols. 2, 3.

27 The Chestnut Street Theatre in Lancaster was located on the first block of West Chestnut Street between Market and Prince Streets. Jefferson had attempted to use it during his first visit to Lancaster but was unable to obtain the site. William Womer contends that he was denied the privilege. Like most nineteenth-century companies, the Jeffersons fitted up the theatres in which they worked. In Lancaster they inserted windows, put in a ceiling to improve acoustics, decorated the boxes and used what an advertisement describes as a “beautiful drop curtain.” When, in the late fall of 1831, they decided to return to Washington, they expanded the boxes and pit of the theatre there, repainted the auditorium, constructed a furnace, and unsuccessfully attempted to light the house with “patent portable gas.” Lancaster Journal, 20 Aug. 1830, p. 3, col. 1; 13 May (p. 3, col. 1), 2 Sept. (p. 2, col. 2), 9 Sept. (p. 2, col. 2), 1831; Worner, William Frederick, “Theatre on West Chestnut Street, Lancaster,” Papers Read Before the Lancaster County Historical Society, 37, no. 7 (1933), 161, 162Google Scholar; Harrisburg Chronicle, 22 Aug. 1831, p. 2, col. 2; Daily National Intelligencer (Washington), 17 Mar. (p. 2, col. 6), 29 Nov. (p. 3, col. 4), 3 Dec. (p. 3, col. 6), 5 Dec. (p. 3, col. 5), 1831.

28 Durang, , The Philadelphia Stage from 1749–1855, 3rd ser., p. 52.Google Scholar

29 Lancaster Journal, 21 Oct. 1831, p. 2, col. 5.

30 Alexandria Gazette, 4 Apr. (p. 3, col. 2), 6 Apr. (p. 3, col. 3), 19 Apr. (p. 3, col. 3), 1831.

31 Winter, pp. 94, 122.

32 Winter, p. 140. Winter refers to Joseph Jefferson II as Jefferson the Third, because he considers Thomas Jefferson, the father of Joseph Jefferson I, as Jefferson the First.

33 Republican Banner (Nashville, Term.), 13 July 1872, p. 4, col. 2.

34 The Miner's Journal (Pottsville, Pa.), 2 July 1831, p. 2, col. 5; Durang, 2nd ser., p. 175.

35 Daily National Intelligencer (Washington), 28 Apr. 1832, p. 3, col. 6; American and Commercial Daily Advertiser (Baltimore), 2 Jan. (p. 3, col. 3), 4 Apr. (p. 3, col. 3), 1833. The MacKenzies had two children who apparently never appeared on the stage. Republican Banner (Nashville), 13 July, 1872, p. 4, col. 2.

36 Winter, p. 96; Lancaster Journal, 16 Sept. 1831, p. 3, col. 1.

37 The Jeffersons were married on 27 July 1826, when Joseph was twenty-two and Cornelia was thirty. Wemyss, Francis, Chronology, pp. 26, 27Google Scholar; Winter, William, Life and Art of Joseph Jefferson (New York: MacMillan & Co., 1894), pp. 133, 156.Google Scholar

38 Any combination of more than two plays is not considered in this essay. Such cases were rare, and when they occurred, often only part of each play was performed.

39 Plays were sometimes attached to specific stars and consequently impossible to perform when the stars left.

40 Daily National Intelligencer (Washington), 25 Apr. 1832, p. 3, col. 5.

41 Daily National Intelligencer, 28 May 1832, p. 3, col. 4.

42 According to Charles Durang, General George M. Keim, a friend of the Jefferson family from Reading, Pa., offered to erect the dead comedian's monument, but Jefferson's remaining son, Joseph, declined on the basis that the family members preferred to do it themselves. They never did, and Joseph Jefferson I lay in an unmarked grave in the Episcopal burying ground in Harrisburg until Chief Justice Peacock of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court provided a headstone in 1843. Lancaster Journal, 29 June 1832, p. 3, col. 1; Daily National Intelligencer (Washington), 8 Aug. 1832, p. 3, col. 4; Durang, 2nd ser., p. 148; Nashville Union, 4 Aug. 1843, p. 2, col. 6.

43 Wemyss, , Chronology, p. 76Google Scholar; Durang, 3rd ser., p. 2.

44 Barrett, Lawrence, Edwin Forrest (Boston: James R. Osgood & Co., 1882), p. 46.Google Scholar

45 Wood, William B., Personal Recollections of the Stage, Embracing Notices of Actors, Authors, and Auditors, During a Period of Forty Years (Philadelphia: H. C. Baird, 1855), p. 373.Google Scholar

46 Lancaster Journal, 6 July 1832, p. 2, col. 5.

47 Daily National Intelligencer (Washington), 3 Oct. 1832, p. 3, col. 6. The newspaper reports that Joseph Jefferson II had been at work “for some weeks past” painting and repainting scenery, putting backs on the box seats, and repainting the auditorium. The company size quoted does not include musicians.

48 Matthews, Brander and Hutton, Laurence, Actors and Actresses: Joseph Jefferson (Harvard, c. 1889), IIGoogle Scholar, n.p., Harvard Theatre Collection.

49 Matthews and Hutton, II, n.p.

50 Jefferson, Joseph, The Autobiography of Joseph Jefferson (New York: The Century Co., 1889), p. 7.Google Scholar

51 Repetitions include both a play presented for the first time in 1832–33 and then repeated, as well as plays presented in 1831–32 or before, revived in 1832–33 and then repeated. It is, of course, possible to repeat a play revived from a former season.

52 Support of this idea is found in an interview with the veteran nineteenth-century actor, Edmon S. Connor, published in The New York Times, 5 June 1881, p. 10, col. 4. Connor is quoted as follows: “A leading man was always able to play the star role as well as the second so that if he were a local favorite he would alternate roles with the star—for instance, Othello and lago, Pierre and Jaffier, in ‘Venice Preserved,’ Macbeth and Macduff, Damon and Pythias, and so on. Only when a leading man could play the same roles as a star and ‘hold his own,’ to use a familiar phrase, was he acknowledged a first-class actor.”

53 Lancaster Journal, 23 Nov. (p. 2, col. 4), 30 Nov. (p. 3, col. 1), 1832. Again records of the Lancaster performances are sparse, since the Journal was published only once a week.

54 Wemyss, , Theatrical Biography, p. 148.Google Scholar

55 Cowell, p. 82.

56 Arese, Count Francesco, A Trip to the Prairies and in the Interior of North America (1837–1838) (New York: Harbor Press, 1934), p. 13.Google Scholar

57 American and Commercial Daily Advertiser (Baltimore), 2 Jan. 1833, p. 3, col. 3.

58 American and Commercial Daily Advertiser, 1 Jan. (p. 3, col. 5), 26 Mar. (p. 3, col. 3), 1833.

59 Kemble, , Journal, I, viii.Google Scholar

60 Tuckerman, Bayard, ed., The Diary of Philip Hone, 1828–1851 (New York: Dodd Mead & Co., 1889), I, 126.Google Scholar

61 Kemble, II, 112–14, 119, 129–30, 133–34, 137.

62 Nevins, Allan, ed., The Diary of Philip Hone, 1828–1851 (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1936), p. 116.Google Scholar

63 Kemble, II, 136.

64 Arese, p. 12.

65 American and Commercial Daily Advertiser (Baltimore), 20 Aug. 1833, p. 3, col. 3; Theatre Collection, Princeton University, Program headed “Amphitheatre, Front Street” dated Wednesday, 12 Mar. 1834. The program lists five-year-old Master Jefferson in the role of Robert in Rob Roy. Douglas Charles McKenzie, “The Acting of Joseph Jefferson HI,” Diss. Univ. of Oregon 1973, pp. 63, 64.

