Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-29T14:52:12.090Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Cognitive errors assessed by observer ratings in bipolar affective disorder: relationship with symptoms and therapeutic alliance

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 June 2009

Ueli Kramer ,
Guy Bodenmann  and
Martin Drapeau
Ueli Kramer*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology and Department of Psychiatry – CHUV, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
Guy Bodenmann
Affiliation:
McGill University, Montréal, Canada
Martin Drapeau
Affiliation:
University of Fribourg, Switzerland
*
*Author for correspondence: Dr U. Kramer, Institute for Psychotherapy, Department of Psychiatry – CHUV, Site de Cery, CH-1008 Prilly-Lausannne, Switzerland. (email: [email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The construct of cognitive errors is clinically relevant for cognitive therapy of mood disorders. Beck's universality hypothesis postulates the relevance of negative cognitions in all subtypes of mood disorders, as well as positive cognitions for manic states. This hypothesis has rarely been empirically addressed for patients presenting bipolar affective disorder (BD). In-patients (n = 30) presenting with BD were interviewed, as were 30 participants of a matched control group. Valid and reliable observer-rater methodology for cognitive errors was applied to the session transcripts. Overall, patients make more cognitive errors than controls. When manic and depressive patients were compared, parts of the universality hypothesis were confirmed. Manic symptoms are related to positive and negative cognitive errors. These results are discussed with regard to the main assumptions of the cognitive model for depression; thus adding an argument for extending it to the BD diagnostic group, taking into consideration specificities in terms of cognitive errors. Clinical implications for cognitive therapy of BD are suggested.

Keywords

Bipolar affective disordercognitive errorscognitive therapyobserver-rater method
Type
Original Research
Information
the Cognitive Behaviour Therapist , Volume 2 , Issue 2 , June 2009 , pp. 92 - 105
Copyright
Copyright © British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Altman, E (2004). Differential diagnosis and assessment of adult bipolar disorder. In: Psychological Treatment of Bipolar Disorder (ed. Johnson, S. L. and Leahy, R. L.), pp. 35–57. New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Bech, P (2002). The Bech-Rafaelson Mania Scale in clinical trials of therapies for bipolar disorder: A 20-year review of its use as an outcome measure. CNS Drugs 16, 47–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bech, P, Rafaelson, OJ, Kramp, P, Bolweg, TG (1978). The mania rating scale: scale construction and inter-observer agreement. Neuropharmacology 17, 430–431.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, AT (1963). Thinking and depression. 1. Idiosyncratic content and cognitive distortions. Archives of General Psychiatry 9, 324–333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, AT (1967). Depression: Causes and Treatment. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Beck, AT (1976). Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders. New York: International Universities Press.Google Scholar
Beck, AT (1991). Cognitive therapy. A 30-year perspective. American Psychologist 46, 368–375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, JS (1995). Cognitive Therapy. Basics and Beyond. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Bordin, ES (1975). The working alliance: basis for a general theory of psychotherapy. Paper presented at the Meeting of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, Washington, D.C., 1975.Google Scholar
Chambon, O, Poncet, F, Kiss, L (1989). Echelles d'anxiété, de manie, de dépression, de schizophrénie [Scales for Assessment of Anxiety, Mania, Depression, Schizophrenia]. Paris: Masson.Google Scholar
Clark, DA, Beck, AT, Alford, BA (1999). Scientific Foundations of Cognitive Theory and Therapy of Depression. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Corbière, M, Bisson, J, Lauzon, S, Richard, N (2006). Factorial validation of a French short-form of the Working Alliance Inventory. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 15, 36–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Derogatis, LR (1994). Symptom Checklist-90 – Revised: Administration Scoring and Procedures Manual, 3rd edn. Minneapolis, MN: National Computers Systems.Google Scholar
D'Iuso, D, Blake, E, Drapeau, M (2007). An investigation of the relationship of Cognitive Errors and Coping Action Patterns with the Therapeutic Alliance. Canadian Psychological Association Annual Convention. Ottawa, 2007.Google Scholar
Drapeau, M, Perry, JC (2005). Observer ratings of coping and cognitive errors: the Cognitive Errors and Coping Action Patterns (CECAP) method. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Psychotherapy Research. Montreal, 2005.Google Scholar
Drapeau, M, Perry, JC, Blake, E, D'Iuso, D (2007). A pilot study of the validity and reliability of the CECAP method. Canadian Psychological Association Annual Convention. Ottawa, 2007.Google Scholar
Drapeau, M, Perry, JC, Dunkley, D (2005). The Cognitive Errors Rating System. McGill University.Google Scholar
