Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T08:47:15.586Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Stress and psychiatric disorder in rural Punjab

A community survey

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 January 2018

David B. Mumford ,
Khalid Saeed ,
Imtiaz Ahmad ,
Shazia Latif  and
Malik H. Mubbashar
David B. Mumford*
Affiliation:
Department of Mental Health, University of Bristol
Khalid Saeed
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan
Imtiaz Ahmad
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan
Shazia Latif
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan
Malik H. Mubbashar
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan
*
David B. Mumford, Department of Mental Health, University of Bristol, 41 St Michael's Hill. Bristol BS2 8DZ. Fax: 0117 925 9709
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in rural Punjab is unknown. Previous studies in rural areas elsewhere in the Indian subcontinent have yielded widely differing estimates.

Method

First-stage screening of a village near Gujar Khan used the Bradford Somatic Inventory and Self Reporting Questionnaire. Psychiatric interviews were conducted with stratified samples using the ICD-10 Diagnostic Criteria for Research.

Results

It is estimated that 66% of women and 25% of men suffered from anxiety and depressive disorders. Levels of emotional distress increased with age in both genders. Women living in unitary households reported more distress than those living in extended or joint families. With younger men and women, lower levels of education were associated with greater risk of psychiatric disorders. Social disadvantage was associated with more emotional distress.

Conclusions

This study in rural Punjab confirms the findings of a previous study in Chitral, northern Pakistan, of high levels of emotional distress and psychiatric morbidity among women in rural areas of Pakistan.

Type
Papers
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 170 , Issue 5 , May 1997 , pp. 473 - 478
Copyright
Copyright © 1997 The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Brown, G.W. & Harris, T. O. (1978) Social Origins of Depression. London: Tavistock.Google ScholarPubMed
Carstairs, G. M. & Kapur, R. L. (1976) The Great Universe of Koto: Stress. Change and Mental Disorder in on Indian Village. London: Hogarth Press.Google Scholar
Cattell, R. B. (1988) The meaning and strategic use of factor analysis. In Handbook of Multivariate Experimental Psychology (2nd edn) (eds J. R. Nesselroade & R. B. Cattell). pp. 131–203. New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Desjarlais, R., Eisenberg, L., Good, , et al (1995) World Mental Health: Problems and Priorities in Low-Income Countries. New fork: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dube, K.C. (1970) A study of prevalence and biosocial variables in mental illness in a rural and an urban community in Uttar Pradesh, India. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 46, 327–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guamaccla, P. J., Good, B. J. & Kleinman, A. (1990) A criticai review of epidemiological studies of Puerto Rican mental health. American Journal of Psychiatry. 147, 1449–1456.Google Scholar
Harding, T. W., De Arango, N.V., Baltazar, J., et al (1980) Mental disorders in primary health care: a study of their frequency and diagnosis in four developing countries. Psychological Medicine. 10, 231–241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kakar, S. (1981) Families and children. In The Inner World: A Psychoanalytic Study of Childhood and Society in India (2nd edn), pp. 113–139. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Klerman, G. L. & Weisman, M. M. (1989) Increasing rates of depression, Journal of the American Medical Association. 261, 2229–2235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lynn, R. (1988) Multivariate analyses of the sociology of intelligence. In Handbook of Multivariate Experimental Psychology (2nd edn) (eds J. R. Nesselroade & R. B. Cattell). pp. 939–960. New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mumford, D. B. & Mirza, M. (1997) Socio-economic Scales for Pakistan, Pakistan Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, in press.Google Scholar
Mumford, D. B. & Mirza, M., Bavington, J.T., Bhatnagar, K. S., et al (1991) The Bradford Somatic Inventory. A multi-ethnic inventory of somatic symptoms reported by anxious and depressed patients in Britain and the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. British Journal of Psychiatry. 158, 379–386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mumford, D. B. & Mirza, M., Bavington, J.T., Bhatnagar, K. S., Nazir, M., Jllani, F. M., et al (1996) Stress and psychiatric disorder in the Hindu Kush: a community survey of mountain villages in Chitral, Pakistan. British journal of Psychiatry. 168, 299–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nandi, D. N., Ajmany, S., Gangull, H., et al (1975) Psychiatric disorders in a rural community in West Bengal. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 17, 87–99.Google Scholar
Orley, J. H. & Wing, J. K. (1979) Psychiatric disorders in two African villages. Archives of General Psychiatry. 36, 513–520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Regier, D. A. & Kaelber, C. T. (1995) The Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Program: Studying the prevalence and incidence of psychopathology. In Textbook in Psychiatric Epidemiology (eds M. T. Tsuang, M. Tohen & G. E. P. Zahner). pp. 135–155. New York: Wiley-Liss.Google Scholar
Sethi, B. B. & Manchanda, R. (1978) Socio-economic, demographic and cultural correlates of psychiatric disorders with special reference to India. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 20, 199–211.Google Scholar
Sethi, B. B. & Manchanda, R. & Sharma, M. (1982) Family factors in psychiatric illness. In Readings in Transcultural Psychiatry (eds A. Kiev & A. Venkoba Rao), pp. 135–147. Madras: Higginbothams.Google Scholar
Sethi, B. B. & Manchanda, R. & Sharma, M. Gupta, S. C. & Kumari, P. (1972) A psychiatric survey of 500 rural families. Indian journal of Psychiatry 14, 183–196.Google Scholar
Thacore, V. R., Gupta, S. C. & Suraiya, M. (1975) Psychiatric morbidity in a North Indian community. British Journal of Psychiatry 126, 364–369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verghese, A. & Beig, A. (1974) Neuroses in Vellore town: an epidemiological study. Indian journal of Psychiatry, 16, 1–8.Google Scholar
Wijesinghe, C. P., Dissanayake, S. A. W. & Dassanayake, P.V.L.N. (1978) Survey of psychiatric morbidity in a semiurban population in Sri Lanka. Acto Psychiatrica Scondmavica. 58, 413–441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization (1993) The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria fix Research. Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.