Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T16:26:26.037Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Sleep, Depression and Antidepressants

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2018

Char-Nie Chen
Char-Nie Chen*
Affiliation:
Academic Department of Psychiatry, St George's Hospital Medical School, Blackshaw Road, London SW17 0QT
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Review Article
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 135 , Issue 5 , November 1979 , pp. 385 - 402
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1979 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adam, K. (1977a) Body weight correlates with REM sleep. British Medical Journal, i, 813–4.Google Scholar
Adam, K. (1977b) Brain rhythm that correlates with obesity. British Medical Journal, ii, 234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adamson, L., Hunter, W. M., Ogunremi, O. O., Oswald, I. & Percy-Robb, I. W. (1974) Growth hormone increase during sleep after daytime exercise. Journal of Endocrinology, 62, 473–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Akindele, M. O., Evans, J. I. & Oswald, I. (1970) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, sleep and mood. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 29, 47–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Avery, D. & Winokur, G. (1977) The efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy and antidepressants in depression. Biological Psychiatry, 12, 507–23.Google Scholar
Baekeland, F. (1967) Pentobarbital and dextroamphetamine sulfate: effects on the sleep cycle in man. Psychopharmacologia, 11, 388–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baekeland, F. & Lasky, R. (1966) Exercise and sleep patterns in college athletes. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 23, 1203–7.Google Scholar
Bennett, D. R. (1963) Sleep deprivation and major motor convulsion. Neurology, 13, 953–8.Google Scholar
Bert, J., Saier, J., Tognetti, P. & Toure, M. F. (1977) Effet de la chlorimipramine sur l'activité de pointes <Ponto-Géniculo-Occipitales> (PGO) du babouin Papio hamadryas. Psychopharmacology, 51, 301–4. (PGO) du babouin Papio hamadryas' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Effet+de+la+chlorimipramine+sur+l'activit%C3%A9+de+pointes+%3CPonto-G%C3%A9niculo-Occipitales%3E+(PGO)+du+babouin+Papio+hamadryas&author=Bert+J.&author=Saier+J.&author=Tognetti+P.&author=Toure+M.+F.&publication+year=1977&journal=Psychopharmacology&volume=51>Google Scholar
Brebbia, D. R., Ahshuler, K. Z. & Kline, N. S. (1969) Lithium and the electroencephalogram during sleep. Diseases of the Nervous System, 30, 541–6.Google Scholar
Brodie, B. B., Comer, M. S., Costa, E. & Dlabac, A. (1966) The role of brain serotonin in the mechanism of the central action of reserpine. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 152, 340–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Brodie, B. B., Finger, K. F., Orlans, F. B., Quinn, G. P. & Sulser, F. (1960) Evidence that tranquilising action of reserpine is associated with change in brain serotonin and not in brain norepinephrine. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 129, 250–6.Google Scholar
Brodie, B. B. & Shore, P. A. (1957) A concept for the role of serotonin and norepinephrine as chemical mediators in the brain. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 66, 631–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Browman, C. P. & Tepas, D. I. (1976) The effects of presleep activity on all-night sleep. Psychophysiology, 13, 536–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bunney, W. R. Jr., & Davis, J. M. (1965) Norepinephrine in depressive reactions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 13, 583–94.Google Scholar
Bunney, W. R. Jr., Davis, J. M., Weil-Malherbe, H. & Smith, E. R. B. (1967) Biochemical changes in psychotic depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 16, 448–60.Google Scholar
Cadilhac, J. (1976) Tricyclics and REM sleep. In Narcolepsy (eds. Guilleminault, C., Dement, W. C. and Passouant, P.). Chapter 34, pp. 605–23. New York: Spectrum.Google Scholar
Carney, M. W. P., Roth, M. & Garside, R. F. (1965) The diagnosis of depressive syndromes and the prediction of ECT response. British Journal of Psychiatry, 111, 659–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, C. N., Crisp, A. H., Crutchfield, M. B. & Hartmann, M. K. (1979) Maprotiline and sleep in chronic insomniacs. In Pharmacology of the State of Alertness (eds. Passouant, P. and Oswald, I.). Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Chen, C. N., Harris, P. & Crisp, A. H. (1977) Sleep, mood, appetite and maprotiline. In Depression—The Biochemical and Physiological Role of Ludiomil (ed. Juke, A.). pp. 104–13. Horsham: CIBA Laboratories.Google Scholar
Chernik, D. A., Cockrane, C. & Mendels, J. (1974) Effects of lithium carbonate on sleep. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 10, 133–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chernik, D. A. & Mendels, J. (1974) Longitudinal study of the effects of lithium carbonate on the sleep of hospitalised depressed patients. Biological Psychiatry, 9, 117–23.Google Scholar
