Introduction
A concern to improve access to psychological therapies has figured largely on the NHS agenda in Britain in recent years. In England this concern was driven by Lord Layard's report (Reference Layard, Clark, Bell, Knapp, Meacher, Priebe, Turnberg, Thornicroft and Wright2006) which highlighted the economic advantages of providing access to effective psychological therapies. This led to the Increasing Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) Programme. Scotland and Wales have not adopted England's IAPT programme but have developed independent models of increasing access to psychological therapies. Both nations have published relevant guidance (Scottish Government, 2011; Welsh Government, 2012). The shared opportunities and challenges of the two nations in terms of recently devolved governments, and population issues such as urban deprivation and remote, rural communities make a comparison of their approaches to psychological therapies relevant.
This short review provides a brief overview of each country's approach to improving access to psychological therapies, incorporating the aims, strategy, policy implementation and performance management adopted in each. It then goes on to consider the specific factors of patients’ expectations and training requirements in each country. A comparison of these factors is set out in Tables 1–7, covering the following:
for patients’ expectations
• patient group,
• patient severity,
• expected level of therapy,
• expected treatment delivered.
for training requirements
• level of therapy,
• level of training/competences required.
Through the review it becomes apparent that many questions remain for improving access to psychological therapies in Wales and that there remains a need for national guidance for Wales setting out which therapies have the most robust evidence base, service models for delivering these, and training and supervision standards.
Table 1. The expected level of treatment and therapy for different patient groups as outlined by the Matrix (Scottish Government, 2012)
Table 2. Guidelines taken from the Matrix on the evidence-based interventions for generalized anxiety disorder
Table 3. Training and competences specified by the Matrix for delivering each level of therapy
Table 4. Information from the National Service Model (Welsh Government, 2011) relevant to patients’ expectations
Table 5. Information from the Policy Information Guidance (Welsh Government, 2012) relevant to training
Table 6. Information from the Wales National Service Model (Welsh Government, 2011) relevant to training
Table 7a. Three levels of mental health practitioner described in the Policy Implementation Guidance (Welsh Government, 2012)
Table 7b. An example of tiered care including training and competences described in the Policy Implementation Guidance (Welsh Government, 2012)
Psychological therapies in Scotland
An overview of Scotland's approach to improving access to psychological therapies
The Scottish Executive published a White Paper in 2006 entitled ‘Delivering for Mental Health’ (Scottish Executive, 2006) which set out a vision for promoting good mental health for everyone in Scotland. Crucial was commitment 4: ‘We will increase the availability of evidence-based psychological therapies (PTs) for all age groups in a range of settings and through a range of providers.’ This ambition was accompanied by a scoping exercise which identified that at the time psychological therapies in NHS Scotland tended to be ad hoc, lacking clarity on training standards, interventions delivered, expected waiting times and outcomes. Further drivers for change included an awareness of the disparity between access to physical and psychological services, and pressure from service users and carers.
The Scottish Government has provided clear targets for increasing access to psychological therapies. A notable example is the target to ‘deliver faster access to mental health services by delivering 18 weeks referral to treatment for psychological therapies from December 2014’. The Scottish Government has also provided detailed guidance in the form of the Matrix (Scottish Government, 2011) which includes guidance on the most up-to-date evidence-based interventions, explains levels of supervision and training necessary for safe and effective psychological therapy, and provides information and advice on strategic planning.
A crucial element of the Scottish Government's strategy has been to assume central responsibility for access to psychological therapies, including the setting of performance targets, guidance on the delivery of effective services (the Matrix), support from the centre for re-design and centralized planning for training through NHS Education for Scotland (NES). NES is a clear example of central responsibility for access to services. It is a Scottish Special Health Board with a role of commissioning, quality assurance, and occasionally delivery of education across NHS Scotland. This facility for centralized planning for training in psychological therapies is believed to support equity of service provision across geographical areas and lead to economies of scale.
There is a strategy of holding an overview of progress towards targets and encouraging progress through regular performance review. For example, the target of 18 weeks from referral to treatment, was set at central government level, is monitored by local health boards who report back with monthly data submissions to central government, and is encouraged with regular newsletters setting out progress towards the target.
The strategy in Scotland has been to redesign current services and deliver training to the existing workforce rather than to introduce a new service as England has done with IAPT. The emphasis has been on evidence-based therapies with CBT as the main focus although NES and the Scottish Government have also supported training in a range of evidence-based interventions including interpersonal therapy, mindfulness and behavioural family therapy.
Psychological therapies in Scotland: patients’ expectations
For different patient groups, the Matrix outlines the expected level of treatment and therapy as shown in Table 1.
The Matrix also outlines the expected types of treatment and intervention. It provides guidelines on what evidence-based interventions to use for every diagnostic classification. NES worked with specialists to collate the NICE and SIGN guidelines alongside seeking further input from expert opinion. The interventions are summarized in the Matrix with a recommendation level of A, B or C.
A: Highly recommended. At least one meta-analysis, systematic review, or randomized clinical trial (RCT) of high quality and consistency aimed at the target population.