66 Daily National intelligencer (Washington), 23 Oct. (p. 3, col. 6), 26 Oct. (p. 3, col. 6), 1833. It is certainly possible that the unusually high number of revivals in early October was a method of avoiding the production of new plays at a time when the company was putting all of its resources into the new scenery, costumes, and machinery for Mazeppa.

67 Daily National Intelligencer, 8 Nov. 1833, p. 2, col. 4.

68 Daily National Intelligencer, 5 Nov. 1833, p. 3, col. 5.

69 Leman, Walter, Memories of an Old Actor (San Francisco: A. Ronan & Co., 1886), p. 50.Google Scholar

70 Daily National Intelligencer, 9 Nov. 1833, p. 3, col. 6.

71 James, Reese Davis, Old Drury of Philadelphia: A History of the Philadelphia Stage, 1800–1835 (Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1932), pp. 557–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Odell, III, 679; Durang, 2nd ser., p. 92.

72 The company also undertook an unsuccessful tour to Alexandria, Va., by steamboat during the 1833–34 season. They brought with them the Irish comedian, Tyrone Power. When an audience failed to show, the performance was cancelled. Power, Tyrone, Impressions of America During the Years 1833, 1834, and 1835 (London: Richard Bentley, 1836), II, 246–51.Google Scholar

73 Daily National Intelligencer (Washington), 8 Jan. 1834, p. 2, col. 2.

74 Daily National Intelligencer, 15 Jan. 1834, p. 3, col. 6.

75 Daily National Intelligencer, 26 Nov. 1833, (p. 3, col. 6), 12 Apr. ( p. 6, col. 5), 18 Apr. (p. 3, col. 6), 1834.

76 Daily National Intelligencer (Washington), 19 May 1834, p. 3, col. 6.

77 Daily National Intelligencer, 9 June 1834, p. 3, col. 6.

78 The Evening Post (New York), 1 Sept. 1834, p. 3, col. 5; Winter, The Jeffersons, p. 131.

79 Daily National Intelligencer (Washington), 20 Sept. (p. 3, col. 6), 12 Nov. (p. 3, col. 6), 1834.

80 Daily National Intelligencer, 24 Nov. 1834, p. 3, col. 4.

81 Daily National Intelligencer, 24 Nov. 1834, p. 3, col. 4.

82 The Evening Post (New York), 27 May 1834, p. 3, col. 5.

83 The Evening Post (New York), 14 Aug. 1834, p. 3, col. 5.

84 American and Commercial Daily Advertiser (Baltimore), 11 Nov. (p. 3, col. 4), 22 Nov. (p. 3, col. 5), 1834.

85 Wilson, Arthur Herman, A History of the Philadelphia Theatre, 1835 to 1855 (Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1935), pp. 130–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar; The UnitedStates Gazette (Philadelphia), 8 Jan. 1835, p. 3, col. 3.

86 The United States Gazette (Philadelphia), 8 Jan. (p. 3, col. 3), 9 Jan. (p. 3, col. 3), 31 Jan. (p. 3, col. 2), 9 Feb. (p. 3, col. 2), 18 Mar. (p. 3, col. 2), 24 Mar. (p. 3, col. 2), 1 Apr. (p. 3, col. 2), 2 Apr. (p. 3, col. 1), 9 Apr. (p. 3, col. 2), 1835.

87 Daily National Intelligencer (Washington), 22 May 1835, p. 1, col. 3.

88 Kemble, II, 123.

89 Daily National Intelligencer (Washington), 9 Jan. 1835, p. 3, col. 6.

90 Daily National Intelligencer, 11 Sept. (p. 2, col. 6), 25 Sept. (p. 2, col. 5), 1835.

91 Power, I, 210.

92 Daily National Intelligencer, 6 Aug. 1829, p. 2, col. 6.

93 Buckingham, James Silk, America. Historical and Descriptive (London: Fisher, Son & Co., 1841), I, 321x.Google Scholar

94 Grund, Francis J., The Americans in their Moral, Social and Political Relations (London: Longman, Reese, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman, 1837), II, 119.Google Scholar

95 Combe, George, Notes on the United States of North America (Edinburgh: Maclachlan & Stewart, 1831), I, 28.Google Scholar

96 The Evening Post (New York), 1 Sept. 1834, p. 3, col. 5.

97 Odell, IV, 2.

98 The Evening Post (New York), 2 July 1835, p. 3, col. 5.

99 Durang, 3rd ser., p. 36.

100 The United States Gazette (Philadelphia), 13 July 1835, p. 2, col. 5; American and Commercial Daily Advertiser (Baltimore), 9 July 1835, p. 2, col. 6.

101 The Evening Post (New York), 12 Dec. 1835, p. 3, col. 4; Wemyss, , Chronology, p. 80Google Scholar; The Evening Star, for the Country, 18 Sept. (p. 1, col. 1), 17 Nov. (p. 3, col. 2), 1835.

102 Delaware Gazette and American Watchman (Wilmington, Del.), 21 Apr. 1835, p. 3, col. 2; American and Commercial Daily Advertiser (Baltimore), 10 Nov. 1835, p. 3, col. 4.

103 Neeson, Jack H., “The Devil in Delaware. A Study of Theatre in New York Castle County,” Diss. Case Western Reserve Univ. 1959, I, 75.Google Scholar

104 Delaware Gazette and American Watchman (Wilmington, Del.), 21 Apr. 1835, p. 3, col. 2.

105 Delaware Gazette and American Watchman, 28 Apr. 1835, p. 2, col. 3; The UnitedStates Gazette (Philadelphia), 27 Apr. 1835, p. 3, col. 2.

106 Delaware Gazette and American Watchman (Wilmington, Del.), 21 July 1835, p. 3, col. 4.

107 The New York Times, 5 June 1881, p. 10, col. 4. Jefferson refers to these imitations on page 6 of his autobiography. He places the event in Washington in 1832. Since Jefferson's autobiography was published in 1889, it is possible that he got his information from Connor. Both men call the performer of “Living Statues” Fletcher. There was such a performer in circulation in the early 1830's, but it is also possible that the person whom Jefferson imitated was Mr. Frimbley, who performed with the Washington company as early as 11 January 1832. Odell, III, 569; IV, 238; Daily National Intelligencer (Washington), 11 Jan. 1832, p. 3, col. 6; Winter, , Life of Jefferson, p. 104.Google Scholar

108 The United States Gazette (Philadelphia), 24 Aug. (p. 3, col. 3), 28 Aug. (p. 3, col. 2), 1835.

109 American and Commercial Daily Advertiser (Baltimore), 29 Sept. 1835, p. 3, col. 3; Alston Brown, T., History of the American Stage (1870; rpt. New York: Benjamin Blom, 1969), p. 193Google Scholar; Shaw, Mary, “The Human Side of Joseph Jefferson,” Century Magazine, 85 (1913), 380.Google Scholar

110 American and Commercial Daily Advertiser (Baltimore), 6 Oct. 1835, p. 3, col. 4.

111 Daily National intelligencer (Washington), 14 Sept. 1835, p. 3, col. 6.

112 MacKenzie's company was probably in existence as early as 31 March 1835 in and around Baltimore. Advertisements for Baltimore's Holliday Street Theatre in March and April of that year list actors appearing “courtesy of” and “by consent of Mr. MacKenzie.” This implies that they were on loan from his troupe for a particular performance. American and Commercial Daily Advertiser (Baltimore), 31 Mar. (p. 3, col. 4), 23 Apr. (p. 3, col. 4), 1835.