Cohen, H. & Dement, W. (1965) Sleep: changes in threshold to electroconvulsive shock in rats after deprivation of paradoxical phase. Science, 150, 1318–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, H. & Dement, W. (1966) Sleep: suppression of rapid eye movement phase in cat after electroconvulsive shock. Science, 154, 396–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, H., Duncan, R. F. & Dement, W. C. (1967) The effect of electroconvulsive shock in cats deprived of REM sleep. Science, 156, 164–48.Google Scholar
Cohen, H., Thomas, J. & Dement, W. C. (1970) Sleep stages, REM deprivation and electroconvulsive threshold in the cat. Brain Reserach, 19, 317–21.Google ScholarPubMed
Cooper, A. J., Moir, A. T. B. & Guldberg, H. C. (1968) The effect of electroconvulsive shock on the cerebral metabolism of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 20, 729–30.Google Scholar
Coppen, A. (1967) The biochemistry of affective disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 113, 1237–64.Google Scholar
Coppen, A., Noguera, R., Bailey, J., Burns, B. H., Swani, M. S., Hare, E. H., Gardner, R. & Maggs, R. (1971) Prophylactic lithium in affective disorders. Lancet, ii, 275–79.Google Scholar
Costello, C. G. & Selby, M. M. (1965) The relationship between sleep patterns and reactive and endogenous depressions. British Journal of Psychiatry, 111, 497–501.Google Scholar
Costello, C. G. & Smith, C. M. (1963) The relationship between personality, sleep and the effects of sedatives. British Journal of Psychiatry, 109, 568–71.Google Scholar
Coulter, J. D., Lester, B. K. & Williams, H. L. (1971) Reserpine and sleep. Psychopharmacologia, 19, 134–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cramer, H. & Kuhlo, W. (1967) Effets des inhibiteurs de la monoaminoxydase sur le sommeil et l'életro-ecnéphalogramme chez l'homme. Acta Neurologica et Psychiatrica Belgica, 67, 658–69.Google Scholar
Cramer, H. & Ohlmeier, D. (1967) Ein Fall von Tranylcypromin und Trifluoperazin (Jatrosom ®), Sucht: Psychopathologische, schlafphysiologische und biochemische Untersuchungen. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 210, 182–97.Google Scholar
Crisp, A. H. & Stonehill, E. (1973) Aspects of the relationship between sleep and nutrition: a study of 375 psychiatric patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 122, 379–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crisp, A. H. & Stonehill, E. (1976) Sleep, Nutrition and Mood. London: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Crisp, A. H., Stonehill, E. & Fenton, G. W. (1971) The relationship between sleep, nutrition and mood: a study of patients with anorexia nervosa. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 47, 207–13.Google Scholar
Crisp, A. H., Stonehill, E., Fenton, G. W. & Fenwick, P. B. C. (1973) Sleep patterns in obese patients during weight reduction. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 22, 159–65.Google Scholar
Curran, D., Partridge, M. & Storey, P. (1972) Psychological Medicine. 7th edition, p. 214. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.Google Scholar
Dahlström, A. & Häggendal, J. (1970) Axonal transport of amine storage granules in sympathetic adrenergic neurons. In Biochemistry of Simple Neuronal Models (eds. Costa, E. and Giacobini, E.). pp. 65–93. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Davis, J. M. (1976) Overview: maintenance therapy in psychiatry. II. Affective disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 1–13.Google ScholarPubMed
Deluca, A. M., Pivik, R. T. & Chorover, S. L. (1977) Electroconvulsive shock: effects on sleep and cortical steady potential in the rat. Physiology and Behaviour, 18, 997–1003.Google Scholar
Dement, W. (1960) The effect of dream deprivation. Science, 131, 1705–7.Google Scholar
Dement, W. (1965) Recent studies on the biolobical role of REM sleep. American Journal of Psychiatry, 122, 404–8.Google Scholar
Dement, W. (1969) The biological role of REM sleep (circa 1968). In Sleep: Physiology and Pathology (ed. Kales, A.). Chapter 19, pp. 245–65. Philadelphia: Lippincott.Google Scholar
Desjardins, J., Healey, T. & Broughton, R. (1974) Early evening exercise and sleep. Sleep Research, 3, 31.Google Scholar
Detre, T. (1966) The depressive group of illness: sleep disorders and psychoses. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal, 11 (Supplement 12), 169–77.Google Scholar
Detre, T., Himmelhoch, J., Swartzburg, M., Anderson, C. M., Byck, R. & Kupfer, D. J. (1972) Hypersomnia and manic-depressive disease. American Journal of Psychiatry, 128, 1303–5.Google Scholar
Dewhurst, W. G. (1968) Cerebral amine functions in health and disease. In Studies in Psychiatry (eds. Shepherd, M. and Davies, D. L.). Chapter 14, pp. 289–317. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Diaz-Guerrero, R., Gottlieb, J. S. & Knott, J. R. (1946) The sleep of patients with manic-depressive psychosis, depressive type. Psychosomatic Medicine, 8, 399–404.Google Scholar
Dunleavy, D. L., Brezinová, V., Oswald, I., MacLean, A. W. & Tinker, M. (1972) Changes during weeks in effects of tricyclic drugs on the human sleeping brain. British Journal of Psychiatry, 120, 663–72.Google Scholar
Dunleavy, D. L. & Oswald, I. (1973) Phenelzine, mood response and sleep. Archives of General Psychiatry, 28, 353–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dürrigl, V., Rogina, V., Stojanović, V., Hajnšnek, F., Gubarev, N. & Jovanovic, U. J. (1973) Sleep of depressed patients under the influence of antidepressive drugs: a study of two substances. In The Nature of Sleep (ed. Jovanović, U. J.). pp. 203–8. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer.Google Scholar
