Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T16:42:32.589Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Some Experiments of Nature with Sex

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2018

Paul E. Polani*
Affiliation:
Paediatric Research Unity Guy's Hospital Medical School, London, SE1 9RT

Extract

Professor Penrose was a human geneticist but above all a human biologist interested in all aspects of man's adaptation and behaviours. However, I need not remind you of the fact that his interests were wider. They were, among others, with the field of biology itself. This interest was one reason why he was particularly delighted with some of the discoveries made on human chromosomes and their anomalies, and he shared very abundantly in the work and in the excitement of these discoveries.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1974 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Angell, R. (1969) Cytogenetic and genetic studies in Turner's syndrome and allied conditions in man. Ph.D. Thesis, University of London.Google Scholar
Angell, R. Giannelli, F. & Polani, P. E. (1970) Three dicentric Y chromosomes. Armais of Human Genetics, 34, 3950.Google Scholar
Armstrong, C. N., Gray, J. E., Race, R. R. & Thompson, R. B. (1957) A case of true hermaphroditism: a further report. British Medical Journal, ii, 605606.Google Scholar
Asdell, S. A. (1944) The genetic sex of intersexual goats and a probable linkage with the gene for hornlessness. Science, 99, 124.Google Scholar
Barlow, P. (1973) The influence of inactive chromosomes on human development. Anomalous sex chromosome complements and the phenotype. Humangenetik, 17, 105–36.Google ScholarPubMed
Barlow, P. W., (1972) Differential cell division in human X mosaics. Humangenetik, 14, 122–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berger, R., Abonyi, D., Nodot, J., Vialatte, J. & Lejeune, J. (1970) (True hermaphrodism and ‘XX boy’ in siblings.) European Journal of Clinical and Biological Research, 15, 330–33. (In French.) Google Scholar
Brook, C. G. D., Wagner, H., Zachmann, M., Prader, A., Armendares, S., Frenk, S., Aleman, P., Najjar, S. S., Slim, M. S., Genton, N. & Bozic, C. (1973) Familial occurrence of persistent Müllerian structures in otherwise normal males. British Medical Journal, i, 771–3.Google Scholar
Bullock, L. P. & Bardin, C. W. (1972) Androgen receptors in testicular feminization. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 35, 935–7.Google Scholar
Caspersson, T., De La Chapelle, A., Lindsten, J., Schröder, J. & Zech, L. (1971) Absence of brightly fluorescent material in XX men. Annales de génétique, 14, 173–6.Google Scholar
Cattanach, B. M. (1961) XXY mice. Genetical Research, 2, 156–8.Google Scholar
Cattanach, B. M. Pollard, C. E. & Hawkes, S. G. (1971) Sexreversed mice: XX and XO males. Cytogenetics, 10, 318–37.Google Scholar
Côté, G. B. (1973) On the origin of 46, XX and 47, XXY males, 46, XY females and the position of the Xg locus. Annals of Human Genetics, 37, 2130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Court Brown, W. M., Buckton, K. E., Jacobs, P. A., Tough, I. M., Kuenssenberg, E. V. & Knox, J. D. E. (1966) Chromosome studies on adults. Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs, xlii. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Eaton, O. N. & Simmons, V. L. (1939) Hermaphrodism in milk goats. Journal of Heredity, 30, 261–6.Google Scholar
Ferguson-Smith, M. A. (1966) X-Y chromosomal interchange in the aetiology of true hermaphroditism and of XX Klinefelter's syndrome. Lancet, ii, 475–6.Google Scholar
Ford, C. E., Jacobs, P. A. & Lajtha, L. G. (1958) Human somatic chromosomes. Nature, 181, 1565–8.Google Scholar
Ford, C. E., Jones, K. W., Polani, P. E., De Almeida, J. C. & Briggs, J. H. (1959) A sex-chromosome anomaly in a case of gonadal dysgenesis (Turner's syndrome). Lancet, i, 711–13.Google Scholar
Fr⊘land, A., Johnsen, S. G., Andresen, P., Dein, E., Sanger, R. & Race, R. R. (1963) Non-disjunction and XXY men. Lancet, ii, 1121–2.Google Scholar
George, K. P. & Polani, P. E. (1970) Y heterochromatin and XX males. Nature, 228, 1215–6 (letter).Google Scholar
