Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T07:44:49.119Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Can a control model approach assist case formulation in psychotherapy?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 June 2009

Christopher G. Spratt*
Affiliation:
NHS, Fife, Scotland, UK
Timothy A. Carey
Affiliation:
Centre for Applied Psychology, University of Canberra, ACT, Australia
*
*Author for correspondence: Mr C. G. Spratt, NHS Fife, Locality Mental Health Team, Randolph Lodge, 2 College Street, Buckhaven, Leven, Fife KY8 1JX, UK. (email: [email protected])

Abstract

This paper looks at issues regarding case formulation in psychotherapy. Case formulation is well recognized as being helpful in the conceptualizing of psychological problems and as a useful tool in the practice of cognitive therapy. Control, as opposed to behaviour, is increasingly being seen as that human process most relevant to psychopathology. We look at the diagnosis and treatment of a small number of people, treated in a naturalistic setting, who were selected without any specific criteria other than being people whose problems were treated using the Method of Levels, a form of cognitive therapy based on the principles of Perceptual Control Theory, and who completed both pre- and post-treatment questionnaires. We then consider how the problems these people presented with, and their treatment, might be formulated as a result of taking this approach.

Type
Practice article
Copyright
Copyright © British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Andrews, G, Crino, R,, Hunt C, Lampe, L, Page, A (1994). The Treatment of Anxiety Disorders: Clinician's Guide and Patient Manuals. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
APA (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Appelbaum, SA (1990). The relationship between assessment and psychotherapy. Journal of Personality Assessment 54, 791801.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, AT, Ward, CH, Mendelson, M, Mock, J, Erbaugh, J (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 4, 561571.Google Scholar
Beck, JS (1985). Cognitive Therapy: Basics and Beyond. New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Bohart, AC, Tallman, K (1996). The active client: therapy as self-help. Journal of Humanistic Psychology 36, 730.Google Scholar
BABCP (2007). About CBT. British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies (http:/www.babcp.com/about-cbt/). Accessed 7 February 2009.Google Scholar
Bruch, M (1998). The development of case formulation approaches. In: Beyond Diagnosis: Case Formulation Approaches in CBT (ed. Bruch, M. and Bond, F. W.), pp. 118. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Google Scholar
Carey, TA (2006). Method of Levels: How to Do Psychotherapy without Getting in the Way. Hayward, CA: Living Control Systems Publishing.Google Scholar
Carey, TA (2008 a). Perceptual control theory and the method of levels: further contributions to a transdiagnostic perspective. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy 1, 237255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carey, TA (2008 b). Hold That Thought: Two Steps to Effective Counselling and Psychotherapy with the Method of Levels. St Louis: New View.Google Scholar
Casper, F (1996). Understanding Relationship and Problems: An Introduction to Psychotherapeutic Plan Analysis. Berne: Huber.Google Scholar
Flavell, JH (1976). Metacognitive aspects of problem solving. In: The Nature of Intelligence (ed. Resnick, L. B.), pp.231236. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
DiGiuseppe, R (2005). Anger as a disorder: moving beyond DSM-IV-TR. Address at The New York Academy of Sciences, New York.Google Scholar
Grawe, K (1998). Psychological Therapy. Göttingen: Hogrefe.Google Scholar
Greenberger, D, Padesky, CA (1996). Mind over Mood: Change How You Feel by Changing the Way You Think. New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Harvey, A, Watkins, E, Mansell, W, Shafran, R (2004). Cognitive Behavioural Processes Across Psychological Disorders: A Transdiagnostic Approach to Research and Treatment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higginson, S, Mansell, W (2008). What is the mechanism of psychological change? A qualitative analysis of six individuals who experienced personal change and recovery. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 81, 309328.Google Scholar
Hyer, L (2008). New wine in old bottles: the transdiagnostic model in the case of Geoffrey. Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy 4 (module 3, article 3), 4469.Google Scholar
Jenkins, P, Keter, V, Stone, J (2004). Psychotherapy and the Law. Questions and Answers for Counsellors and Therapists. London: Whurr.Google Scholar
Kuyken, W, Fothergill, CD, Musa, M, Chadwick, P (2005). The reliability and quality of cognitive case formulation. Behaviour Research and Therapy 43, 11871201.Google Scholar
Mace, C (1995). The Art and Science of Assessment in Psychotherapy. London, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Malatesta, VJ (1995). Case formulation enhances treatment effectiveness. Behavior Therapist 18, 201203.Google Scholar
Mansell, W (2005). Control theory and psychopathology: an integrative approach. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 78, 140.Google Scholar
Mansell, W, Harvey, A, Watkins, Shafran R (2009). Conceptual foundations of the transdiagnostic approach. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 6, 619.Google Scholar
Marken, RS (2002). Looking at behavior through control theory glasses. Review of General Psychology 6, 260270.Google Scholar
Mellor-Clark, J, Barkham, M, Connell, J, Evans, C (1999). Practice-based evidence and need for a standardised evaluation system: informing the design of the CORE System. European Journal of Psychotherapy, Counselling and Health 2, 357374.Google Scholar
Morency, L-P, Christoudias, CM, Darrell, T (2006). Recognizing gaze aversion gestures in embodied conversational discourse. ICMI, 2–4 November, Banff, Alberta, Canada.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powers, WT (1992). CT psychology and social organizations. In: Living Control Systems II: Selected Papers of William T. Powers (ed. Powers, W. T.), pp. 91127. New Canaan, CT: Benchmark Publications.Google Scholar
Powers, WT (2005). Behavior: The Control of Perception. New Canaan, CT: Benchmark Publications.Google Scholar
Renner, W, Leibetseder, M (2000). The relationship of personal conflict and clinical symptoms in a high-conflict and a low-conflict subgroup: a correlational study. Psychotherapy Research 10, 321336.Google Scholar
Resick, PA (2001). Stress and Trauma. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Runkel, PJ (2003). People as Living Things: The Psychology of Perceptual Control. Hayward, CA: Living Control Systems Publishing.Google Scholar
Spitzer, RL, Kroenke, K, Williams, JBW (1999). Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ Primary Care Study. Journal of the American Medical Association 282, 17371744.Google Scholar
Wells, A (1997). Cognitive Therapy of Anxiety Disorders: A Practice Manual and Conceptual Guide. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
WHO (1992). International Classification of Diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.