Ebert, M. H., Baldessarini, R. J., Lipinski, J. F. & Berv, K. (1973) Effects of electroconvulsive seizures on amine metabolism in the rat brain. Archives of General Psychiatry, 29, 397–401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feinberg, I. (1969) Sleep in organic brain conditions. In Sleep: Physiology and Pathology (ed. Kales, A.). pp. 131–47. Philadelphia: Lippincott.Google Scholar
Feinberg, I., Braun, M., Koresko, R. L. & Gottleib, F. (1969) Stage 4 sleep in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 21, 262–6.Google Scholar
Feinberg, I. & Carlson, V. R. (1968) Sleep variables as a function of age in man. Archives of General Psychiatry, 18, 239–50.Google Scholar
Feinberg, I., Koresko, R. L. & Heller, N. (1967) EEG sleep patterns as a function of normal and pathological ageing in man. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 5, 107–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feinberg, I., Koresko, R. L., Heller, N. & Steinberg, H. R. (1965) Unusually high dream time in a hallucinating patient. American Journal of Psychiatry, 121, 1018–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghodse, K., Turner, P. & Coppen, A. (1975) Intravenous tyramine pressor response in depression. Lancet, ii, 1317–18.Google Scholar
Gianelli, A., Penati, G., Pietropolli-Charmet, G. (1968) Some considerations on the psychiatric aspects of insomnia. In The Abnormalities of Sleep in Man (eds. Gastaut, H., Lugaresi, E., Ceroni, G. B. and Coccogna, G.). pp. 127–34. Bologna: Aulo Gaggi Editore.Google Scholar
Gillin, J. C., van Kammen, D. P., Graves, J. & Murphy, D. (1975) Differential effects of D- and L-amphetamine on the sleep of depressed patients. Life Science, 17, 1233–40.Google ScholarPubMed
Gillin, J. C., Mendelson, W. B., Sitaram, N. & Wyatt, R. J. (1978) The neuropharmacology of sleep and wakefulness. Annaul Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 18, 563–79.Google ScholarPubMed
Gillin, J. C. & Wyatt, R. J. (1975) Schizophrenia: perchance a dream. International Review of Neurobiology, 17, 298–342.Google Scholar
Glowinski, J. & Axelrod, J. (1964) Inhibition of uptake of tritiated-noradrenaline in the intact rat brain by imipramine and structurally related compounds. Nature, 204, 1318–19.Google Scholar
Glowinski, J., Iversen, L. L. & Axelrod, J. (1966) Storage and synthesis of norepinephrine in the reserpine-treated rat brain. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 151, 385–99.Google ScholarPubMed
Goodwin, F. K. & Post, R. M. (1975) Studies of amine metabolites in affective illness and in schizophrenia: a comparative analysis. In The Biology of the Major Psychoses (ed. Freedman, D. X.). Res. Publ. Asso. Res. Nerv. Ment. Dis., Volume 54, pp. 299–332. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Goodwin, F. K. & Post, R. M. (1978) Spinal fluid amine metabolites following electroconvulsive therapy. Paper presented at the 11th Collegium Internationale Neuro-Psycho-pharmacologium Congress, Vienna, July 1978.Google Scholar
Grahame-Smith, D. G., Green, A. R. & Costain, D. W. (1978) Mechanism of the antidepressant action of electroconvulsive therapy. Lancet, i, 254–7.Google Scholar
Green, W. J. & Stajduhar, P. P. (1966) The effect of ECT on the sleep-dream cycle in a psychotic depression. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 143, 123–34.Google Scholar
Gresham, S. C., Agnew, H. W. & Williams, R. L. (1965) The sleep of depressed patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 13, 503–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gresham, S. C., Webb, W. B. & Williams, R. L. (1963) Alcohol and caffeine: effect on inferred visual dreaming. Science, 140, 1226–7.Google Scholar
Griffin, S. J. & Trinder, J. (1978) Physical fitness, exercise, and human sleep. Psychophysiology, 15, 447–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Häggendal, J. (1970) Some further aspects on the release of the adrenergic transmitter. In New Aspects of Storage and Release Mechanisms of Catecholamines (eds. Schumannand, H. J. and Kroneberg, G.). Bayer Symposium II, pp. 100–109. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Häggendal, J. & Dahlström, A. (1969) The transport and life span of amine storage granules in bulbospinal noradrenaline neurons of the rat. Jorunal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 21, 55–7.Google Scholar
Hajnšnek, F., Dogan, S., Gubarev, N., Dürrigl, V., Stojanović, V. & Jovanović, U. J. (1973) Some characteristics of sleep in depressed patients—a polygraphic study. In The Nature of Sleep (ed. Jovanović, U. J.). pp. 197–202. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer.Google Scholar
Hartmann, E. (1966) Reserpine: its effect on the sleep-dream cycle in man. Psychopharmacologia, 9, 242–7.Google Scholar
Hartmann, E. (1968a) Longitudinal studies of sleep and dream patterns in manic-depressive patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 19, 312–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartmann, E. (1968b) Amitriptyline and imipramine: effects on human sleep. Psychophysiology, 5, 207.Google Scholar