113 The Evening Post (New York), 4 Dec. 1834, p. 3, col. 5. Charles Kemble Mason (1805–1875) and John Kemble Mason (1806–1873) were the sons of Henry Mason and Jane Kemble, the youngest sister of John Philip Kemble, Sarah Siddons, and Charles Kemble. They were thus Fanny Kemble's first cousins.

114 Daily National Intelligencer (Washington), 15 Oct. 1835, p. 3, col. 5.

115 Daily National Intelligencer, 7 Dec. 1835, p. 3, col. 6.

116 Daily National Intelligencer, 14 Dec. 1835, p. 3, col. 6.

117 The Evening Post (New York), 29 Sept. 1835, p. 3, col. 5; Odell, IV, 89, 91; Ireland, Joseph N., Records of the New York Stage from 1750 to 1860 (New York: T. H. Morrell, 1867), II, 165Google Scholar; Henderson, Mary C., The City and the Theatre. New York Playhouses from Bowling Green to Times Square (Clifton, N. J.: James T. White & Co., 1973), p. 66Google Scholar; The Evening Star, for the Country (New York), 28 July (p. 3, col. 1), 11 Sept. (p. 2, col. 3), 22 Sept. (p. 2, col. 3), 20 Nov. (p. 3, col. 2), 1835.

118 The United States Gazette (Philadelphia), 11 Dec. (p. 3, col. 2), 28 Dec. (p. 3, col. 2), 29 Dec. (p. 3, col. 2), 30 Dec. (p. 3, col. 3), 1835; The Evening Post (New York), 9 Jan. (p. 3, col. 4), 11 Jan. (p. 3, col. 4), 1836.

119 The Evening Post, 9 May (p. 3, col. 4), 1 June (p. 3, col. 4), 6 June (p. 3, col. 4), 13 June (p. 3, col. 4), 23 Aug. (p. 3, col. 4), 20 Oct. (p. 3, col. 4), 1836; 1 Mar. (p. 3, col. 4), 6 May (p. 3, col. 4), 1837.

120 Ireland, II, 201.

121 Ireland, II, 158, 170. The Thomans were married between 23 January and 1 March 1837.

122 Ireland, II, 171.

123 Nesson, I, 106; Quincy Whig (Quincy, Ill.), 2 May 1840, p. 2, col. 2.

124 Ireland, II, 93, 194.

125 Ireland, II, 88.

126 Neeson, I, 107.

127 Gaiser, Gerhard Walter, “the History of the Cleveland Theatre from the Beginning to 1854,” Diss. State Univ. of Iowa 1953, p. 333Google Scholar; Cole, Marion, “Theatrical and Musical Entertainment in Early Cleveland 1796–1854,” Thesis Case Western Reserve Univ. 1958, pp. 71, 72.Google Scholar

128 While in Columbus, MacKenzie wrote La Fine, the Pirate of the Gulf; or New Orleans Defended upon the request of the Jackson Club in that city. The Daily Chronicle and Sentinel of Augusta, Georgia, later credited the play to an actress named C. Barnes. Daily Chicago American, 26 Oct. 1839, p. 2, col. 4; Daily Chronicle and Sentinel, 14 Jan. 1840, p. 3, col. 2; The Ohio State Journal and Columbus Gazette, 3 Jan. (p. 3, col. 4), 3 Feb. (p. 3, col. 6), 1837.

129 The Ohio State Journal and Columbus Gazette, 7 Mar. 1837, p. 1, col. 1.

130 Arese, p. 206.

131 The Actor; or A Peep Behind the Curtain (New York: W. H. Graham, 1846), p. 175.

132 McDavitt, p. 49.

133 Bitz, Nellie E., “A Half Century of Theater in Early Rochester,” Thesis Univ. of Rochester 1941, p. 59.Google Scholar

134 In New York, Mile. Arreline had been billed “of the Italian Opera House, London.” She appeared in Detroit with two other dancers, the Checkinis “of the King's Theatre London.” Odell, IV, 139.

135 Wemyss, , Chronology, p. 89.Google Scholar

136 Chicago Democrat, 20 Dec. 1937, p. 3, col. 1,3 Jan. 1838, p. 2, col. 7.

137 Childs previously performed with the Dean and McKinney companies in Buffalo in July, 1835, and in Columbus, Ohio, from 21 December 1835 through 27 January 1836 and during the 1836–37 season. Brown, Richard C. and Watson, Bob, Buffalo (n. p.: Windsor Publications, 1981), p. 55Google Scholar; The Ohio Slate Journal (Columbus), 27 Jan. 1836, p. 3, col. 6; Chicago Democrat, 22 Nov. 1837, p. 3, col. 1; Gaiser, p. 332; Clifton, Lucile, “Beginnings of Literary Culture in Columbus, Ohio, 1812–1840,” Diss. The Ohio State Univ. 1948, pp. 374, 376.Google Scholar

138 Detroit Free Press, 14 June 1837, p. 3, col. 3.

139 Detroit Free Press, 9 Sept. 1837, p. 2, col. 6.

140 Detroit Free Press, 6 Sept. 1837, p. 2, col. 4.

141 Known as “Old Dyke,” or “Daddy Dyke,” Samuel Dyke was noted for his eccentricity and his dishonesty. He and Ingersoll opened in Lexington, Kentucky, on approximately 1 April 1838 and remained there until at least Thursday, 16 May 1838. On that day they presented Leila, the Maid of the Alhambra as a benefit for its author, William Ross Wallace. Reviewing the performance, the Observer and Reporter commented that Ingersoll “should depend more on the author and less on his own capabilities, justly appreciated as they are.” The Lexington Intelligencer was less kind, citing “the imperfections of the cast” and noting that Ingersoll was “a man of genius but very idle in study,” who “did not speak more than ten lines of the author.” The fact that a star of Ingersoll's reputation was playing in so minor a company is probably an indication of his personal state. According to Charles Durang, a fellow actor, John R. Scott found Ingersoll in Louisville “in the last stage of distress and gave him a hundred dollars.” Graham, Franklin, Historic Montreal (1902; rpt. Bronx, N.Y.: Benjamin Blom, 1902), p. 38Google Scholar; Merrick, Mary Louise, “A History of the Theatres in Zanesville, Ohio, Between the Years 1831 and 1866,” Thesis Ohio State Univ. 1941, p. 12Google Scholar; Observer and Reporter (Lexington, Ky.), 14 Apr. (p. 3, col. 3), 28 Apr. (p. 3, col. 6), 9 May (p. 3, col. 1), 16 May (p. 3, col. 2), 26 May (p. 3, col. 2), 30 May (p. 3, col. 6), 2 June (p. 3, col. 6), 1838; Falconbridge, (Kelly, Jonathan), Dan Marble, a Biographical Sketch of the Famous and Diverting Humorist, with Reminiscences, Comicalities, Anecdotes, etc., etc. (New York: DeWitt and Davenport, 1851), p. 71Google Scholar; Clay, Lucile Naff, “The Lexington Theatre from 1800 to 1840,” Thesis Univ. of Kentucky 1930, p. 84Google Scholar; Rusk, Ralph Leslie, The Literature of the Middle Western Frontier (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1976), I, 426Google Scholar, n. 209; Crum, Mabel Tyree, “The History of the Lexington Theatre from the Beginning to 1860,” Diss. Univ. of Kentucky 1956, pp. 358, 359Google Scholar; Durang, , 3rd ser., p. 203Google Scholar; Ireland, Joseph N., Mrs. Duff (Boston: James R. Osgood & Co., 1822), p. 128Google Scholar; Sankus, Patricia Helen, “Theatrical Entertainments and other Amusements in Salem Massachusetts from the Colonial Period through the Year 1830,” Diss. Tufts Univ. 1981, p. 187Google Scholar; The Salem Gazette, 6 June 1820, p. 3, col. 2.

