Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T10:10:54.631Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A Token Economy Ward Programme with Chronic Schizophrenic Patients

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2018

Susan J. Mumford ,
Ian C. Lodge Patch ,
Nirmala Andrews  and
Lesley Wyner
Susan J. Mumford
Affiliation:
Springfield Hospital, S.W.17
Ian C. Lodge Patch
Affiliation:
Springfield Hospital, S.W.17
Nirmala Andrews
Affiliation:
Springfield Hospital, S.W.17
Lesley Wyner
Affiliation:
Springfield Hospital, S.W.17
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The application of techniques of behaviour modification to chronic adult psychiatric in-patients has for the most part been directed towards individual patients, and to specific problems such as hoarding, eating, soiling or speech (Ayllon, 1963; Ayllon and Haughton, 1962, 1964; Ayllon and Michael, 1959; Bachrach et al., 1965; Isaacs et al., 1960; Mertens and Fuller, 1963; Kennedy, 1964; Sherman, 1965). In this country, Baker (1970, 1971) and Kassorla (1968) have reported on the use of operant conditioning in reinstating speech in mute schizophrenics. There have, however, been few British reports relating to groups of patients, for example in wards where nurses have been trained to function as ‘behavioural engineers' (Ayllon and Michael, 1959); whereas Krasner and Attowe (1968) specified no fewer than 200 institutions and individuals in the U.S.A. currently involved in token reinforcement programmes, concerned with disturbed or autistic children, delinquent adolescents and the mentally handicapped; 22 projects involved chronic adult psychiatric in-patients.