Hartmann, E. (1968c) The effects of four drugs on sleep in man. Psychopharmacologia, 12, 346–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hartmann, E. (1968d) On the pahrmacology of dreaming sleep (the D state). Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 146, 165–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartmann, E. (1969) Antidepressants and sleep—clinical and theoretical implications. In Sleep: Physiology and Pathology (ed. Kales, A.). Chapter 23, pp. 308–15. Philadelphia: Lippincott.Google Scholar
Hartmann, E. (1973) The Function of Sleep. pp. 53–70. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Hartmann, E., Baekeland, F. & Zwilling, G. R. (1972) Psychological differences between long and short sleepers. Archives of General Psychiatry, 26, 463–8.Google Scholar
Hartmann, E., Baekeland, F., Zwilling, G. R. & Hoy, P. (1971) Sleep need: how much sleep and what kind? American Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 1001–8.Google Scholar
Hartmann, E. & Cravens, J. (1973a) The effects of long-term administration of psychotic drugs on human sleep. II. The effects of reserpine. Psychopharmacologia, 33, 169–84.Google Scholar
Hartmann, E. & Cravens, J. (1973b) The effects of long-term administration of psychotropic drugs on human sleep. III. The effects of amitriptyline. Psychopharmacologia, 33, 185–202.Google Scholar
Hartmann, E., Marcus, J. & Leinoff, T. (1968) The sleep-dream cycle and convulsion threshold. Psychonomic Science, 13, 141–2.Google Scholar
Hauri, P. (1968) Effects of evening activity on early night sleep. Psychophysiology, 4, 267–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hauri, P. & Hawkins, D. R. (1973) Individual differences in the sleep of depression. In The Nature of Sleep (ed. Jovanović, U. J.). pp. 193–7. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer.Google Scholar
Hawkins, D. R. & Mendels, J. (1966) Sleep distnrbance in depressive syndromes, American Journal of Psychiatry, 123, 682–90.Google Scholar
Hawkins, D. R., Mendels, J., Scott, J., Bensch, G. & Teachey, W. (1967) The psychophysiology of sleep in psychotic depression: a longitudinal study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 24, 329–44.Google Scholar
Héry, F., Pujol, J-F., Lopez, M., Macon, J. & Glowinski, J. (1970) Increased synthesis and utilization of serotonin in the central nervous system of the rat during paradoxical sleep deprivation. Brain Research, 21, 391–403.Google Scholar
Hinsley, R. K., Norton, J. A. & Aprison, M. H. (1968) Serotonin, norepinephrine and 3, 4-dihydroxy-phenylethylamine in rat brain parts following electroconvulsive shock. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 6, 143–52.Google Scholar
Hinton, J. M. (1963) Patterns of insomnia in depressive states. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 26, 184–9.Google Scholar
Hishikawa, C., Nakai, K., Ida, H. & Kaneko, Z. (1965) The effect of imipramine, desmethylimipramine and chlorpromazine on the sleep-wakefulness cycle of the cat. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 19, 518–21.Google Scholar
Hobson, J. A. (1968) Sleep after exercise. Science, 162, 1503–5.Google Scholar
Hoffman, J. S. & Domino, E. F. (1969) Comparative effects of reserpine on the sleep cycle of man and cat. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 170, 190–8.Google Scholar
Johns, M. W., Bruce, D. W. & Masterton, J. P. (1974) Psychological correlates of sleep habits reported by healthy young adults. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 47, 181–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, H. S. & Oswald, I. (1968) Two cases of healthy insomnia. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 24, 378–80.Google Scholar
Jouvet, M. (1965) Paradoxical sleep—a study of its nature and mechanisms. Progress in Brain Research, 18, 20–57.Google Scholar
Jouvet, M. (1972) The role of monoamines and acetylcholine-containing neurons in the regulation of the sleep-waking cycle. Ergebnisse der Physiologie, 64, 166–307.Google Scholar
Jovanović, U. J. (1977) The sleep profile in manic-depressive patients in the depressive phase. Waking and Sleeping, 1, 199–210.Google Scholar
Jovanović, U. J., Brocker, E., Dürrigl, V., Hajnšnek, F., Kirst, D., Rogina, V., Ronik, J., Stojanović, V. & Tan-Eli, B. (1972) The effect of maprotiline (Ludiomil) on the waking state and on the sleep patterns in normal subjects and in patients suffering from depression. In Depressive Illness: Diagnosis, Assessment, Treatment (ed. Kielholz, P.). pp. 180–94. Bern: Hans Huber.Google Scholar
Kaebling, R., Koski, E. G. & Hartwig, C. D. (1968) Reduction of rapid eye movement sleep after electroconvulsive treatment. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 6, 153–7.Google Scholar
Karacan, I., Blackburn, A. B., Thornby, J. I., Okawa, M., Salis, P. J. & Williams, R. L. (1975) The effect of doxepin HC1 (Sinequan) on sleep patterns and clinical symptomatology of neurotic depressed patients with sleep disturbance. In Sinequan—A Monograph of Recent Clinical Studies, pp. 4–22. Excerpta Medica.Google Scholar
Karacan, I., Rosenbloom, A. L., Londono, J. H., Salis, P. J., Thornby, J. I. & Williams, R. L. (1973) Effect of acute fasting on sleep and sleep-growth hormone response. Psychosomatics, 14, 33–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kety, S. S., Javoy, F., Thierry, A. M., Julou, L. & Glowinski, J. (1967) A sustained effect of electroconvulsive shock on the turnover of norepinephrine in central nervous system of the rat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, Washington, D.C., 58, 1249–54.Google Scholar
