Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T05:36:52.772Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Symptoms of Psychoses

A Factor–Analytic Study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Toshinori Kitamura ,
Yuji Okazaki ,
Akira Fujinawa ,
Masahiro Yoshino  and
Yomishi Kasahara
Toshinori Kitamura*
Affiliation:
Department of Sociocultural Environmental Research, National Institute of Mental Health
Yuji Okazaki
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki
Akira Fujinawa
Affiliation:
National Institute of Mental Health
Masahiro Yoshino
Affiliation:
Oizumi Hospital
Yomishi Kasahara
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
*
T. Kitamura, Department of Sociocultural Environmental Research, National Institute of Mental Health, 1-7-3 Konodai, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

The literature on the statistical analysis of symptoms of psychoses was limited to positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. The present study explored the relationship between positive and negative symptoms as well as affective symptoms in a wider category of psychotic disorders.

Method

The symptoms of 584 psychiatric patients, consecutively admitted to any of the 95 mental hospitals in Japan, were studied. They manifested at least one of the following: (a) delusions, (b) hallucinations, (c) formal thought disorder, (d) catatonic symptoms, or (e) negative (defect) symptoms.

Results

Factor analysis yielded five factors interpretable as (a) manic symptoms, (b) depressive symptoms, (c) negative (defect) symptoms and formal thought disorders, (d) positive (psychotic) symptoms, and (e) catatonic symptoms.

Conclusion

These results suggest that although major symptoms seen among psychotic patients can be categorised into positive, negative, manic, and depressive groups, corresponding to current knowledge of phenomenology, catatonic symptoms constitute a discrete syndrome, while formal thought disorders merge into the negative syndrome.

Type
Papers
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 166 , Issue 2 , February 1995 , pp. 236 - 240
Copyright
Copyright © 1995 The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn, revised) (DSM–III–R). Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
Andreasen, N. C. (1982) Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: definition and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 784–788.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arndt, S., Alliger, R. J. & Andreasen, N. C. (1991) The distinction of positive and negative symptoms: the failure of a two-dimensional model. British Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 317–322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnes, T. R. E., Curson, D. A., Liddle, P. F., et al (1989) The nature and prevalence of depression in chronic schizophrenic in-patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 486–491.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beigel, A., Murphy, D. L., Bunney, W. E., et al (1971) The manic-state rating scale. Archives of General Psychiatry, 25, 256–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cattell, R. B. (1966) The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1, 245–276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chaturvedi, S. K. & Sarmukaddam, S. B. (1986) Prediction of outcome in depression by negative symptoms. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 74, 183–186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crow, T. J. (1985) The two-syndrome concept: origins and current status. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11, 471–485.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fujinawa, A. (1990) Study on the Construction of Diagnostic Criteria of Psychiatric Disorders. Ichikawa: National Institute of Mental Health (Japan) (in Japanese).Google Scholar
Hamilton, M. (1967) Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 6, 278–296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnstone, E. C., Crow, T. J., Frith, C. D., et al (1988) The Northwick Park “functional” psychosis study: diagnosis and treatment response. Lancet, ii, 119–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitamura, T. (1990) The Japanese clinical modification of the ICD–10. International Conference on Psychiatric Diagnosis '90 Program and Abstracts.Google Scholar
Kitamura, T. & Suga, R. (1991) Depressive and negative symptoms in major psychiatric disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 32, 88–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kulhara, P. & Wig, N. N. (1978) The chronicity of schizophrenia in north-west India: results of a follow-up study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 132, 186–190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liddle, P. F. (1987) The symptoms of chronic schizophrenia. A re-examination of the positive-negative dichotomy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 145–151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liddle, P. F. & Barnes, T. R. E. (1990) Syndromes of chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 558–561.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lund, C. E., Mortimer, A. M., Rogers, D., et al (1991) Motor, volitional and behavioural disorders in schizophrenia. I. Assessment using the modified Rogers scale. British Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 323–327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marneros, A., Deister, A. & Rohde, A. (1991) Stability of diagnosis in affective, schizoaffective and schizophrenic disorders: cross-sectional versus longitudinal diagnosis. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 241, 187–192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKenna, P. J., Lund, C. E., Mortimer, A. M. & Biggins, C. A. (1991) Motor, volitional and behavioural disorders in schizophrenia. II. The ‘conflict of paradigms’ hypothesis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 328–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mortimer, A. M., Lund, C. E. & McKenna, P. J. (1990) The positive: negative dichotomy in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 41–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Overall, J. E. & Gorham, D. R. (1962) The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychological Reports, 10, 799–812.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peralta, V., de Leon, J. & Cuesta, M. J. (1992) Are there more than two syndromes in schizophrenia? A critique of the positive-negative dichotomy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 335–343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pope, H. G. & Lipinski, J. F. (1978) Diagnosis in schizophrenia and manic-depressive illness: a reassessment of the specificity of ‘schizophrenic’ symptoms in the light of current research. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 811–828.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneider, K. (1959) Clinical Psychopathology (trans. Anderson, E. W. & Hamilton, M. W.). New York: Grune & Stratton.Google Scholar
Sims, A. (1988) Symptoms in the Mind: An Introduction to Descriptive Psychopathology. London: Baillière Tindall.Google Scholar
SPSS, Inc. (1986) SPSS User's Guide (2nd edn). Chicago: SPSS, Inc.Google Scholar
Thompson, P. A. & Meltzer, H. Y. (1993) Positive, negative, and disorganization factors from the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia and the Present State Examination: A three-factor solution. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 344–351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trethowan, W. H. (1979) Psychiatry (4th edn). London: Baillière Tindall.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1988) ICD–10: 1988 Draft of Chapter V: Categories F00-F99 Mental, Behavioural and Developmental Disorders. Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
Trethowan, W. H. (1992) The ICD–10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
Zwick, W. R. (1982) Factors influencing four rules for determining the number of components to retain. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 17, 253–269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.