Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T07:34:25.805Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Relationship of Anxiety and Depression: A Review of the Literature

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2018

Chrissoula Stavrakaki  and
Beverley Vargo
Chrissoula Stavrakaki
Affiliation:
Regional Children's Centre, Royal Ottawa, Hospital Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Beverley Vargo*
Affiliation:
Royal Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
*
∗Correspondence
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The nature of the relationship between anxiety and depression has been much debated. The research in the past 15 years is reviewed in the context of three conceptual models: (a) anxiety and depression differ quantitatively; (b) anxiety and depression differ qualitatively; and (c) combined anxiety and depression syndromes (anxious depressions) differ both quantitatively and qualitatively from either pure anxiety or pure depression. The major areas of research—phenomenological, treatment, course and outcome—are considered and findings in support of each position reviewed.

Type
Review Article
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 149 , Issue 1 , July 1986 , pp. 7 - 16
Copyright
Copyright © 1986 The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Clancy, J., Noyes, R., Hoenk, P. R. & Slymen, D. J. (1979) Secondary depression in anxiety neurosis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 166, 846–850.Google Scholar
Crowe, R. R., Pauls, D. L., Slymen, D. J. & Noyes, R. (1980) A family study of anxiety neurosis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 77–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dealy, R. S., Ishiki, D. M., Avery, D. H., Wilson, L. G. & Dunner, D. L. (1981) Secondary depression in anxiety disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 22, 612–617.Google Scholar
Derogate, L. R., Lipman, R. S., Covi, L. & Rickels, K. (1972). Factorial invariance of symptom dimensions in anxious and depressive neuroses. Archives of General Psychiatry, 27, 659–665.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Derogate, L. R., Klerman, G. L. & Lipman, R. S. (1972) Anxiety states and depressive neuroses. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 155, 392–403.Google Scholar
Donnelly, E. F., Murphy, D. L. & Waldman, I. N. (1980) Denial and somatization as characteristics of bipolar depressed groups. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36, 159–162.3.0.CO;2-Y>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Downing, R. W. & Rickels, K. (1974) Mixed anxiety-depression: Fact or Myth? Archives of General Psychiatry, 30, 312–317.Google Scholar
Fawcett, J. & Kravitz, H. M. (1983) Anxiety syndromes and their relationship to depressive illness. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 44, 8–11.Google Scholar
Gersh, F. S. & Fowles, D. C. (1979) Neurotic depression: The concept of anxious depression In The Psychobiology of Depressive Disorders: Implications for the Effects of Stress, (ed Dupue, R. A.) New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Gurney, C., Roth, M., Garside, R. F., Kerr, T. A. & Schapira, K. (1972) The relationship between anxiety states and depressive illnesses. Part 2. British Journal of Psychiatry, 121, 162–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gurney, C., Roth, M., Kerr, T. A. & Schapira, K. (1970) The bearing of treatment on the classification of the affective disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 117, 251–255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hays, P. (1964) Modes of onset of psychotic depression. British Medical Journal, 2, 779–784.Google Scholar
Henry, B. W., Market, J. R., Emken, R. L. & Overall, J. E. (1970) Drug treatment of anxious depression in psychiatric outpatients. Diseases of the Nervous System, 31, 684–691.Google Scholar
Helzer, J. E. & Coryell, W. (1983) More on DSM-III: How consistent are precise criteria? Editorial. Biological Psychiatry, 18, 1201–1202.Google Scholar
Hershberg, S. C., Carlson, G. A., Cantwell, D. P. & Strober, M. (1982) Anxiety and depressive disorders in psychiatrically disturbed children. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 43, 358–361.Google Scholar
Hollister, L. E., Overall, J. E., Shelton, J., Pennington, V., Kimbell, I. & Johnstone, M. (1967) Amitryptiline, perphenazine, and amitryptiline-perphenazine combination in different depressive syndromes. Archives of General Psychiatry, 17, 486–493.Google Scholar