142 Opening in Nashville on 3 July 1838, Ingersoll gave his last performance on 12 July, when he played Cassius to the Brutus of Charles Kemble Mason, who had appeared with the Jeffersons in Washington in 1835. Daily Republican Banner (Nashville), 5 May (p. 2, col. 5), 3 July (p. 2, col. 2), 12 July (p. 2, col. 5), 7 Aug. (p. 3, col. 2), 1838; Nashville Whig, 8 Aug. 1838, p. 3, col. 4.

143 Detroit Free Press, 6 Sept. (p. 2, col. 4), 9 Sept. (p. 2, col. 6), 1837.

144 Gasier, p. 43.

145 McVicker, J. H., The Theatre: Its Early Days in Chicago (Chicago: Chicago Historical Society, 1884), p. 16.Google Scholar

146 Arese, pp. 171–72. This is the first and only mention of Mile. Arreline's husband.

147 Chicago American, 4 Nov. 1837, p. 2, col. 6.

148 Illinois State Archives, Records of the Common Council of Chicago, Document 358 (these records are hereafter cited as Common Council Records).

149 This is the only indication available that the company may have played Buffalo prior to Detroit. No theatrical advertisements appear in Buffalo newspapers of the period, although peripheral articles in the Buffalo Daily Commercial Advertiser and the Records of the City of Buffalo indicate that the Eagle Street Theatre was operating in the spring of 1837. Chicago American, 4 Nov. 1837, p. 2, col. 6.

150 In Detroit, Dean and McKinney paid twenty-five dollars per week in May, 1834, twelve dollars per week in May, 1835, and only fifty dollars a year in 1836. In 1839, Edwin Dean was to pay $100 for a six-month license in Buffalo. In 1838, John Miller was granted a license at five dollars a night to exhibit his circus in Chicago. And towns like Lexington and Frankfort, Kentucky, were already charging thirty to forty dollars a week in the early part of the nineteenth century. McDavitt, pp. 53, 54; Buffalo City Hall, MS. Records of the City of Buffalo, Book D-4, from 13 November 1837 to 19 November 1839, Entry of 21 May 1839, p. 541; Common Council Records, Document 680; Hill, West T. Jr, The Theatre in Early Kentucky 1790–1820 (Lexington: Univ. Press of Kentucky, 1971), p. 158.Google Scholar

151 Chicago American, 4 Nov. 1837, p. 1, col. 6; Common Council Records, Document 607.

152 Chicago American, 3 Jan. 1838, p. 2, col. 7.

153 Common Council Records, Document 1480; Benton, Colbee C., A Visitor to Chicago in Indian Days “Journey to the ‘far-off West,’” ed. Angle, Paul M. and Getz, James (Chicago: The Caxton Club, n. d.), p. 73Google Scholar; Hurlbut, Henry H., Chicago Antiquities (Chicago: For the author, 1881), pp. 506, 507Google Scholar; Hoffman, Charles Fenno, A Winter in the West (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1835), I, 242.Google Scholar

154 Caton, John Dean, The Last of the Illinois and a Sketch of the Pottowatomies, Fergus Historical Series, No. 3 (Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1876), p. 27Google Scholar; Latrobe, Joseph, The Rambler in North America (London: R. B. Seeley & W. Burnside, 1835), II, 209Google Scholar; Shirreff, Patrick, A Tour Through North America with a Comprehensive View of the Canadas and United States as Adapted for Agricultural Emigration (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1835), p. 200.Google Scholar

155 Andreas, A. T., History of Chicago from the Earliest Period to the Present Time (Chicago: A. T. Andreas, 1884), I, 633.Google Scholar

156 Chicago Democrat, 13 Dec. 1837, p. 2, col. 6.

157 Inter-Ocean (Chicago), 1 July 1883, p. 11, col. 3.

158 The Ohio State Journal and Columbus Gazette, 15 Dec. 1837, p. 2, col. 1, p. 3, col. 2.

159 Chicago Democrat, 20 Dec. (p. 3, col. 1), 27 Dec. (p. 3, col. 1), 1837.

160 Cleveland Daily Advertiser, 9 Sept. 1837, p. 2, col. 6.

161 McCulloch, David, ed., History of Peoria County (Chicago: Munsell Publishing Co., 1902), II, 439.Google Scholar

162 Chicago American, 21 Oct. 1837, p. 2, col. 7; Chicago Democrat, 8 Nov. (p. 2, col. 7), 22 Nov. (p. 3, col. 1), 13 Dec. (p. 2, col. 6), 27 Dec. (p. 3, col. 1), 1837.

163 Chicago Democrat, 27 Dec. 1837, p. 3, col. 1.

164 Chicago Democrat, 3 Jan. 1838, p. 2, col. 6.

165 McCulloch, 439; Sangamo Journal (Springfield, Ill.), 24 Feb. 1838, p. 2, col. 7. Mr. Child's benefit occurred in Peoria on 17 February 1838. The newspaper article which McCulloch cites is no longer extant.

166 Sangamo Journal (Springfield, Ill.), 24 Feb. 1838, p. 2, col. 7.

167 Sangamo Journal, 24 Mar. 1838, p. 2, col. 7.

168 Angle, Paul, “Here Have I Lived,” a History of Lincoln's Springfield 1821–1865 (Springfield: The Abraham Lincoln Association, 1935), p. 80Google Scholar; Sangamo Journal (Springfield, Ill.), 29 Dec. 1842, p. 2, col. 6.

169 Sangamo Journal (Springfield, Ill.), 10 Mar. (p. 3, col. 4), 24 Mar. (p. 2, col. 7), 1838.

170 The Alton Telegraph, 4 Apr. 1838, p. 3, col. 4.

171 The Evening Post (New York), 18 July (p. 3, col. 5), 21 Sept. (p. 3, col. 4), 23 Sept. (p. 3, col. 4), 30 Sept. (p. 3, col. 5), 1837.

172 Phelps, p. 212.

173 Weekly Buffalonian, 2 June 1838, p. 6, col. 2.

174 Common Council Records, Petition of Isherwood and MacKenzie for Theatre License, Document 635; Remonstrance against Theatre in Rialto Building, Filed 1 May 1838, Document 629; Minority Report of Committee on Theatres, Document 505.