Goldstein, J. L. (1973) Disorders of sexual differentiation in man. m: Excerpta Medica. International Congress Series, No. 297 , 4th International Conference on Birth Defects Abstracts. Abstract 15, p. 7 (eds. Motulsky, & Ebling, ). Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Hamerton, J. L., Taylor, A. I., Angell, R. & McGuire, V. M. (1965) Chromosome investigations of a small isolated human population: chromosome abnormalities and distribution of chromosome counts according to age and sex among the population of Tristan da Cunha. Nature, 206, 1232–4.Google Scholar
Hamerton, J. L., Dickson, J., Pollard, C. E., Grieves, S. A. & Short, R. V. (1969) Genetic intersexuality in goats. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, Supplement 7, 2551.Google Scholar
Harnden, D. G. & Armstrong, C. N. (1959) The chromosomes of a true hermaphrodite. British Medical Journal, ii, 1287–8.Google Scholar
Jacobs, P. A. (1969) Structural abnormalities of the sex chromosomes. British Medical Bulletin, 25, 94–8.Google Scholar
Josso, N. (1972a) Evolution of the Müllerian-inhibiting activity of the human testis. Effect of fetal, perinatal and post-natal human testicular tissue on the Müllerian duct of the fetal rat in organ culture. Biologia Neonatorum, 20, 368–79.Google Scholar
Josso, N. (1972b) Permeability of membranes to the Müllerian-inhibiting substance synthesized by the human fetal testis in vitro: A clue to its biochemical nature. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 34, 265–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Josso, N. (1973) Inhibiting activity of the bovine foetal testis on the rat foetal Müllerian duct in vitro. Comparative activity of seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissue. Acta paediatrica Scandinavica, 62, 89. (Abstract of paper presented at the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology meeting in Louvain, 7–10 September, 1972).Google Scholar
Jost, A. (1946/47) Recherches sur la différenciation sexuelle de l'embryon de lapin. (Troisième partie: Rôle des gonades foetales dans la différenciation sexuelle somatique). Archives d'anatomie microscopique et de morphologie expériméntale, 36, 271315.Google Scholar
Jost, A. (1972) (Preliminary data on the initial stages of testicular differentiation in the rat.) Archives d'anatomie microscopique et de morphologie expérimentale, 61, 415–37. (In French.) Google Scholar
Jost, A. Vigier, B., Prépin, J. & Perchellet, J. P. (1973) Studies on sex differentiation in mammals. In: Recent Progress in Hormone Research, 29, 141. (Proceedings of the 1972 Laurentian Hormone Conference, Quebec, 27 August to 1 September, 1972 (ed. Greep). London, New York.) Google Scholar
Kasdan, R., Nankin, H. R., Thoen, P., Wald, N., Pan, S. & Yanaihara, T. (1973) Paternal transmission of maleness in XX human beings. New England Journal of Medicine, 288, 539–45.Google Scholar
Krmpotic, E., Szego, K., Modestas, R. & Molabola, G. B. (1972) Localization of male determining factor on short arm of Y chromosome. Case report of a baby with 46, Xt(Yp+;14q-). Clinical Genetics, 3, 381–7.Google Scholar
De La Chappelle, A. (1972) Analytic review: Nature and origin of males with XX sex chromosomes. American Journal of Human Genetics, 24, 71105.Google Scholar
Lawler, S. D. & Sanger, R. (1970) Xg blood groups and clonal origin theory of chronic myeloid leukaemia. Lancet, i, 584–5.Google Scholar
Lillie, F. R. (1916) The theory of the Free-Martin. Science, 43, 611–13.Google Scholar
Lindsten, J., Fraccaro, M., Polani, P. E., Hamerton, J. L., Sanger, R. & Race, R. R. (1963) Evidence that the Xg blood group genes are on the short arm of the X chromosome. Nature, 197, 648–9.Google Scholar
Lyon, M. (1961) Some action in the X-chromosome of the mouse. Nature, 190, 372–3.Google Scholar
Lyon, M. F. & Hawkes, S. G. (1970) X-linked gene for testicular feminization in the mouse. Nature, 227, 1217–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mittwoch, U. (1973) Genetics of Sex Differentiation. New York and London.Google Scholar
Morris, T. (1968) The XO and OY chromosome constitutions in the mouse. Genetical Research, 12, 125–37.Google Scholar
Nes, H. N., Andersen, K. & Slagsvold, P. (1963) Kromosomundersokelse hos hermafroditte geiter. Medlemsblad for den Norske Veterinaerforening, 7, 155–65.Google Scholar
