Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T16:39:21.653Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Use of Drugs in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Carole A. Kaplan  and
Sharafat Hussain
Carole A. Kaplan*
Affiliation:
Preston Hospital, North Tyneside
Sharafat Hussain
Affiliation:
Preston Hospital, North Tyneside
*
Dr C. A. Kaplan, Fleming Nuffield Unit for Children and Young People, Burdon Terrace, Jesmond, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 3AE
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

The prescription of psychotropic drugs for children is a sensitive and highly contentious subject which may explain the apparent lack of uniformity and consistency in clinical practice.

Method

This review is based on Medline and manual search of the literature.

Results

More than 1000 relevant references were found, and information has been culled from all these. Fifty particularly relevant articles have been selected for the reference list.

Conclusion

Recent years have seen considerable research in this field, and a clearer picture of the benefits and limitations of drug use in children is emerging.

Clinicians practising in the UK are generally conservative in their prescribing of psychotropic drugs for children. This cautious approach is generally justified by concern about toxic side-effects, the potential effects on growth and development, and the paucity of relevant clinical research.

Type
Review Article
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 166 , Issue 3 , March 1995 , pp. 291 - 298
Copyright
Copyright © 1995 The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ackerman, P. T., Dykman, R. A., Holloway, C. et al (1991) A trial of piracetam in two subgroups of students with dyslexia enrolled in summer tutoring. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24, 542–549.Google Scholar
Adams, S. (1991) Prescribing of psychotropic drugs to children and adolescents. British Medical Journal, 302, 217.Google Scholar
Anderson, L. T., Campbell, M., Adams, P., et al (1989) The effects of haloperidol on discrimination learning and behavioural symptoms in autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 19, 227–239.Google Scholar
Barkley, R. A. (1977) A review of stimulant drug research with hyperactive children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 18, 137–165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biederman, J., Baldessarin, R. J., Wright, V., et al (1989) A double-blind placebo controlled study of desipramine in the treatment of ADD: I. Efficacy. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 777–784.Google Scholar
Birmaher, B., Baker, R., Kapur, S., et al (1992) Clozapine for the treatment of adolescents with schizophrenia. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 160–164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Black, D. (1991) Psychotropic drugs for problem children. British Medical Journal, 302, 190–191.Google Scholar
Bradley, C. (1937) The behaviour of children receiving benzedrine. American Journal of Psychiatry, 94, 577–585.Google Scholar
Bruun, R. D. (1988) Subtle and underrecognized side effects of neuroleptic treatment in children with Tourette's disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 621–624.Google Scholar
Burkard, W. P., Prade, M. D., Keller, H. H., et al (1989) Preclinical pharmacology of moclobamide. A review of published studies. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155 (suppl.), 84–88.Google Scholar
Campbell, M., Small, A. M., Green, W. H., et al (1984) Behavioural efficacy of haloperidol and lithium carbonate: a comparison in hospitalised aggressive children with conduct disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 650–656.Google Scholar
Campbell, M., Adams, P., Perry, R., et al (1988) Tardive withdrawal dyskinesia in autistic children: a prospective study. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 24 (2).Google Scholar
Carlson, A., Rapport, M. D., Pataki, C. S., et al (1992) Lithium in hospitalised children at 4 and 8 weeks: mood, behaviour and cognitive effects. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 411–425.Google Scholar
Como, P. G. & Kurlan, R. (1991) An open-label trial of fluoxetine for obsessive–compulsive disorder in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Neurology, 41, 872–874.Google Scholar
Delong, R. G. & Aldershof, A. L. (1987) Long-term experience with lithium treatment in childhood: correlation with clinical diagnosis. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 389–394.Google Scholar
DeVeaugh-Geiss, J., Moroz, G., Biederman, J., et al (1992) Clomipramine hydrochloride in childhood and adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder – a multicenter trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 45–49.Google Scholar
Dollfus, S., Petit, M., Menard, J. F., et al (1992) Amisulpride versus bromocriptine in infantile autism: a controlled crossover comparative study of two drugs with opposite effects on dopaminergic function. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 22, 47–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duker, P. C., Welles, K., Seys, D., et al (1991) Brief report: Effects of fenfluramine on communication, stereotypies and inappropriate behaviours of autistic-type mentally handicapped individuals. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2, 355–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engblhardt, D. M., Polizos, P., Walzer, J., et al (1973) A double blind comparison of fluphenazine and haloperidol in outpatient schizophrenic children. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 3, 128–137.Google Scholar
Evans, J. H. & Meadow, S. R. (1992) Desmopressin for bed wetting: length of treatment, vasopressin secretion and response. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 67, 184–188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Famularo, R. A., Kinscherff, R. & Fenton, T. (1988) Propranolol treatment for childhood post-traumatic stress disorder, acute type. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 142, 1244–1247.Google Scholar
Fankhauser, M. P., Karumanchi, V. C. & German, M. L. (1992) A double-blind placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of transdermal clonidine in autism. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 53, 77–82.Google ScholarPubMed