175 Hurlbut, pp. 535ff; Chicago Democrat, 12 June 1844, p. 2, col. 6.

176 The first recorded performances in Chicago took place in the Mansion House, another tavern owned by Graves, on Monday, 24 February 1834. Chicago Tribune, 15 July 1888, p. 1, col. 4; Chicago Times, 27 Feb. 1876, p. 2, col. 6; Bloom, Arthur, “Tavern Theatre in Early Chicago,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, 74 (1981), 217–29.Google Scholar

177 Chicago Times, 7 May 1876, p. 2, col. 7.

178 Chicago Historical Society, MS, Letter from Joseph Jefferson to J. H. McVicker, Christmas, 1882; Chicago American, 5 Sept. 1839, p. 2, col. 3; Chicago Times, 1 Apr. 1891, p. 6, col. 6.

179 Jefferson, Joseph, Autobiography, pp. 22–24Google Scholar; Chicago Historical Society, MS, Otis and Eddy Account Book, p. 121.

180 The Philadelphia Record, 11 Aug. 1909, p. 13, col. 7.

181 Common Council Records, Pelition of Isherwood and MacKenzie for Theatre License, Document 635.

182 Detroit Free Press, 13 Aug. 1838, p. 3, col. 3.

183 Chicago Democrat, 21 Nov. 1838, p. 4, col. 2; The Chicago Tribune, 25 Feb. 1883, p. 6, col. 4; Fergus, Robert H., compiler, Directory of the City of Chicago, Illinois for 1843 (1843; rpt. Chicago: Fergus Printing Co., 1896), p. 36Google Scholar; Chicago Daily Journal, 13 Apr. 1846, p. 2, col. 5.

184 Mrs. McLean nee Fairfield, whose Chicago appearance established her as the first known touring star to reach the city, made her professional debut at the Chestnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia in 1828. She appeared first in New York on 29 October 1829 at the American Opera House, Chatham Garden. In October, 1835, she performed unsuccessfully, according to C. D. Odell, at the Park Street Theatre and then retreated to the provinces. Before arriving in Chicago she played Cleveland in early June, 1838. Joseph Ireland comments on her talent: “With a noble presence for the stage, Mrs. McLean never made good her pretentions to a leading position in a first class theatre but in the minors has been recognized as a very valuable performer.” Daily Buffalonian, 21 July 1838, p. 3, col. 1; Wemyss, , Chronology, pp. 101, 102Google Scholar; Odell, III, 468; IV, 15; The New York Post, 10 Feb. (p. 3, col. 5), 19 Feb. (p. 3, col. 5), 1835; Weekly Buffalonian, 2 June 1838, p. 6, col. 3; Ireland; II, 108.

Marble played Philadelphia and Columbus, Ohio, in January, 1838; Cleveland in April and May, 1838; Cincinnati in June; Buffalo in June and July; Philadelphia in July; New York in August; and Detroit, 5–18 September 1838. He was in New Orleans in early December, 1838, and in Mobile by 20 December. Chicago Historical Society, MS Day Book; Chicago American, p. 49; Weekly Buffalonian, 27 Oct. 1838, p. 2, col. 2; McDavitt, p. 96; Frances Margaret Bailey, “A History of the Stage in Mobile, Alabama from 1824–1850,” Thesis State Univ. of Iowa 1934, p. 298; Daily Mercury (Buffalo), 19 Dec. 1838, p. 3, col. 1; Daily Buffalonian, 23 June (p. 3, col. 4), 9 July (p. 3, col. 1), 6 Sept. (p. 3, col. 1), 1838; The Cincinnati Daily Gazette, 29 May 1838, p. 2, col. 5; State Journal and Political Register (Columbus), 30 Jan. 1838, p. 3, col. 5; The UnitedStates Gazette (Philadelphia), 17 July 1838, p. 3, col. 1; The Daily Picayune (New Orleans), 4 Dec. 1838, p. 2, col. 1.

185 Robert Sherman lists several titles with casts, but none of these titles can be verified. William Warren later remembered Chicago performances in Hamlet, The Lady of Lyons, and Richard III (playing Richmond in the fifth act plus three or four other roles). Sherman, pp. 20ff.; Golden Jubilee of William Warren (Boston: James Daly, 1882), p. 5.

186 The program is no longer extant. The benefit took in $400.00. The Chicago Times, 4 June 1876, p. 12, col. 1; North Western Gazette and Galena Advertiser, 15 Dec. 1838, p. 4, col. 3.

187 Odell, IV, 205.

188 Hodge, Francis, Yankee Theatre. The Image of America on the Stage, 1825–1850 (Austin: Univ. of Texas Press, 1964), pp. 225ff.Google Scholar

189 Common Council Records, Remonstrance against Theatre Building, filed 1 May 1838, Document 629; Report of Committee on Theatres, Document 520. The report makes it clear that there were also moral objections to the theatre.

190 Jefferson, , Autobiography, p. 24Google Scholar; The Philadelphia Record, 11 Aug. 1909, p. 13, col. 7.

191 Chicago Historical Society, MS. Otis & Eddy Account Book, p. 121; MS. Day Book, Chicago American, pp. 30, 52.Google Scholar Tickets cost seventy-five cents. At the beginning of the season, Jefferson and MacKenzie also had 300 twenty-five cent tickets printed, which may have been used for children.

192 Jefferson, , Autobiography, p. 25.Google Scholar

193 North Western Gazette and Galena Advertiser, 27 Oct. 1838, p. 2, col. 3; Wilmeth, Don B., “The MacKenzie-Jefferson Theatrical Company in Galena, 1838–1839,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, 60 No. 1 (Spring, 1967), 26ff.Google Scholar; Farrell, Robert Dale, “The Illinois Theatrical Company 1837–1840,” Thesis Univ. of Illinois 1964, p. 26.Google Scholar

194 North Western Gazette and Galena Advertiser, 31 Oct. 1838, p. 2, col. 6.

195 Chetlain, Augustus L., Recollections of Seventy Years (Galena: Gazette Publishing Co., 1899), p. 176.Google Scholar

196 Since so little is known about the 1838 Chicago season, the four “new productions” in Galena may be revivals.

197 New York Public Library, Lincoln Center, Clipping File, Mrs. Jane Germon.

198 North Western Gazette and Galena Advertiser, 7 Feb. 1839, p. 2, col. 4.

199 Jefferson, , Autobiography, pp. 25ff. Jefferson's story about the company's wardrobe, scenery, and properties falling through the ice is probably apocryphal. He failed to mention the incident in a conversation “in the latter part of the 80's” with Augustus Chetlain, who was a resident of the region where the incident supposedly took place (p. 176). William Warren, who was twenty-seven in 1839, does not mention it in his letter to J. H. McVicker.Google Scholar

200 Manan, Bruce E., “The Iowa Thespians,” The Palimpsest, 4, No. 1 (January, 1923), 22.Google Scholar There are no extant newspapers to support Nahan's contention. Geroux, Charles L., “The History of Theatres and Related Theatrical Activity in Dubuque, Iowa 1837–1877,” Diss. Wayne State Univ. 1973, 1Google Scholar, 41ff., 73, n. 83. Geroux quotes a non-extant newspaper article cited in Child's History of Dubuque County, which contends that the troupe was there for ten days. Mahan, who does not use footnotes, contends that they were there for eleven days.

201 North Western Gazette and Galena Advertiser, 21 Feb. 1839, p. 3, col. 1.

202 North Western Gazette and Galena Advertiser, 4 Apr. (p. 3, col. 1), 11 Apr. (p. 2, col. 5), 1839.

203 Chetlain, p. 173, Jefferson, , Autobiography, p. 27Google Scholar; The Daily Picayune (New Orleans), 28 May (p. 2, col. 3), 3 June (p. 2, col. 3), 1839.