Eells, T, Fridhandler Stinson, CH, Horowitz, MJ (1993). Commentary to self-representation in post-traumatic stress disorder: a cognitive perspective. In: The Self in Emotional Distress. Cognitive and Psychodynamic Perspectives (ed. Segal, Z. V. and Blatt, S. J.), pp. 92–99. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Eich, E, Macaulay, D, Lam, RW (1997). Mania, depression, and mood dependent memory. Cognition and Emotion 11, 607–618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
First, MB, Spitzer, RL, Williams, JBW, Gibbons, M (2004). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. New York: Biometrics Research Department.Google Scholar
Fowler, JC, Perry, JC (2005). Clinical tasks of the dynamic interview. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes 68, 316–336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, JF, Gerstein, RK, Wenze, SJ, Welker, TM, Beck, AT (2008). Dysfunctional attitudes and cognitive schemas in bipolar manic and unipolar depressed outpatients. implications for cognitively based psychotherapeutics. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 196, 207–210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenhouse, WJ, Meyer, B, Johnson, SL (2000). Coping and medication adherence in Bipolar Disorder, Journal of Affective Disorders 59, 237–241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grunze, H, Kasper, S, GoodwinG, Bowden CL, Baldwin D, Licht RW, Vieta E, Möller H-J G, Bowden CL, Baldwin D, Licht RW, Vieta E, Möller H-J (2002). The World Federation of Society of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP). Guidelines for the biological treatment of bipolar disorders. I-III. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 3, 115–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haaga, DAF, Dyck, MJ, Ernst, D (1991). Empirical status of cognitive theory of depression. Psychological Bulletin 110, 215–236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hammen, CL (1978). Depression, distortion, and life stress in college students. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2, 189–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammen, CL, Krantz, S (1976). Effects of success and failure on depressive cognitions. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 85, 577–586.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henriques, G, Leitenberg, H (2002). An experimental analysis of the role of cognitive errors in the development of depressed mood following negative social feedback. Cognitive Therapy and Research 26, 245–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoglend, P, Perry, JC (1998). Defensive functioning predicts improvement in major depressive episodes. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 186, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horvath, AO (1981). An exploratory study of the working alliance: its measurement and relationship to therapy outcome. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of British Columbia, Canada.Google Scholar
Horvath, AO (1994). Empirical validation of Bordin's pantheoretical model of the alliance: The Working Alliance Inventory perspective. In: The Working Alliance: Theory, Research, and Practice (ed. Horvath, A. O. and Greenberg, L. S.), pp. 109–130. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Horvath, AO, Greenberg, LS (1989). The development and validation of the Working Alliance Inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology 36, 223–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jermann, F, Van der Linden, M, Adam, S, Ceschi, G, Perroud, A (2005). Controlled and automatic uses of memory in depressed patients: effects of retention interval lengths. Behaviour Research and Therapy 43, 681–690.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, SL, Carver, CS (2006). Extreme goal setting and vulnerability to mania among undiagnosed young adults. Cognitive Therapy and Research 30, 377–395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, S, Mansell, W, Waller, L (2006). Appraisal of hypomania-relevant experiences: Development of a questionnaire to assess positive self-dispositional appraisals in bipolar and behavioural high risk samples. Journal of Affective Disorders 93, 19–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kearns, NP, Cruickshank, CA, McGuigan, KJ, Riley, SA, Shaw, SP, Snaith, RP (1982). A comparison of depression rating scales. British Journal of Psychiatry 141, 45–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kramer, U (2006). Cognitive errors and coping action patterns: new strategies of conceptualization. Poster presented at the 13th Herbstakademie, Ascona, Switzerland, 5–8 October 2006.Google Scholar
Kramer, U, Drapeau, M (in press). Validation studies of the French Version of the Rating Scales on Coping and Cognitive Errors (CE-CAP) on a non-clinical population [in French]. Annales Médico-Psychologiques.Google Scholar