Khazan, N. & Sulman, F. G. (1966) Effect of imipramine on paradoxical sleep in animals with reference to dreaming and enuresis. Psychopharmacologia, 10, 89–95.Google Scholar
Khazan, N. & Sawyer, C. H. (1964) Mechanism of paradoxical sleep as revealed by neurophysiological and pharmacological approaches in the rabbit. Psychopharmacologia, 5, 457–66.Google Scholar
Kiloh, L. G. & Garside, R. F. (1963) The independence of neurotic depression and endogenous depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 109, 451–63.Google Scholar
Kramer, M., Roehrs, T. & Roth, T. (1976) Mood change and the physiology of sleep. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 17, 161–5.Google Scholar
Kupfer, D. J. (1976) REM latency: a psychobiologic marker for primary depressive disease. Biological Psychiatry, 11, 159–74.Google ScholarPubMed
Kupfer, D. J. & Bowers, M. B. (1972) REM sleep and central monoamine oxidase inhibition. Psychopharmacologia, 27, 183–90.Google Scholar
Kupfer, D. J. & Foster, F. G. (1972) Interval between onset of sleep and rapid eye movement sleep as an indicator of depression. Lancet, ii, 684–6.Google Scholar
Kupfer, D. J. & Foster, F. G. (1975) The sleep of psychotic patients: does it all look alike? In The Biology of the Major Psychoses: A Comparative Analysis (ed. Freedman, D. X.). Res. Publ. Assoc. Res. Nerv. Ment. Dis., Volume 54, pp. 143–64. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Kupfer, D. J. & Foster, F. G., Coble, P. A., McPartland, R. J. & Ulrich, R. F. (1978a) The application of EEG sleep for the differential diagnosis of affective disease. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 69–74.Google Scholar
Kupfer, D. J., Foster, F. G., Reich, L., Thompson, K. S., & Webs, B. (1976) EEG sleep changes as predictors in depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 622–6.Google ScholarPubMed
Kupfer, D. J., Himmelhoch, J., Swartzburg, M., Anderson, C., Byck, R. & Detre, T. P. (1972) Hypersomnia in manic-depressive disease. Diseases of the Nervous System, 33, 720–4.Google ScholarPubMed
Kupfer, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Webs, B. L. & Foster, F. G. (1974) Lithium carbonate and sleep in affective disorders: further considerations. Archives of General Psychiatry, 30, 79–84.Google Scholar
Kupfer, D. J., Spiker, D. G., Coble, P. A. & Shaw, D. H. (1978b) Electroencephalographic sleep recordings and depression in the elderly. Journal of American Geriatric Society, 26, 53–7.Google Scholar
Kupfer, D. J., Wyatt, R. J., Greenspan, K., Scott, J. & Snyder, , (1970) Lithium carbonate and sleep in affective illness. Archives of General Psychiatry, 23, 35–40.Google Scholar
Lacey, J. H., Crisp, A. H., Crutchfield, M., Hawkins, C. & Hartmann, M. (1977) Clomipramine and sleep: a preliminary communication. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 53, Supplement 4, 40–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Lacey, J. H., Crisp, A. H., Kalucy, R. S., Hartmann, M. K. & Chen, C. N. (1975) Weight gain and the sleeping electroencephalogram: study of 10 patients with anorexia nervosa. British Medical Journal, iv, 556–8.Google Scholar
Lange, H., Burr, W. & Von Aswege, J. (1976) Sleep-stage shifts in depressive illness. Biological Psychiatry, 11, 239–43.Google Scholar
Larsen, J. K., Lindberg, M. L. & Skovgaard, B. (1976) Sleep deprivation as treatment for endogenous depression. Acta Psychiatric a Scandinavia, 54, 167–73.Google Scholar
Le Gassicke, J., Ashcroft, G. W., Eccleston, D., Evans, J. I., Oswald, I. & Ritson, E. B. (1965) The clinical state, sleep, and amine metabolism of a tranylcypromine (Parnate) addict. British Journal of Psychiatry, 111, 357–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leading Article (1975) Depression and curtailment of sleep. British Medical Journal, iv, 543.Google Scholar
Lemieux, L., Davingnon, A. & Genest, J. (1965) Depressive states during Rauwolfia therapy for arterial hypertension: report of 30 cases. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 74, 522–6.Google Scholar
Leonard, B. E. (1975) Neurochemical and neuropharmacological aspects of depression. International Review of Neurobiology, 18, 357–87.Google Scholar
Lester, B. K., Burch, N. R. & Dossett, R. C. (1967) Nocturnal EEG-GSR profiles: the influence of presleep states. Psychophysiology, 3, 238–48.Google Scholar
Lewis, S. A. & Oswald, I. (1969) Overdose of tricyclic antidepressants and deductions concerning their cerebral action. British Journal of Psychiatry, 115, 1403–10.Google Scholar
Lingjaerde, O. (1963) Tetrabenazine (Nitoman) in the treatment of psychoses. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia, 39, Supplement 170, 1–109.Google Scholar
Loosen, P. T., Merkel, U. & Amerlung, U. (1976) Clomipramine and sleep deprivation in endogenous depression. Lancet, ii, 156.Google Scholar
Lowy, F. H., Cleghorn, J. M. & McClure, D. S. (1971) Sleep patterns in depression. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 153, 10–26.Google Scholar
MacFadyen, U. M., Oswald, I. & Lewis, S. A. (1973) Starvation and human slow-wave sleep. Journal of Applied Physiology, 35, 391–4.Google Scholar
McGhie, A. (1966) The subjective assessment of sleep patterns in psychiatric illness. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 39, 221–30.Google Scholar