Type
Research Article
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 126 , Issue 1 , January 1975 , pp. 60 - 72
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1975 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, D. J. & Magaro, P. A. (1971) Measures of change in token-economy programs. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 9, 311–18.Google Scholar
Attowe, J. M. & Krasner, L. (1968) Preliminary report on the application of contingent reinforcement procedures (token economy) on a ‘chronic’ psychiatric ward. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 73, 37–43.Google Scholar
Ayllon, T. (1963) Intensive treatment of psychotic behaviour by stimulus satiation and food reinforcement. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1, 53–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ayllon, T. & Azrin, N. (1965) The measurement and reinforcement of behavior of psychotics. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 8, 357–83.Google Scholar
Ayllon, T. & Azrin, N. (1968) The Token Economy: A Motivational System for Therapy and Rehabilitation. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
Ayllon, T. & Haughton, E. (1962) Control of the behavior of schizophrenic patients by food. Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 5, 343–52.Google Scholar
Ayllon, T. & Haughton, E. (1964) Modification of symptomatic verbal behaviour of mental patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 2, 87–97.Google Scholar
Ayllon, T. & Michael, J. (1959) The psychiatric nurse as a behavioral engineer. Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2, 323–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bachrach, A. J., Erwin, W. J. & Mohr, J. P. (1965) The control of eating behaviour in an anorexic by operant conditioning techniques. In Case Studies in Behaviour Modification (eds. Ullmann, L. P. & Krasner, L.). New York: Holt Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar
Baker, R. (1970) The use of operant conditioning to reinstate the speech of mute schizophrenics: a progress report. In Behaviour Therapy in the 1970s (eds. Burns, L. E. & Worsley, J. L.). Bristol: John Wright & Sons.Google Scholar
Baker, R. (1971) The use of operant conditioning to reinstate speech in mute schizophrenics. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 9, 329–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ball, T. S. (1969) The establishment and administration of operant conditioning programs in a state hospital for the retarded. California Mental Health Research Symposium, No. 4.Google Scholar
Cohen, R., Florin, I., Grusche, A., Meyer-Osterkamp, S. & Sell, H. (1972) The introduction of a token economy in a psychiatric ward with extremely withdrawn chronic schizophrenics. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 10, 69–74.Google Scholar
Davidson, G. C. (1969) Appraisal of behaviour modification techniques with adults in institutional settings. In Behaviour Therapy: Appraisal and Status (ed. Franks, C. M.). New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Desai, M. M. (1969) The functions of clinical psychologists in relation to treatment. Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 22, 197–9.Google Scholar
Farina, A. Arenberg, D. & Guskin, S. (1957) A scale for measuring minimal social behaviour. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21, 265–8.Google Scholar
Fingleton, E. & McCutchen, M. (1969) Tokens of sanity. New Society, 29 May.Google Scholar
Finn, J. D. (1968) Multivariance $ univariate and multivariate ANOVA covariance and regression. A FORTRAN IV Programme version 4, SONY-B mimeograph. June 1968.Google Scholar
Gericke, O. L. (1965) Practical use of operant conditioning procedures in a mental hospital. Psychiatric Studies and Projects, 3, 2–10.Google Scholar
Gripp, R. F. & Magaro, P. A. (1971) A token economy program evaluation with untreated control ward comparisons. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 9, 137–49.Google Scholar
Hall, J. N. (1973) Ward behaviour modification projects in Great Britain. Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 26, 199–201.Google Scholar
Heap, R. F., Boblttt, W. E., Moore, C. H. & Hord, J. E. (1970) Behaviour-milieu therapy with chronic neuropsychiatric patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 76, 349–54.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, K. & Baker, R. (1972) Schizophrenia revisited: psychiatric change in token economies. Unpublished paper presented at the Second European Conference on Behaviour Modification, Ireland.Google Scholar
Isaacs, W., Thomas, J. & Goldiamond, I. (1960) Application of operant conditioning to reinstate verbal behaviour in psychotic patients. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 25, 8–12.Google Scholar
Jones, H. G. (1970) In Behaviour Therapy in the 1970s (eds. Burns, L. E. & Worsley, J. L.). Bristol: John Wright & Sons Ltd.Google Scholar
Kassorla, I. C. (1968) The modification of verbal behaviour by operant conditioning in chronic schizophrenia: an experimental single-case study. Ph.D. Thesis, University of London.Google Scholar
Kazdin, A. E. & Bootzin, R. R. (1972) The token economy: An evaluative review. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 5, 343–72.Google Scholar
Kennedy, T. (1964) Treatment of chronic schizophrenia by behaviour therapy: Case reports. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 2, 1–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krasner, L. (1968) Assessment of token economy programmes in psychiatric hospitals. In The Role of Learning in Psychotherapy (ed. Porter, R.). London: Churchill.Google Scholar
Krasner, L. & Attowe, J. M. (1968) Token Economy Bibliography. State University of New York.Google Scholar
Lloyd, K. E. & Abel, L. (1970) Performance on a token economy psychiatric ward: A two-year summary. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 8, 1–9.Google Scholar
Lloyd, K. E. & Garlington, W. K. (1968) Weekly variations in performance on a token economy psychiatric ward. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 6, 407–10.Google Scholar
Marks, I. (1971) The future of the psychotherapies. British Journal of Psychiatry, 118, 69–73.Google Scholar
Marks, J., Schalock, R. & Sonoda, B. (1967) Reinforcement versus relationship therapy for schizophrenics. Proceedings of the 75th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, 237–8.Google Scholar
Mertens, G. C. & Fuller, G. B. (1963) Conditioning of molar behaviour in regressed psychotics. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 19, 333–7.Google Scholar
Paul, G. L. (1969) The chronic mental patient: current status—future directions. Psychological Bulletin, 71, 81–94.Google Scholar
Schaefer, H. H. & Martin, P. L. (1969) Behavioural Therapy. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Shean, G. D. & Zeedberg, Z. (1971) Token reinforcement therapy: a comparison of matched groups. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 2, 95–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherman, J. A. (1965) Use of reinforcement and imitation to reinstate verbal behaviour in mute psychotics. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 70, 155–64.Google ScholarPubMed
Wing, J. K. & Brown, G. W. (1970) Institutionalism and Schizophrenia. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Winkler, R. C. (1970) Management of chronic psychiatric patients by a token reinforcement system. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 3, 47–55.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.