B: Recommended. Well conducted clinical studies but no RCTs on the topic of recommendation directly applicable to the target population, and demonstrating overall consistency of results.
C: No evidence to date but opinion suggests that this therapy might be helpful. Widely held expert opinion but no available or directly applicable studies of good quality.
An example of the guidelines for generalized anxiety disorder is presented in Table 2.
At Scottish Government level the intervention focus has been on CBT because it is the therapeutic modality which currently has the widest evidence base and is most cited in the literature. However NES and the Scottish Government are supporting the development of stepped care approaches for a range of conditions and incorporating a range of therapeutic modalities, with the aim of incorporating further guidance as it becomes available.
Psychological therapies in Scotland: training requirements
The Matrix outlines:
(a) The basics required for delivering psychological therapy.
(b) The specific training and competences required to deliver different levels of therapy.
(c) The recognized evidence-based competence frameworks.
The Matrix states all mental health staff should have a basic level of psychological ‘awareness’ and ‘literacy’; this should include:
• training in a basic psychological model to run in tandem with the medical model, and within which a basic psychological formulation of service user's problems can be constructed;
• training in listening and communication skills;
• training in basic counselling skills;
• training in self awareness and the role of the therapeutic relationship.
The Matrix specifies the level of training and competences required for delivering each level of therapy, referring to the UK Skills for Health (2011) (see Table 3).
The Matrix recognizes specific evidence-based competence frameworks provided by University College London (UCL, 1999–2013).
The delivery of psychological therapies is competence based and the Matrix specifies that staff involved in the delivery of care and of related teaching and training should be competent according to specific competence frameworks detailed on the UCL's website. UCL has provided evidence-based competency frameworks for the following approaches
• Cognitive and behavioural therapy for depression and anxiety (which differentiates between the competencies needed at the ‘low intensity’ and high intensity’ levels within stepped care).
• Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic competences.
• Systemic competences.
• Humanistic competences.
• Supervision competences.
Staff from any discipline who can demonstrate the relevant competences from the competency frameworks may be involved in delivery of care and of related teaching and training.
Psychological therapies in Wales
An overview of Wales’ approach to improving access to psychological therapies
The Mental Health (Wales) Measure was approved in 2010 and seeks to improve accessing and receiving care and treatment in primary and secondary mental health services. Crucially, part 1 of the measure aims to ‘expand the provision of local primary mental health support services’.
Like Scotland, the Welsh Government planned a scoping exercise across all local health boards to determine the current profile of psychological therapies in primary healthcare. This exercise was expected to be completed by summer 2011 but no details have yet been published. A further report by Health and Social Research has been commissioned to review access to and implementation of psychological therapy treatments in Wales. This report is still underway.
The Welsh Government has published two documents supporting the Mental Health Measure: The ‘National Service Model for Local Primary Mental Health Support Services’ (Welsh Government, 2011) offers guidance on implementing the Measure in primary care, and ‘Psychological Therapies in Wales: Policy Implementation Guidance’ (Welsh Government, 2012) discusses improved access and delivery of psychological therapies across the service. The more recent Policy Implementation Guidance (PIG) makes no reference to the earlier National Service Model and the information provided by the two documents is not integrated so that implementation of the guidance is somewhat open to local interpretation.
The Welsh Government, by contrast with the Scottish Government, has largely devolved responsibility for the implementation of policy to local health boards. There is therefore a risk of unequal access across geographical areas: first, unequal access to psychological therapy for clients, and second, unequal access to therapy training and supervision for practitioners. There is also considerable duplication of effort as each local health board plans how best to implement legislation. It is not clear that there is an overview at central government level of each local health board's progression towards implementing the Mental Health Measure.
Psychological therapies in Wales: patients’ expectations
Information relevant to patients’ expectations, from the National Service Model (Welsh Government, 2011) is given in Table 4. The more recent information in the Policy Information Guidance is given in Table 5.
There are some details in the National Service Model that are not included in the more recent PIG. The former referred to local primary mental health support services including, ‘a range of psychological interventions including cognitive behavioural therapy, solution-focused therapy, family work, online support, stress management, bibliotherapy and education’. These specific therapies are not mentioned in PIG. However, PIG states that, ‘services should offer a comprehensive range of formal high quality psychological therapies’ and that, ‘where relevant NICE guidance exists therapy should conform to the recommendations set out in these national guidelines’.
The most commonly cited therapy in NICE guidance is CBT. However, unlike Scotland's Guidance ‘the Matrix’, the PIG gives no clear guidance as to which patients can expect to receive CBT, how many sessions they may expect to receive or the qualifications of the practitioner.
The PIG offers no information as to which patients or what level of severity may be expected to access the different services.
Psychological therapies in Wales: training requirements
There is scant information available as to the training, qualifications and competencies required for psychological practitioners in Wales. The recent PIG acknowledges some difficulties with training:
Wales does not have a strategic programme to meet the training and development needs of staff working in Wales.
Information derived from the Wales National Service Model is given in Table 6.
The PIG describes three levels of mental health practitioner required to implement the Measure (for details see Table 7a).