McGhie, A. & Russell, S. M. (1962) The subjective assessment of normal sleep patterns. Journal of Mental Science, 108, 642–54.Google Scholar
Maloletnev, V. I. & Telia, Z. A. (1975) The influence of exercise on the night sleep in man. Bulletin of the Academy of Science, Georgian S.S.R., 77, 449–52.Google Scholar
Marks, J., Heiner, L., Mandel, P. & Godin, Y. (1959) Norepinephrine turnover in brain and stress reactions in rats during paradoxical sleep deprivation. Life Science, 8, 1085–93.Google Scholar
Matsumoto, J., Nishisho, T., Suto, T., Sadahiro, T. & Miyoshi, M. (1968) Influence of fatigue on sleep. Nature, 218, 177–8.Google Scholar
Mattson, R. H., Pratt, K. L. & Calverley, J. R. (1965) Electroencephalograms of epileptics following sleep deprivation. Archives of Neurology, 13, 310–15.Google Scholar
Medical Research Council Brain Metabolism Unit (1972) Modified amine hypothesis for the aetiology of affective illness. Lancet, ii, 573–7.Google Scholar
Medical Research Council Clinical Psychiatry Committee (1965) Clinical trial of the treatment of depressive illness. British Medical Journal, i, 881–6.Google Scholar
Mendels, J. (1965) Electroconvulsive therapy and depression. I. The prognostic significance of clinical factors. British Journal of Psychiatry, 111, 675–81.Google Scholar
Mendels, J. & Chernik, D. A. (1973) The effect of lithium carbonate on the sleep of depressed patients. International Pharmacopsychiatry, 8, 184–92.Google Scholar
Mendels, J. & Hawkins, D. R. (1967) Sleep and depression. A controlled EEG study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 16, 344–54.Google Scholar
Mendels, J. & Hawkins, D. R. (1968) Sleep and depression. Further considerations. Archives of General Psychiatry, 19, 445–52.Google Scholar
Mendels, J. & Hawkins, D. R. (1971) Sleep and depression. Longitudinal studies. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 153, 251–72.Google Scholar
Mendelson, W. B., Gillin, J. C. & Wyatt, R. J. (1977) Human Sleep and Its Disorders. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Michaelis, R. & Hoffmann, E. (1973) Phenomenology and etiopathogenesis of hypersomnia in endogenous phasic depressions. In The Nature of Sleep (ed. Jovanović, U. J.). pp. 190–3. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer.Google Scholar
Monroe, L. J. (1967) Psychological and physiological differences between good and poor sleepers. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 72, 255–64.Google Scholar
Morris, J. B. & Beck, A. T. (1974) The efficacy of antidepressant drugs. A review of research (1958–1972). Archives of General Psychiatry, 30, 667–4.Google Scholar
Moruzzi, G. (1972) The sleep-waking cycle. Ergebnisse der Physiologie, 64, 1–165.Google ScholarPubMed
Nakazawa, Y., Kotorii, T., Kotorii, M., Hosikawa, S. & Onshima, M. (1975) Effects of amitriptyline on human REM sleep as evaluated by using partial differential REM sleep deprivation (PDRD). Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 38, 513–20.Google Scholar
Oswald, I. (1967) Slow neurophysiological swings. Annals of New York Academy of Sciences, 138, 616–22.Google Scholar
Oswald, I., Berger, R. J., Jaramillo, R. A., Keddie, K. M. G., Olley, P. C. & Plunkett, G. B. (1963) Melancholia and barbiturates: a controlled EEG, body and eye movement study of sleep. British Journal of Psychiatry, 109, 66–78.Google Scholar
Oswald, I., Břnezinová, V. & Dunleavy, D. L. F. (1972) On the slowness of action of tricyclic antidepressant drugs. British Journal of Psychiatry, 120, 673–7.Google Scholar
Oswald, I. & Priest, R. G. (1965) Five weeks to escape the sleeping pill habit. British Medical Journal, ii, 1093–5.Google Scholar
Oswald, I. & Thacore, V. R. (1963) Amphetamine and phenmetrazine addiction: physiological abnormalities in the abstinence syndrome. British Medical Journal, iii, 427–31.Google Scholar
Owen, M. & Bliss, E. L. (1970) Sleep loss and cortical excitability. Americal Journal of Physiology, 218, 171–3.Google Scholar
Pare, C. M. B. (1968) Recent advances in the treatment of depression. In Recent Developments in Affective Disorders. A Symposium (eds. Coppen, A. and Walk, A.). British Journal of Psychiatry Special Publication No. 2, pp. 137–50. London: Royal Medico-Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Passouant, P., Cadilhac, J. & Billiard, M. (1975) Withdrawal of the paradoxical sleep by the clomipramine, electrophysiological, histochemical and biochemical study. International Journal of Neurology, 10, 186–97.Google Scholar
Passouant, P., Cadilhac, J., Billiard, M. & Basset, A. (1975) La suppression du sommeil paradoxal par la clomipramine. Thérapie, 28, 379–92.Google Scholar
Paykel, E. (1972) Depression and appetite. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 21, 401–7.Google Scholar
Pflug, B. (1972) Uber den Schlafentzug in der ambulanten Therapie endogener Depression. Nervenarzt, 43, 614–22.Google Scholar
Pflug, B. & Tölle, R. (1971) Therapie endogener Depression-en durch Schlafentzug. Praktische und theoretische Konsequenzen. Nervenarzt, 42, 117–24.Google Scholar
Phillips, F., Chen, C. N., Crisp, A. H., Koval, J., McGuinness, B., Kalucy, R. S., Kalucy, E. C. & Lacey, J. H. (1975) Isocaloric diet changes and electroencephalographic sleep. Lancet, ii, 723–5.Google Scholar