Fine, S., Forth, A., Gilbert, M., et al (1991) Group therapy for adolescent depression disorder: a comparison of social skills and therapeutic support. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 30, 79–85.Google Scholar
Goetz, C., Tanner, C. M., Wilson, R.S., et al (1987) Clonidine and Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: double-blind study using objective rating methods. Annals of Neurology, 21, 307–310.Google Scholar
Gordon, C. T., Rapoport, J. L. & Hamburger, S. D. (1992) Differential response of seven subjects with autistic disorder to clomipramine and desipramine. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 363–366.Google Scholar
Gualtieri, C. T. & Evans, R. W. (1988) Motor performance in hyperactive children treated with imipramine. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 66, 763–769.Google Scholar
Harrington, R. (1992) Annotation: The natural history and treatment of child and adolescent affective disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 1287–1302.Google Scholar
Hourihane, J. & Salisbury, A. J. (1993) Use caution in prescribing desmopressin for nocturnal enuresis. British Medical Journal, 306, 1545.Google Scholar
Hunt, R. D., Capper, L., O'Connell, P., et al (1990) Clonidine in child and adolescent psychiatry. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 1, 87–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kennedy, S. H. & Goldbloom, D. S. (1991) Current perspectives on drug therapies for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Drugs, 41, 367–377.Google Scholar
Klein, R. G., Koplewicz, H. S. & Kanner, A. (1992) Imipramine treatment of children with separation anxiety disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 21–28.Google Scholar
Kolvin, I., Barrett, M. L., Bhate, S. R., et al (1991) The Newcastle Child Depression Project: diagnosis and classification of depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 159 (supp. 11), 9–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LeBoyer, M., Bouvard, M. P., Launay, J., et al (1992) Brief report: A double-blind study of naltrexone in infantile autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 22, 309–319.Google Scholar
Leckman, J. F., Hardin, M. T., Riddle, M. A., et al (1991) Clonidine treatment of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 324–328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leonard, H. L., Swedo, S. E., Lenane, M. C., et al (1991) A double-blind desipramine substitution during long term clomipramine treatment in children and adolescents with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 922–927.Google Scholar
Pool, D., Bloom, W., Mielke, D. H., et al (1976) A controlled evaluation of loxitane in seventy-five adolescent schizophrenic patients. Current Therapeutic Research, 19, 99–104.Google Scholar
Popper, C. W. & Elliott, G. R. (1990) Sudden death and tricyclic antidepressants: clinical considerations for children. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 1, 125–132.Google Scholar
Realmuto, G. M., Erickson, W. D., Yellin, A. M., et al (1984) Clinical comparison of thiothixene and thioridazine in schizophrenic adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 440–442.Google Scholar
Ryan, N. D., Puig-Antich, J., Cooper, T., et al (1986) Imipramine in adolescent major depression: plasma level and clinical response. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 73, 275–288.Google Scholar
Safer, D. J. & Krager, J. M. (1988) A survey of medication treatment for hyperactive/inattentive students. Journal of the American Medical Association, 260, 2256–2258.Google Scholar
Schachar, R., Taylor, E., Wieselberg, M., et al (1987) Changes in family function and relationships in children who respond to methylphenidate. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 728–732.Google Scholar
Shapiro, E., Shapiro, A. K., Fulop, G., et al (1989) Controlled study of haloperidol, pimozide and placebo for the treatment of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 722–730.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simeon, J. G., Dinicola, V. F., Ferguson, B. H., et al (1990) Adolescent depression: a placebo-controlled fluoxetine treatment study and follow up. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 14 (5), 791–795.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simeon, J. G., Ferguson, H. B., Knott, V., et al (1992) Clinical, cognitive and neurophysiological effects of alprazolam in children and adolescents with overanxious and avoidant disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 29–33.Google Scholar
Strober, M., Freeman, R., Rigali, J., et al (1992) The pharmacotherapy of depressive illness in adolescence: II. Effects of lithium augmentation in non-responders to imipramine. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 16–20.Google Scholar
Swedo, S. E., Leonard, H. L., Kruesi, M. J., et al (1992) Cerebrospinal fluid neurochemistry in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 29–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, E., Schachar, R., Thorley, G., et al (1987) Which boys respond to stimulant medication? A controlled trial of methylphenidate in boys with disruptive behaviour. Psychological Medicine, 17, 121–143.Google Scholar
Trott, G. E., Friese, H. J., Menzel, M., et al (1992) Use of moclobemide in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 106 (suppl), 134–136.Google Scholar
Vincent, J., Varley, C. K. & Leger, P. (1990) Effects of methylphenidate on early adolescent growth. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 501–502.Google Scholar
Walsh, B. T. & Devlin, M. J. (1992) The pharmacologic treatment of eating disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 15, 149–160.Google Scholar
Wilens, T. E. & Biederman, J. (1992) The stimulants. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 15, 191–222.Google Scholar
Zametkin, A. J. & Rapoport, J. L. (1987) Neurobiology of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: where have we come in 50 years? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 676–686.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.