Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T08:55:11.289Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Syndromes of Schizophrenia

Classic Literature

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Peter Liddle
Affiliation:
Department of Psychological Medicine, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London W12 0HS
William T. Carpenter
Affiliation:
Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, PO Box 21247, Baltimore, Maryland 21228, USA
Tim Crow
Affiliation:
Division of Psychiatry, Clinical Research Centre, Harrow HA1 3UJ
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Editorials
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1994 

References

Andreasen, N. C. (1982) Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: definition and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 784788.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andreasen, N. C. & Olsen, S. (1982) Negative v. positive schizophrenia: definition and validation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 789794.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andreasen, N. C., Rezai, K., Alliger, R., et al (1992) Hypofrontality in neuroleptic-naive patients and in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Assessment with xenon 133 single-photon emission computed tomography and the Tower of London. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 943958.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bilder, R. M., Mukherjee, S., Rieder, R. O., et al (1985) Symptomatic and neuropsychological components of defect states. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11, 409417.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buchanan, R. W., Kirkpatrick, B., Heinrichs, D. W., et al (1990) Clinical correlates of the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 290294.Google ScholarPubMed
Buchanan, R. W., Breier, A., Kirkpatrick, B., et al (1993) Structural abnormalities in deficit vs. non-deficit schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 5965.Google Scholar
Buchanan, R. W., & Carpenter, W. T. (1994) Domains of psychopathology: an approach to the reduction of heterogeneity in schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 182, 193204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carpenter, W. T., Heinrichs, D. W. & Alphs, L. D. (1985) Treatment of negative symptoms. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11, 440452.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carpenter, W. T., Heinrichs, D. W. & Wagman, A. M. I. (1988) Deficit and non-deficit forms of schizophrenia: the concept. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 578583.Google Scholar
Carpenter, W. T., Buchanan, R. W., Kirkpatrick, B., et al (1993) Strong inference, theory falsification, and the neuroanatomy of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 825831.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crow, T. J. (1980) The molecular pathology of schizophrenia: more than one disease process? British Medical Journal, 280, 6668.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crow, T. J. (1984) A re-evaluation of the viral hypothesis: is psychosis the result of retroviral integration at a site close to the cerebral dominance gene? British Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 243253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crow, T. J. (1985) The two-syndrome concept: origins and current status. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11, 471486.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crow, T. J. (1990) Temporal lobe asymmetries as the key to the etiology of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 16, 433443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crow, T. J. (1991) Origins of psychosis and “The Descent of Man”. British Journal of Psychiatry, 159 (suppl. 14), 7682.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crow, T. J. (1993a) Origins of psychosis and the evolution of human language and communication. In New Generation of Antipsychotic Drugs: Novel Mechanisms of Action (eds Langer, S., Mendlewicz, J. & Racagni, J.), pp. 3961. Basel: Karger.Google Scholar
Crow, T. J. (1993b) Sexual selection, Machiavellian intelligence and the origins of psychosis. Lancet, 342, 594598.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crow, T. J. (1994) The demise of the Kraepelinian binary system as a prelude to genetic advance. In Genetic Approaches to Mental Disorders (eds Gershon, E. S. & Cloninger, R.), pp. 163192. Washington: American Psychiatric Press.Google Scholar
Crow, T. J. & Mitchell, W. S. (1975) Subjective age in chronic schizophrenia: evidence for a sub-group of patients with defective learning capacity? British Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 360363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crow, T. J. & Stevens, M. (1978) Age disorientation in chronic schizophrenia: the nature of the cognitive deficit. British Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 137144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crow, T. J., Owens, D. G. C., Johnstone, E. C., et al (1983) Does tardive dyskinesia exist? Modern Problems of Pharmacopsychiatry, 21, 206219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farde, L., Wiesel, F. A., Halldin, C., et al (1990) D2-dopamine receptor characteristics in neuroleptic-naive patients with schizophrenia: A PET study with [11C] raclopride. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 213219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fenton, W. S. & McGlashan, T. H. (1994) Antecedents, symptom progression, and long-term outcome of the deficit syndrome of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 351356.Google ScholarPubMed