Pirch, J. H., Rech, R. H. & Moore, K. E. (1967) Depression and recovery of the electro-corticogram, behaviour and brain amines in the rats treated with reserpine. International Journal of Neuropharmacology, 6, 375–66.Google Scholar
Polc, P., Haefely, W. & Schneeberger, J. (1977) Effects of tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants on the sleep-wakefulness cycle of cats. In Sleep, 1976 (eds. Koella, W. P. and Levin, P.). Proceedings of the Third European Congress on Sleep Research, Montpellier, 1976, pp. 380–2. Basel: Karger.Google Scholar
Pratt, K. L., Mattson, R. H., Weikers, N. J. & Williams, S. R. (1968) EEG activation of epileptics following sleep deprivation: a prospective study of 114 cases. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 24, 11–15.Google Scholar
Puca, F. M., Livrea, P., Genco, S., Specchio, L. M., Bandiera, L., Di Reda, L. & Papagno, G. (1977) REM sleep and total sleep deprivations in humans. In Sleep, 1976 (eds. Koella, W. P. and Levin, P.). Proceedings of the Third European Congress on Sleep Research, Montpellier, 1976, pp. 409–12. Basel: Karger.Google Scholar
Pujol, J. F., Mouret, J., Jouvet, M. & Glowinski, J. (1968) Increased turnover of cerebral norepinephrine during rebound of paradoxical sleep in the rat. Science, 159, 112–14.Google Scholar
Rechtschaffen, A. & Kales, A. (1968) A Manual of Standardized Terminology, Techniques and Scoring System for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects. Public Health Services, NIH Publication No. 204. Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Rechtschaffen, A. & Maron, L. (1964) The effect of amphetamine on the sleep cycle. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 16, 438–45.Google Scholar
Reite, M. L., Pegram, G. V., Stephens, L. M., Bixler, E. C. & Lewis, O. L. (1969) The effect of reserpine and monoamine oxidase inhibitors on paradoxical sleep in the monkey. Psychopharmacologia, 14, 12–17.Google Scholar
Ritvo, E. R., Ornitz, E. M., La Franchi, S. C. & Walter, R. D. (1967) Effects of imipramine on the sleep dream cycle. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 22, 465–8.Google Scholar
Roffwarg, H., Muzio, J. & Dement, W. (1966) Ontogenetic development of human sleep-dream cycle. Science, 152, 604–18.Google Scholar
Roth, T., Kramer, M. & Roehrs, T. (1976) Mood before and after sleep. Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa, 1, 123–7.Google Scholar
Roy, A. & Bhanji, S. (1976) Sleep deprivation treatment in depression: a review. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 52, 50–2.Google Scholar
Royal College of Psychiatrists (1977) Memorandum on the use of electroconvulsive therapy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 261–72.Google Scholar
Sargant, W., Slater, E. & Kelly, D. (1972) An Introduction to Physical Methods of Treatment in Psychiatry. 5th edition, pp. 54–7. Edinburgh: Livingstone.Google Scholar
Schilkraut, J. J. (1965) The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: a review of supporting evidence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 122, 509–22.Google Scholar
Schilkraut, J. J. (1975) Depressions and biogenic amines. In American Handbook of Psychiatry (eds. Hamburg, D. A. and Brodie, K. H.). Volume 6. 2nd edition, Chapter 21, pp. 460–87. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Schulte, W. (1969) Klinische Erfahrungen über das Herausgeraten aus der melancholischen Phase. In Das Depressive Syndrom (eds. Hippins, H. and Selbach, H.). pp. 541–20. München: Urban Schwareznberg.Google Scholar
Schulte, W. (1971) Zum Problem der Provokation und Kupierung von melancholischen Phasen. Schweiz. Arch. für Neurol., Neurochir et Psychiat., 109, 427–35.Google Scholar
Schultz, J. (1976) Psychoactive drug effects on a system which generates cyclic AMP in brain. Nature, 261, 417–18.Google Scholar
Segal, D. S., Kuczenski, R. & Mandell, A. J. (1974) Theoretical implications of drug induced adaptive regulation for a biogenic amine hypothesis of affective disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 9, 147–59.Google Scholar
Shapiro, C. M., Griesel, R. D., Bartel, P. R. & Jooste, P. L. (1975) Sleep patterns after graded exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 39, 187–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, D. (1977) The practical management of affective disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 432–51.Google Scholar
Shirakura, K. (1973) Effects of isocarboxide on sleep. Folia Psychiatrica et Neurologica Japonica, 27, 117–42.Google Scholar
Slater, E. & Roth, M. (1969) Clinical Psychiatry. Third edition. p. 210 and p. 421. London: Baillière, Tindall and Cassell.Google Scholar
Snyder, F. (1972) NIH studies of EEG sleep in affective illness. In Recent Advances In The Psychobiology of The Depressive Illnesses (eds. Williams, T., Katz, M. and Shields, J.). pp. 171–92. Washington, D.C.: DHEW, USA.Google Scholar
Spector, S., Prockop, D., Shore, P. A. & Brodie, B. B. (1958) Effect of iproniazid on brain levels of norepinephrine and serotonin. Science, 127, 704.Google Scholar
Stern, W. C., Miller, F. P., Cox, R. H. & Maickel, R. P. (1971) Brain norepinephrine and serotonin levels following REM sleep deprivation in the rat. Psychopharmacologia, 22, 50–5.Google Scholar
Stonehill, E., Crisp, A. H. & Koval, J. (1976) The relationship of reported sleep characteristics to psychiatric diagnosis and mood. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 49, 381–91.Google Scholar