204 Farrell, pp. 42, 47; The Quincy Whig, 11 May 1839, p. 3, col. 3; Chetlain, p. 187; Jefferson, p. 27.

205 Farrell, pp. 42, 44, 47; The Quincy Whig, 1 June (p. 2, col. 1), 8 June (p. 2, col. 1), 1839; Daily American (Chicago), 6 June 1839, p. 2, col. 1.

206 The Alton Telegraph, 8 June 1839, p. 3, col. 3; Jefferson, pp. 27ff.

207 Palmyra Missouri Whig and General Advertiser Weekly, 23 May 1840, p. 2, col. 4.

208 Sangamo Journal (Springfield, 111.), 21 June 1839, p. 2, col. 2; Hardin, Ruth, “Lincoln and the Jefferson Players,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, 40 (1947), 445.Google Scholar

209 Jefferson, pp. 28–30.

210 Sangamo Journal (Springfield, III.), 21 June 1839, p. 2, col. 2; Power, John Carroll, History of the Early Settlers of Sangamo County, Illinois (Springfield, Ill.: E. A. Wilson, Co., n.d.), p. 516Google Scholar; History of Sangamo County (Chicago: Inter-State Publishing Co., 1881), p. 273.

211 Hardin, p. 445. Religious revivals did pose problems for theatrical companies in the period. The Daily Picayune (New Orleans), 3 June 1839, p. 2, col. 3 reports, “According to the Chicago Democrat the theatrical company of that city… is a little timid about visiting Chicago since the revival; but as steamboats are bringing on a great many old sinners, reprobates of the hardest kind, a theatre can soon be well supported.”

212 Chicago Historical Society, MS. Day Book, Chicago American, p. 106.

213 Chicago American, 19 Aug. 1839, p. 2, col. 2.

214 Common Council Records, Petition of Alex. McKenzie for Theatre License Filed 20 May 1839, Document 844.

215 Common Council Records, Report of Treasurer from March, 1839, to 1 March 1840, Document 918.

216 Daily Chicago American, 3 June 1839, p. 2, col. 2.

217 Smith, Sol, Theatrical Management in the West and South for Thirty Years (1868; rpt. Bronx, N. Y.: Benjamin Blom, 1968), p. 104Google Scholar; The Mississippian (Jackson), 19 Apr. 1839, p. 3, col. 1.

218 Odell, III, 344, 509–12; The U.S. Gazette (Philadelphia), 18 Oct. (p. 3, col. 2), 3 Nov. (p. 3, col. 3), 11 Dec. (p. 3, col. 2), 16 Dec. (p. 3, col. 2), 1830; Phelps, p. 159; Shockley, Martin Staples, “A History of the Theatre in Richmond, Virginia 1819–1838,” Diss. Univ. of North Carolina 1938, p. 12Google Scholar; Ludlow, pp. 454,461,462; Carson, Theatre on the Frontier, pp. 139, 178.Google Scholar The Daily Chicago American, 3 Sept. 1839, p. 2, col. 1 says that Mr. Green was a “comic actor and singer.” Gates, William Bryan, “The Theatre in Natchez,” The Journal of Mississippi History, 3 (1941), 95Google Scholar; The Daily Picayune (New Orleans); 31 Aug. 1839, p. 2, col. 2; The Mississippian (Jackson), 19 Apr. 1839, p. 3, col. 1.

219 Daily Chicago American, 3 Sept. 1839, p. 2, col. 1.

220 Daily Chicago American, 31 Aug. 1839, p. 2, col. 2.

221 Chicago Daily Journal, 27 Aug. 1846, p. 2, col. 4; The Evening Star, for the Country (New York), 8 Sept. 1835, p. 1, col. 2; Daily Albany Argus, 9 May 1836, p. 3, col. 3; Chicago News, 2 Mar. 1892, p. 6, col. 3; The Daily Picayune (New Orleans), 22 Aug. (p. 2, col. 4), 29 Nov. (p. 2, col. 4), 1839.

222 Blitz, Antonio, Fifty Years in the Magic Circle (Hartford: Belnap & Blitz, 1871), p. 123Google Scholar; Odell, IV, 47,109; Crum, p. 358; Bailey, pp. 228,238–39; Langley, William Osler, “The Theater in Columbus, Ga. from 1828 to 1878,” Thesis Alabama Polytechnic Institute n.d., p. 27Google Scholar; The Herald (New York), 21 June 1836, p. 3, col. 2; American and Commercial Daily Advertiser (Baltimore), 3 Sept. (p. 3, col. 4), 12 Nov. (p. 3, col. 2), 7 Dec. (p. 3, col. 2), 12 Dec. (p. 3, col. 2), 1838. Dempster proceeded from Chicago to St. Louis, where he was working for Ludlow and Smith by 19 November 1839. Carson, , Theatre on the Frontier, p. 303.Google Scholar By December, 1839, he was giving concerts in Louisville. The Daily Picayune (New Orleans), 17 Dec. 1839, p. 2, col. 3.

223 Republican Banner (Nashville), 25 June (p. 2, col. 5), 25 July (p. 2, col. 5), 1838.

224 McDavitt, pp. 105, 106; Buffalo Weekly Republican, 1 Aug. 1839, p. 4, col. 4; Daily Buffalonian, 31 July (p. 2, col. 4), 12 Aug. (p. 2, col. 2), 1839.

225 Gaiser, p. 342; Chicago Daily American, 10 Oct. 1839, p. 2, col. 2; Andreas, I, 481.

226 Odell, IV, 283; Chicago Daily Advertiser, 16 Sept. (p. 2, col. 2), 23 Sept. (p. 3, col. 1), 30 Sept. (p. 2, col. 1), 1839.

227 Chicago Daily American, 30 Oct. 1839 (p. 2, col. 1), 2 Nov. (p. 3, col. 1), 1839; Hester, p. 101; Daily Georgian (Savannah), 6 Nov. (p. 3, col. 1), 11 Dec. (p. 3, col. 2),. 18 Dec. (p. 3, col. 1), 1839. Daily Chronicle & Sentinel (Augusta, Ga.), 21 Jan.

228 Chicago Daily American, 4 Nov. 1839, p. 2, col. 2; Sangamo Journal, (Springfield, Ill.) 29 Nov. 1839, p. 2, col. 4.

229 Sangamo Journal, 29 Nov. 1839, p. 2, col. 4; Phillips, J. L., “Amusements,” History of Sangamo County, p. 632.Google Scholar

230 Hardin, p. 45. The town agreed to allow the Jeffersons to perform tax-free for the last week of their engagement.

231 Chicago Daily American, 2 Nov. 1839, p. 3, col. 1; Sangamo Journal (Springfield, Ill.), 6 Dec. 1839, p. 2, col. 4; 10 Jan. 1840, p. 2, col. 3.

232 Sangamo Journal, 6 Dec. 1839, p. 2, col. 4.

233 Sangamo Journal, 7 Feb. 1840, p. 2, col. 2; Hardin, p. 446.

234 The Alton Telegraph, 22 Feb. 1840, p. 2, col. 6; Daily Missouri Republican (St. Louis), 17 Feb. (p. 2, col. 4), 9 Mar. (p. 2, col. 7), 1840.