Johnstone, E., Cunningham Owens, D. G., Firth, C. D., McPherson, K., Dowie, C., Riley, G. & Gold, A. (1980) Neurotic illness and its response to anxiolytic and antidepressant treatment. Psychological Medicine, 10, 321–328.Google Scholar
Kelly, D. & Walter, C. J. (1969) A clinical and physiological relationship between anxiety and depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 115, 401–406.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendell, R. E. (1974) The stability of psychiatric diagnoses. British Journal of Psychiatry, 124, 352–356.Google Scholar
Kendell, R. E. (1976) The classification of depressions: A review of contemporary confusion. British Journal of Psychiatry, 129, 15–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kerr, T. A., Schapira, K., Roth, M. & Garside, R. F. (1970). The relationhip of the Maudsley Personality Inventory and the course of affective disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 116, 11–19.Google Scholar
Kerr, T. A., Roth, M., Schapira, K. & Gurney, C. (1972) The assessment and prediction of outcome in affective disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 121, 167–174.Google Scholar
King, A. (1962). Phenelzine treatment of Roth's Calamity Syndrome. Medical Journal of Australia, 6, 879–883.Google Scholar
Leff, J. P. (1978) Psychiatrists' versus patients' concepts of unpleasant emotions. British Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 306–313.Google Scholar
Lesses, S. (1982) The relationship of anxiety to depression. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 36, 332–348.Google Scholar
Mendels, J., Weinstein, N. & Cochrane, C. (1972) The relationship between anxiety and depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 27, 649–653.Google Scholar
Mountjoy, C. Q. & Roth, M. (1982a) Studies in the relationship between depressive disorders and anxiety states. Part 1. Rating Scales. Journal of Affective Disorders, 4, 127–147.Google Scholar
Mountjoy, C. Q. & Roth, M. (1982b) Studies in the relationship between depressive disorders and anxiety states. Part 2. Clinical items. Journal of Affective Disorders, 4, 149–161.Google Scholar
Overall, J. E., Hollister, L. E., Johnson, M. & Pennington, V. (1966) Nosology of depression and differential response to drugs. Journal of the American Medical Association, 195, 946–948.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paykel, E. S., Rowan, P. R., Rao, B. N. & Bhat, A. (1982) Atypical depression-nosology and response to antidepressants In Treatment of Depression: Old Controversies and New Approaches (eds. Clayton, P. and Barrett, J.). New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Paykel, E. S. (1971) Classification of depressed patients: A cluster analysis derived grouping. British Journal of Psychiatry, 118, 275–288.Google Scholar
Prusoff, B. A., Klerman, G. L. & Paykel, E. S. (1972). Concordance between clinical assessments and patients' self-report in depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 26, 546–552.Google Scholar
Prusoff, B. A., Klerman, G. L. & Paykel, E. S. (1974) Differentiating depressed from anxious neurotic outpatients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 30, 302–308.Google Scholar
Roth, M., Gurney, C., Garside, R. F. & Kerr, T. A. (1972) The relationship between anxiety states and depressive illnesses. Part 1. British Journal of Psychiatry, 121, 147–161.Google Scholar
Sargant, W. & Dally, P. (1962) Treatment of anxiety states by antidepressant drugs. British Medical Journal, 1, 6–9.Google Scholar
Schapira, K., Roth, M., Kerr, T. A. & Gurney, C. (1972) The prognosis of affective disorders: The differentiation of anxiety states and depressive illnesses. British Journal of Psychiatry, 121, 175–181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snaith, R. P. (1981) Clinical Neurosis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Van Valkenburg, C., Akiskal, H. S., Puzantian, V. & Rosenthal, T. (1984) Anxious depressions: Clinical, family history, and naturalistic outcome—Comparisons with panic and major depressive disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 6, 67–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zitrin, C. M., Klein, D. F. & Woerner, M. G. (1980) Treatment of agoraphobia with group exposure in vivo and imipramine. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 63–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.