Frith, C. D. (1992) The Cognitive Neuropsychology of Schizophrenia. Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Gur, R. E., Mozley, P. D., Shtasel, D. L., et al (1994) Clinical subtypes of schizophrenia: differences in brain and CSF volume. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 343350.Google ScholarPubMed
Jablensky, A., Sartorius, N., Ernberg, G., et al (1992) Schizophrenia: manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures. A World Health Organization ten country study. Psychological Medicine (suppl. 20), 197.Google ScholarPubMed
Johnstone, E. C., Crow, T. J., Frith, C. D., et al (1976) Cerebral ventricular size and cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia. Lancet, ii, 92A926.Google Scholar
Johnstone, E. C., Crow, T. J., Frith, C. D., et al (1978a) The dementia of dementia praecox. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 57, 305324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnstone, E. C., Crow, T. J., Frith, C. D., et al (1978b) Mechanism of the antipsychotic effect in the treatment of acute schizophrenia. Lancet, ii, 848851.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahn, R. S., Davidson, M., Knott, P., et al (1993) Effect of neuroleptic medication on cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolite concentrations in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 599605.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirkpatrick, B., Buchanan, R. W., McKenney, P. D., et al (1989) The schedule for the deficit syndrome: an instrument for research in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 30, 119123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klimidis, S., Stuart, G. W., Minas, I. H., et al (1993) Positive and negative symptoms in the psychoses: a re-analysis of published SAPS and SANS global ratings. Schizophrenia Research, 9, 1118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kretschmer, E. (1921) Korperbau und Charakter. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Lewis, S. W. (1990) Computerised tomography in schizophrenia 15 years on. British Journal of Psychiatry, 157 (suppl. 9), 1624.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
liddle, P. F. (1984) Chronic Schizophrenic Symptoms, Cognitive Function and Neurological Impairment. Thesis, University of Oxford.Google Scholar
liddle, P. F. (1987) The symptoms of chronic schizophrenia: a reexamination of the positive-negative dichotomy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 145151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
liddle, P. F. & Morris, D. L. (1991) Schizophrenic syndromes and frontal lobe performance. British Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 340345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
liddle, P. F., Friston, K. J., Frith, C. D., et al (1992) Patterns of cerebral blood flow in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 179186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lorr, M., Klett, J. C. & McNair, D. M. (1963) Syndromes of Psychosis. Oxford: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Malla, A. K., Norman, R. M. G., Williamson, P., et al (1993) The three syndrome concept of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 10, 143150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meltzer, H. Y. (1992) Dimensions of outcome with clozapine. British Journal of Psychiatry, 160 (suppl. 17), 4653.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen, F., Cross, A. J., Crow, T. J., et al (1978) Increased dopamine receptor sensitivity in schizophrenia. Lancet, ii, 223225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peralta, V., DeLeon, J. L. & Cuesta, M. J. (1992) Are there more than two syndromes in schizophrenia? A critique of the positive-negative dichotomy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 335343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strauss, J. J., Carpenter, W. T. & Bartko, J. J. (1974) Towards an understanding of the symptom picture considered characteristic of schizophrenia: its description, precursors and outcome. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1, 6169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tamminga, C. A., Thaker, G. K., Buchanan, R., et al (1992) Limbic system abnormalities identified in schizophrenia using positron emission tomography with fluorodeoxyglucose and neocortical alterations with deficit syndrome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 522530.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weinberger, D. R. (1987) Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 660667.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wing, J. & Brown, G. (1970) Institutionalism and Schizophrenia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolkin, A., Sanfilipo, M., Wolf, A. P., et al (1992) Negative symptoms and hypofrontality in chronic schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 959965.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wong, D. F. (1992) PET studies of neuroreceptors in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology, 7, 6972.Google ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.