Kramer, U, Drapeau, M, Khazaal, Y, Bodenmann, G (in press). Coping specificities in bipolar affective disorder: relations with symptoms and therapeutic alliance. German Journal of Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Krantz, S, Hammen, C (1979). Assessment of cognitive bias in depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 88, 611–619.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Labouvie-Vief, G, Hakim-Larson, J, Hobart, CJ (1987). Age, ego level, and the life-span development of coping and defense processes. Psychology and Aging 2, 286–293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lam, DH, Wong, G, Sham, P (2001). Prodromes, coping strategies and course of illness in bipolar affective disorders – a naturalistic study. Psychological Medicine 31, 1397–1402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lam, DH, Wright, K, Smith, N (2004). Dysfunctional attitudes: extreme goal-attainment beliefs in remitted bipolar patients. Journal of Affective Disorders 79, 193–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leahy, RL (2003). Cognitive Therapy Techniques: A Practitioner's Guide. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Lefebvre, MF (1981). Cognitive distortion and cognitive errors in depressed psychiatric and low back pain patients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 49, 517–525.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lemperière, T, Lepine, JP, Rouillon, F, Hardy, P, Ades, J, Luauté, JP, Ferrand, I (1984). Comparison between different assessment instruments of depression in the study of Athymil 30 mg [in French]. Annales Médico-Psychologiques 142, 1206–1212.Google Scholar
Maier, W, Philipp, M (1985). Comparative analysis of observer depression scales. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 72, 239–245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malinckrodt, B, Nelson, ML (1991). Counselor training level and the formation of the psychotherapeutic working alliance. Journal of Counseling Psychology 38, 133–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mansell, W, Jones, SH (2006). The Brief-HAPPI: a questionnaire to assess cognitions that distinguish between individuals with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder and non-clinical controls. Journal of Affective Disorder 93, 29–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mansell, W, Morrison, AP, Reid, G, Lowens, I, Tai, S (2007). The interpretation of, and response to, changes in internal states: An integrative cognitive model of mood swings and bipolar disorders. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 35, 515–539.Google Scholar
Mergenthaler, E, Stigler, M (1997). Transribing rules for psychotherapy research (French adaptation) [in French]. Psychothérapies 17, 97–103.Google Scholar
Montgomery, SA, Asberg, M (1979). A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. British Journal of Psychiatry 134, 382–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newman, CF, Leahy, RL, Beck, AT, Reilly-Harrington, Gyulai L (2001). Bipolar Disorder: A Cognitive Therapy Approach. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Pariente, P, Guelfi, JD (1990). Self-report inventories of adult psychopathology, part 1: multidimensional inventories [in French]. Psychiatrie Psychobiologique 5, 49–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pellet, J, Decrat, M, Lang, F, Chazot, L, Tatu, P, Blanchon, Y, Berlier, JM (1987). Description of a sample of 300 MADRS scales on depressed subjects [in French]. Annales Médico-Psychologiques 145, 170–175.Google Scholar
Perry, JC, Cooper, SH (1989). An empirical study of defense mechanisms I: Clinical Interview and life vignette ratings. Archives of General Psychiatry 46, 444–452.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perry, JC, Drapeau, M, Dunkley, D, Foley, E, Blake, E, Banon, E (2007). Changes in cognitive errors and coping action patterns following 20 sessions of either dynamic psychotherapy or CBT for acute recurrent depression. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Psychotherapy Research. Madison, USA, 2007Google Scholar
Perry, JC, Fowler, JC, Semeniuk, TT (2005). An investigation of tasks and techniques associated with dynamic interview adequacy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 193, 136–139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peterson, C, Seligman, MEP (1984). Causal explanations as a risk factor for depression: theory and evidence. Psychological Review 91, 347–374.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shick Tryon, G, Kane, AS (1993). Relationship of working alliance to mutual and unilateral termination. Journal of Counseling Psychology 40, 33–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tichenor, V, Hill, CE (1989). Alliance. Psychotherapy 26, 195–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tracey, TJ, Kokotovic, AM (1989). Factor structure of the Working Alliance Inventory. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1, 207–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weintraub, M, Segal, RM, Beck, AT (1974). An investigation of cognition and affect in the depressive experiences of normal men. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 42, 911.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weingartner, H, Miller, H, Murphy, DL (1977). Mood-state-dependent retrieval of verbal associations. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 86, 276–284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitty, MT (2003). Coping and defending: age differences in maturity of defence mechanisms and coping strategies. Aging and Mental Health 7, 123–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wirtz, M, Caspar, F (2002). Beurteilerübereinstimmung und Beurteilerreliabilität [Inter-rater Accordance and Inter-rater Reliability]. Göttingen: Hogrefe.Google Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.