235 Carson, William G. B., Managers in Distress (St. Louis: St. Louis Historical Documents Foundation, 1949), p. 19.Google Scholar

236 Daily Missouri Republican, 9 Mar. 1840, p. 2, col. 7; Anon., “A Walk in the Streets of St. Louis in 1845,” Missouri Historical Society Collections, 6, No. 1 (October, 1928), 33–40.

237 Daily Missouri Republican, 9 Mar. (p. 2, col. 7), 30 Mar. (p. 2, col. 4), 1840.

238 Daily Missouri Republican, 28 Mar. (p. 2, col. 7), 30 Mar. (p. 2, col. 4), 1840.

239 Ludlow, p. 521; Smith, p. 150; Daily Missouri Republican (St. Louis), 24 Mar. 1840, p. 2, col. 2.

240 Daily National Intelligencer (Washington), 7 Jan. (p. 3, col. 6), 9 Jan. (p. 3, col. 6), 16 Jan. (p. 3, col. 6), 6 Nov. (p. 3, col. 5), 10 Nov. (p. 3, col. 6), 1832; 24 Jan. (p. 3, col. 6), 25 Jan. (p. 3, col. 6), 1833; Ireland, II, 110; American and Commercial Daily Advertiser (Baltimore), 7 Jan. 1833, p. 3, col. 3; The United States Gazette (Philadelphia), 5 Jan. 1835, p. 3, col. 2; The Alton Telegraph, 4 Apr. 1840, p. 3, col. 5.

241 Odell, IV, 18.

242 Addams played Columbus in January, 1840, Cincinnati in February, Louisville in March, and joined the Jeffersons in early April. Wemyss, , Theatrical Biography, pp. 290–292Google Scholar; Chicago Daily American, 3 Feb. 1841, p. 4, col. 1; Advertiser and Journal (Cincinnati), 21 Feb. 1840, p. 3, col. 3; Louisville Daily Journal, 14 Mar. (p. 2, col. 6), 18 Mar. (p. 2, col. 6), 1840; The Ohio State Journal (Columbus), 18 Jan. 1840, p. 2, col. 6.

243 Wemyss, , Theatrical Biography, p. 292.Google Scholar

244 Quincy Whig, 2 May 1840, p. 2, col. 2.

245 Jefferson Republican (Jefferson, Mo.), 2 May 1840, p. 2, col. 1.

246 Palmyra Missouri Whig and General Advertiser Weekly, 23 May 1840, p. 2, col. 4.

247 Daily Chicago American, 19 June 1840, p. 2, col. 5.

248 North Western Gazette and Galena Advertiser, 31 July 1840, p. 3, col. 1.

249 Daily Chicago American, 3 July (p. 2, col. 2), 14 Sept. 1840. North Western Gazette and Galena Advertiser, 14 Aug. 1840, p. 2, col. 6.

250 Browne, p. 51; Farrell, pp. 72, 75; Sangamo Journal (Springfield, Ill.), 15 Dec. (p. 3, col. 6). 18 Dec. (p. 3, col. 6), 1840.

251 Hanners, John, “Early Entertainments in Terre Haute, Indiana, 1810–1865.” Thesis Indiana State Univ. 1973, pp. 72–73.Google ScholarThe Chicago Tribune, 12 Dec. 1880, p. 19, cols. 1,2; Vincennes Saturday Gazette, 29 May 1841, p. 2, col. 1.

252 City Clerk's Office, MS. Springfield, Illinois, Minutes of the City Council of Springfield, II, 1840–1850. 35.

253 Daily Republican Banner (Nashville, Tenn.), 23 Sept. 1841, p. 3, col. 1; Claude Ahmed Arnold, “The Development of the Stage in Nashville, Tennessee 1807–1870,” Thesis Univ. of Iowa 1933, pp. 33, 65.

254 New York Public Library, Lincoln Center Townsend Walsh Collection, Scrapbook on Joseph Jefferson, Article by Frank C. Bangs.

255 Ellsler, John A., The Stage Memories of John A. Ellsler, ed. Weston, Effie Ellsler (Cleveland: The Rowfant Club, 1940), p. 40.Google Scholar

256 New York Daily Times, 13 Nov. 1854, p. 4, cols. 4, 5.

257 Keeton, Guy Herbert, “The Theatre in Mississippi from 1840 to 1870,” Diss. Univ. of Tennessee 1979, p. 125Google Scholar; The Mississippian (Jackson), 16 Dec. 1841, p. 2, col. 3.

258 Mississippi Free Trader and Natchez Daily Gazette, 28 Feb. 1842, p. 2, col. 2; Gates, “The Theatre in Natchez,” p. 119.

259 Carson, , Managers, p. 22.Google Scholar

260 Hill, Raymond S., “Memphis Theatre, 1836–1846,” The West Tennessee Historical Society Papers, 9 (1955), 52Google Scholar; Ritter, Charles C., “The Dream in Our Midst—The Early History of the Papers, 11 (1957), 9Google Scholar; American Eagle (Memphis), 6 May (p. 2, col. 4), 13 May (p. 2, col. 1), 1842.

261 Hill, p. 52.

262 Ritter, Charles Clifford, “The Theatre in Memphis, Tennessee, from its Beginning to 1850,” Diss. State Univ. of Iowa 1956, p. 38.Google Scholar Their performances included a one-night stand at Fort Pickering on the east bank of the Mississippi, approximately on the site of the present Memphis-Arkansas Bridge (Hill, 52). Prior to Memphis, MacKenzie's first-phase company played Natchez and Vicksburg. American Eagle, 3 June 1842, p. 2, col. 5.

263 Luttrell, p. 11. Luttrell gives the opening date of the New City Theatre as 18 June 1842. American Eagle (Memphis, Term.), 17 June 1842, p. 2, col. 2.

264 Lutrell, p. 11; American Eagle, 22 July 1842, p. 2, col. 2.

265 Luttrell, p. 12. The American Eagle of 24 June 1842, p. 2, col. 2 says of Leicester that “now that he is no longer confined to a small ball room, he is enabled to make a fuller display of his powers…” (Hill, 53).

266 Jefferson, , Autobiography, p. 31Google Scholar; Townsend Walsh Collection, Scrapbook on Joseph Jefferson, New York Public Library, Lincoln Center, n.p.

267 Durang, 3rd. Ser., p. 37.

268 Duggar, Mary Morgan, “The Theatre in Mobile 1882–1860,” Thesis Univ. of Alabama 1941, p. 116Google Scholar; Cowell, p. 97. MacKenzie served as the company's stage manager. Nashville Union, 16 June 1843, p. 2, col. 6.

269 Ludlow, pp. 264ff. Bernhard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, who saw the theatre in 1826, says it contained “besides the pit…a row of boxes and a gallery.” Bernhard's gallery is probably Ludlow's “center of the upper tier.” Bernhard, Duke of Eisenach, Saxe-Weimar, Travels through North America during the Years 1825 and 1826 (Philadelphia: Carey, Lea & Carey, 1828), II, 39.Google Scholar Frances Margaret Bailey reports that the theatre had gas lighting and a semicircular parquette “equipped with cane-bottomed chairs united by long boards fastened under the seats, but not fastened to the floor.” Surrounding the parquette and slightly elevated was a row of dress boxes. There were complaints apparently that the boxes were too high and that the audience was too near the stage. The latter complaint echoes Fanny Kemble's objections to the Washington Theatre. Bailey, pp. 42–43; The Mobile Register and Journal, 12 Nov. 1842, p. 2, col. 7.