The PIG does not explain which service level these practitioners are expected to work at and it does not relate them to the table provided as an example of tiered care. Information from this is provided in Table 7b.
Neither Welsh guidance document specifies the training or competences required for specific therapies. Accreditation with a ‘nationally recognized accrediting body’ is described but there is no matching of specific therapies to their relevant accrediting bodies. Skills for Health is not mentioned and neither are the UCL competency frameworks.
Remaining questions for improving access to psychological therapies in Wales
Section 3.18 of the Wales National Service Model states:
It is expected that the interventions will be recovery-focused, with clear expected outcomes, and will be underpinned and quality assured by evidence-based approaches. They will be based on a thorough assessment of each individual and delivered by suitably skilled and trained staff who are appropriately supervised.
but unlike Scotland's Matrix neither the National Service Model nor the PIG further operationalize the expected outcomes, the evidence-based approaches, the specific training and supervision of staff, and the skills required. This leads to the remaining questions for improving access to psychological therapies in Wales.
Questions relating to patients’ expectations:
(1) The Welsh National Service Model and PIG do not specify which patients can expect to be offered formal psychological therapy.
(2) The Wales National Service Model recommends ‘interventions are likely to be appropriately delivered within 6–10 sessions in most cases’ at tier 1 local primary mental health support services. How many therapy sessions at tiers 2, 3 and 4 can patients expect? The PIG offers no clarification.
(3) The Wales National Service Model states that patients can expect ‘culturally-appropriate, evidence-based interventions’. What interventions does the service model consider evidence based? The PIG states that NICE guidance should be followed but does not integrate this guidance in its recommendations.
Questions relating to training required:
(1) Within the Matrix, the training required for each level of therapy is operationalized. For example, CBT practitioners are required to undertake 42 days of CBT teaching and 24 days of CBT practice. By comparison The Wales National Service Model and PIG fail to offer specific guidance as to the training required for any specific therapy.
(2) The National Service Model states ‘It is expected that staff will work within a recognized competency framework and within their limits of competency’ but no specific competency frameworks are recognized within the National Service Model or the PIG. By contrast the Scottish Matrix refers to the UK Skills for Health competencies and the competency frameworks provided by UCL.
(3) The most commonly cited therapy in NICE guidance is CBT but neither the National Service Model nor the PIG provide any guidance as to the training, qualifications, competencies or accreditation required to deliver CBT.
(4) The Welsh Government is currently funding a scheme which allows doctors to receive psychological therapy from private therapists. All therapists in this scheme are required to have BABCP accreditation as CBT practitioners. Why does guidance relating to therapy provision for the rest of the Welsh population not match this standard?
Conclusions and recommendations
(1) In order to provide the Welsh population with access to NICE-recommended psychological treatments there needs to be an increase in the capacity to deliver evidence-based therapies in Wales. In order to increase this capacity staff must be trained to practitioner level in therapies which have an evidence base for each disorder, and be provided with supervision which can maintain effective practice.
(2) Although no evidence is available as yet from Wales there is evidence from the early scoping exercise in Scotland that in the absence of clear training standards there can be no certainty that staff currently delivering therapy are adequately trained and supervised, or are delivering therapies appropriate to particular disorders. In the case of CBT there are risks to patients associated with CBT being practised by staff who have received inadequate training and supervision (Holland, Reference Holland2006; BABCP, 2010), and one assumes this applies equally to other therapies. It would be helpful for the mapping exercises carried out on behalf of the Welsh Government to be published as soon as possible to get a clear view of current therapy provision and therapist training.
(3) The Scottish Matrix provides clear and concrete information for services with respect to psychological therapies. Wales has guidance that is less specific and leaves many questions unanswered. A further guidance document, integrating and superseding both the National Service Model for Local Primary Mental Health Support Services (2011) and the Psychological Therapies in Wales: Policy Implementation Guidance (2012) is needed. This could set out in a clear and concrete manner which therapies are considered to have the most robust evidence base, service models for delivering these, and training and supervision standards.
(4) Useful resources in drawing up clear recommendations include the competency frameworks produced in partnership between UCL, IAPT and NES, Skills for Health, the Scottish Matrix (2011) document, and crucially, consultation with service users and carers, e.g. groups such as OCD-UK.
(5) Once clear guidance is available it should be produced in a suitable format for service users and carers, setting out the services they can expect to receive: who can expect to receive psychological therapy; which interventions are considered to have a sound evidence base; the qualifications, training and supervision required for therapists, and the number of sessions they can expect to receive.
(6) Clear guidance could help prevent geographical inequalities in access to psychological therapy for patients and access to training for practitioners.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to all who responded to the consultation document which preceded this publication.
Declaration of Interest
None.
Learning objectives
(1) Gain an understanding of the different approaches to increasing access to psychological therapies taken in Scotland and Wales.
(2) Learn what information is provided by the Scottish Matrix document about patients’ expectations and training requirements for the provision of psychological therapy.
(3) Learn what information is provided by the Welsh policy documents about patients’ expectations and training requirements for the provision of psychological therapy.
(4) Consider the remaining questions for services in Wales.
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