Sulser, F., Vetulani, J. & Mobley, P. L. (1978) Mode of action of antidepresasnt drugs. Biochemical Pharmacology, 27, 257–61.Google Scholar
Svendsen, K. (1976) Sleep deprivation therapy in depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia, 54, 184–92.Google Scholar
Taub, J. M. & Berger, R. J. (1973) Sleep stage patterns associated with acute shifts in the sleep-wakefulness cycle. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 35, 613–19.Google Scholar
Tissot, R. (1965) The effects of certain drugs on the sleep cycle in man. In Progress in Brain Research (eds. Akert, K., Bally, C. and Schade, J. P.). Volume 18, pp. 175–7. New York: American Elsevier.Google Scholar
Toyoda, J. (1964) The effects of chlorpromazine and imipramine on the human nocturnal sleep eletrco-encephalogram. Folia Psychiatrica et Neurologica Japonica, 18, 198–221.Google Scholar
Tune, G. S. (1968) Sleep and wakefulness in normal human adults. British Medical Journal, ii, 269–71.Google Scholar
Tune, G. S. (1969) Sleep and wakefulness in 509 normal human adults. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 42, 75–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van de Castle, R. L. & Hawkins, D. R. (1969) The effect of electroconvulsive therapy upon sleep patterns of depressed patients. Psychephysiology, 6, 234.Google Scholar
van den Berg, W. & van den Hoofdakker, D. H. (1975) Total sleep deprivation on endogenous depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 1121–5.Google Scholar
Vetulani, J., Starwarz, R. J., Dingell, J. V. & Sulser, F. (1976) A possible common mechanism of action of antidepressant treatment. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, 293, 109–14.Google Scholar
Vogel, G. W. (1975) A review of REM sleep deprivation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 749–61.Google Scholar
Vogel, G. W. (1977) Endogenous depression improvement and REM pressure. Archives of General Psychiatry, 34, 96–7.Google Scholar
Vogel, G. W., Thurmond, S., Gibbons, P., Sloan, K. & Walker, M. (1975) REM sleep reduction effects on depression syndromes. Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 765–77.Google Scholar
Vogel, G. W., Traub, A. C., Ben-Horin, P. & Meyers, G. M. (1968) REM deprivation II. The effects on depressed patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 18, 301–11.Google Scholar
Wallach, M. B., Winters, W. D., Mandell, A. J. & Spooner, C. B. (1969) Effects of antidepressant drugs on wakefulness and sleep in the cat. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 27, 574–80.Google Scholar
Ward, J. A. (1968) Alterations of sleep patterns in psychiatric disorders. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal, 13, 249–57.Google Scholar
Webb, W. B. (1969) Twenty-four-hour sleep cycling. In Sleep: Physiology and Pathology (ed. Kales, A.). Chapter 4, pp. 53–65. Philadelphia: Lippincott.Google Scholar
Webb, W. B. & Friel, J. (1971) Sleep stage and personality characteristics of ‘natural’ long and short sleepers. Science, 171, 587–8.Google Scholar
Whybrow, P. C. & Mandels, J. (1969) Toward a biology of depression: some suggestions from neurophysiology. American Journal of Psychiatry, 125, 1491–1500.Google Scholar
Williams, R. L., Karacan, I. & Hursch, C. J. (1974) EEG of Human Sleep: Clinical Implications. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Willis, J. H. P. (1965) Insomnia in psychiatric patients. Guy's Hospital Report, 114, 249–55.Google Scholar
Woodruff, R. A. Jr., Goodwin, D. W. & Guze, S. B. (1974) Psychiatric Diagnosis, p. 3 and p. 137. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wyatt, R. J., Fram, D., Kupfer, D. J. & Snyder, F. (1971) Total prolonged drug-induced REM sleep suppression in anxious-depressed patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 24, 145–55.Google Scholar
Wyatt, R. J., Kupfer, D. J., Scott, J., Robinson, D. S. & Snyder, F. (1969) Longitudinal studies of the effect of monoamine oxidase inhibitors on sleep in man. Psychopharmacologia, 15, 236–44.Google Scholar
Yules, R. B., Freedman, D. X. & Chandler, K. A. (1966) The effect of ethyl alcohol on man's electroencephalographic sleep cycle. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 20, 109–11.Google Scholar
Zarcone, V., Gulevich, G. & Dement, W. (1967) Sleep and electroconvulsive therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 16, 567–73.Google Scholar
Zir, L. M., Smith, R. A. & Parker, D. C. (1971) Human growth hormone release in sleep: effect of day-time exercise. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 32, 662–5.Google Scholar
Zloty, R. B., Burdick, J. A. & Adamson, J. D. (1973) Sleep of distance runners. Activitas Nervosa Superior, 15, 217–21.Google Scholar
Zung, W. W. K. (1968) Effect of antidepressant drugs on sleeping and dreaming: II. On the adult male. Proceedings of IV World Congress of Psychiatry. Excerpta Medica International Congress Series No. 150, pp. 1824–6.Google Scholar
Zung, W. W. K. (1969) Effect of antidepressant drugs on sleeping and dreaming: III. On the depressed patient. Biological Psychiatry, 1, 283–7.Google Scholar
Zung, W. W. K., Wilson, W. P. & Dodson, W. E. (1964) Effect of depressive disorders on the sleep EEG responses. Archives of General Psychiatry, 10, 439–45.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.