270 Jefferson, , Autobiography, pp. 33, 36.Google Scholar

271 Jefferson, , Autobiography, p. 36Google Scholar; Winter, p. 147. Jefferson's grave is situated in the east half of lot 105 square eight of the Magnolia Cemetery. According to Caldwell Delaney, Museum Director of the City of Mobile, the grave was originally marked with a wooden grave marker, which Joseph Jefferson III later replaced with the present marble stone. Telephone conversations with John McClure, Magnolia Cemetery, and Caldwell Delaney, City of Mobile Museum Department, 19 June 1981; North Western Gazette and Galena Advertiser, 23 Dec. 1842, p. 3, col. 1.

272 Jefferson, , Autobiography, pp. 60ff.Google Scholar

273 Smith, p. 166.

274 Mobile Register and Journal, 3 Apr. 1843, p. 3, col. 2.

275 Cowell, , Thirty Years, p. 101.Google Scholar

276 Mobile Register and Journal, 27 Apr. 1843, p. 3, col. 1.

277 Mobile Register and Journal, 27 May 1843, p. 2, col. 2.

278 Mobile Register and Journal, 13 June 1843, p. 2, col. 7; Nashville Union, 16 June 1843, p. 2, col. 6

279 Republican Banner (Nashville), 13 Oct. 1843, p. 3, col. 2; Nashville Union, 20 June (p. 3, col. 1), 1 Aug. (p. 2, col. 7), 1843.

280 Nashville Union, 2 Nov. 1843, p. 3, col. 1.

281 Joseph Jefferson III later recalled, “Business was bad, and on one occasion the gentlemen of the company, myself included, walked from Gallatin to Lebanon—not however for the exercise.” He and his sister Cornelia joined Ludlow and Smith's troupe in their first season in the theatre on Royal Street in Mobile. Here for the first time young Joe was called Mr. Jefferson in advertisements. His role in the company was, however, minor enough that Noah Ludlow had completely forgotten him when Ludlow came to write his own autobiography in 1880. Young Jefferson, his sister, and his mother remained with Ludlow and Smith during the 1843–44 and 1844–45 Mobile seasons. Jefferson, , Autobiography, p. 45Google Scholar; The Mobile Register and Journal, 5 Dec. 1844 (p. 3, col. 1), 17 Jan. (p. 3, col. 1), 11 Jan. (p. 3, col. 4), 4 Apr. (p. 3, col. 4), 11 Apr. (p. 3, col. 4), 14 Apr. (p. 3, col. 4), 18 Apr. (p. 3, col. 5), 19 Apr. (p. 3, col. 5), 21 Apr. (p. 3, col. 5), 1845; Duggar, p. 137. Hester and Alexander MacKenzie became minor members of Ludlow and Smith's company at the St. Charles Theatre in New Orleans. They remained with Ludlow and Smith until the 1843–44 season ended. The Daily Picayune (New Orleans), 14 Nov. 1843, p. 3, col. 4; 26 Mar. 1844, p. 3, col. 1.

282 Arnold, pp. 67–68, 268; Nashville Union, 23 Apr. (p. 3, col. 1), 14 Sept. (p. 3, col. 1), 1844. MacKenzie was in Nashville by 4 April 1844 repairing the theatre. The company opened to a “beggarly account of empty benches” and was initially “very thinly attended.” Business, however, picked up during Edwin Forrest's engagement. Nashville Whig, 4 Apr. (p. 2, col. 1), 27 Apr. (p. 2, col. 2), 4 May (p. 2, col. 1), 6 June (p. 2, col. 3), 1844.

283 Nashville Union, 5 Dec. 1844, p. 2, col. 6.

284 Chicago Democrat, 26 Feb. 1845, p. 3, col. 4; Nashville Whig, 4 Feb. 1845, p. 3, col. 1; Nashville Banner, 5 Feb. 1845, p. 2, col. 5; Tri-Weekly Nashville Union, 4 Feb. 1845, p. 3, col. 1; Acklen, Jeanne Tillotston, Tennessee Records Tombstone Inscriptions and Manuscripts Historical and Biographical (Nashville: Cullum & Ghertner, 1933), p. 9.Google Scholar

285 MS. Tennesse Historical Archives, Nashville, Dr. T. V. Wooding, compiler, Facsimile of Original Records of Deaths and Burials in Nashville City Cemetery, n.p.

286 Republican Banner (Nashville), 13 July 1872, p. 4, col. 2.

287 Jefferson, , Autobiography, p. 49.Google Scholar

288 Buckingham, I, 343.

289 Blitz, p. 209.

290 Buckingham, II, 72.

291 Missouri Republican (St. Louis), 20 Oct. 1838, p. 2.

292 The Daily Picayune (New Orleans), 16 Feb. 1839, p. 2, col. 3.

293 The Daily Picayune, 1 Feb. 1839, p. 2, col. 3.

294 Northall, William Knight, Before and Behind the Curtain (New York: W. F. Burgess, 1851), p. 87.Google Scholar

295 The Daily Picayune (New Orleans), 15 June 1839, p. 2, col. 3.

296 The Daily Picayune, 15 Dec. 1840, p. 2, col. 1; 12 Jan. 1841, p. 2, col. 4; Odell, IV, 466.

297 Gaiser, p. 78.

298 The Daily Picayune (New Orleans), 25 Feb. 1841, p. 2, col. 5; Free Trader and Natchez Weekly Gazette, 25 Feb. 1841, p. 2, col. 4; p. 1, col. 3.

299 The Daily Picayune, 1 May 1842, p. 3, col. 2.

300 Chicago Daily American, 17 Oct. 1842, p. 2, col. 1.

301 Chicago Express, 30 Jan. 1843, p. 2, col. 1.

302 North Western Gazette and Galena Advertiser, 14 Apr. 1843, p. 2, col. 1.

303 This project was supported by grants from the Penrose Fund of the American Philosophical Society and from the Committee on Research of Loyola University of Chicago. The author wishes to express his thanks to the following individuals: for their assistance in securing grant funds and released time to work on this project—Thomas Bennett, Lawrence J. Biondi, S.J., John H. Brooks, Anne Callahan, Matthew E. Creighton, S.J., Walter D. Gray, Ann Inskip, Alois M. Nagler, Julius Novick, Phyllis Oman, Rollin Osterweiss, John Shea, Richard Vandevelde, S.J., Ronald Walker, Patricia Werhane, and Henry B. Williams; for their assistance in gathering materials for this project-Mary Allcorn, Daniel J. Burke, former Deputy Clerk, City of Chicago, Caldwill Delaney, Peggie Dobson, Kenneth Harris, Dennis R. Laurie, Lawrence McAuley, John McClure, Douglas McDermott, Douglas C. MacKenzie, Mary McManus, the office of Frank Pettis and the Illinois Humanities Council, Sr. Bonaventure Price, S.S.S.F., Patrick Schmitt, Renata Sorkin, Joyce Ann Tracy, Robert Tucker, and Howard Ward; for their work in typing the manuscript-Joan S. Allman, Catherine Mardon, and Adele Arlitt Schneider; for dieir work as editors-James Coakley and Douglas McDermott; for her constant support during five years of research-Rena Fraboni Bloom.

Material about the 1837 Chicago season of the Jeffersons was originally published in the Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, 74 (1981), 217–29. The author wishes to thank the Society for permission to reprint the information here.