Ohno, S., Trujillo, J. M., Stenius, C., Christian, L. C. & Teplitz, R. L. (1962) Possible germ cell chimeras among newborn dizygotic twin calves (Bos taurus) . Cytogenetics, 1, 258–65.Google Scholar
Ohno, S., Stenius, C. & Christian, L. (1966) The XO as the normal female of the creeping vole (Microtus Oregani) . In: Chromosomes Today, 1. Proceedings of the 1st Oxford Chromosome Conference, 28–31 July 1964 (eds. Darlington, & Lewis, ), pp. 182–7. Edinburgh and London.Google Scholar
Ohno, S. (1967) Sex chromosomes and sex-linked genes. Monographs on Endocrinology, 1, Berlin, pp. 4673.Google Scholar
Ohno, S. (1969) The problem of the bovine freemartin. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, Supplement 7, 5361.Google Scholar
Ohno, S. Tettenborn, U. & Dofuku, R. (1971) Molecular biology of sex differentiation. Hereditas, 69, 107–24.Google ScholarPubMed
Ohno, S. (1973) Regulatory genetics of sex differentiation. In: Excerpta Medica. International Congress Series, No. 297, 4th International Conference on Birth Defects Abstracts. Abstract 13, p.6 (eds. Motulsky, & Ebling, ). Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Pelleniemi, L. J. & Niemi, M. (1969) Fine structure of the human foetal testis. I. The interstitial tissue. Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und mikroskopische Anatomie, 99, 507–22.Google Scholar
Picon, R. (1967) (Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in the foetal rat testis in vitro) . Archives d'anatomie microscopique et de morphologie expérimentale, 56, 281–90. (In French.) Google Scholar
Polani, P. E., Lessof, M. H. & Bishop, P. M. F. (1956) Colour-blindness in ‘ovarian agenesis’ (Gonadal Dysplasia). Lancet, ii, 118–20.Google Scholar
Polani, P. E., (1962) Sex chromosome anomalies in man. In Chromosomes in Medicine (ed. Hamerton, ). Little Club Clinics in Developmental Medicine, No. 5. London, pp. 73139.Google Scholar
Polani, P. E., (1970a) Hormonal and clinical aspects of hermaphroditism and the testicular feminisation syndrome in man. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences, 259, 187204.Google Scholar
Polani, P. E., Angell, R., Giannelli, F., De La Chappelle, A., Race, R. R. & Sanger, R. (1970b) Evidence that the Xg locus is inactivated in structurally abnormal X chromosomes. Nature, 227, 613–16.Google Scholar
Polani, P. E., (1972) Errors of sex determination and sex chromosome anomalies. In Gender Differences: Their Ontogeny and Significance (eds. Ounsted, & Taylor, ). Chapter 2, pp. 1339. Edinburgh and London.Google Scholar
Ratcliffe, S. G., Stewart, A. L., Melville, M. M., Jacobs, P. A. & Keay, A. J. (1970) Chromosome studies on 3,500 newborn male infants. Lancet, i, 121–2.Google Scholar
Russell, L. B. & Chu, E. H. Y. (1961) An XXY male in the mouse. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 47, 571–5.Google Scholar
Sanger, R., Race, R. R., Tippett, P., Gavin, J., Hardisty, R. M. & Dubowitz, V. (1964) Unexplained inheritance of the Xg groups in two families. Lancet, i, 955–6.Google Scholar
Sanger, , Tippett, P. & Gavin, J. (1971) Xg groups and sex abnormalities in people of Northern European ancestry. Journal of Medical Genetics, 8, 417–26.Google Scholar
Sanger, , Tippett, P. & Gavin, J. (1971) The X-linked blood group system Xg. Tests on unrelated people and families of Northern European ancestry. Journal of Medical Genetics, 8, 427–33.Google ScholarPubMed
Short, R. V. (1969) An introduction to some of the problems of intersexuality. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, Supplement. 7, 2551.Google Scholar
Tandler, J. & Keller, K. (1911) Über das Verhalten des Chorions bei verschiedengeschlechtlicher Zwillingsgravidität des Rindes und über die Morphologie des Genitales der weiblichen Tiere, welche einer solchen Gravidität entstammen. Deutsche tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 19, 148–9.Google Scholar
Welshons, W. J. & Russell, L. B. (1959) The Y-chromosome as the bearer of male determining factors in the mouse. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 45, 560–66.Google Scholar
Westergaard, M. (1958) The mechanism of sex determination in dioecious flowering plants. Advances in Genetics, 9, 217–81.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.