Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T08:49:57.358Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Prenatal Exposure to Influenza as a Cause of Schizophrenia

There are inconsistencies and contradictions in the evidence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

T. J. Crow*
Affiliation:
Division of Psychiatry, Clinical Research Centre, Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow HA1 3UJ
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Editorials
Copyright
Copyright © 1994 The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

References

Adams, W., Kendell, R. E., Hare, E. H., et al (1993) Epidemiological evidence that maternal influenza contributes to the aetiology of schizophrenia: an analysis of Scottish, English and Danish data. British Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 522534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barr, C. E., Mednick, S. A. & Munk-Jørgensen, P. (1990) Exposure to influenza epidemics during gestation and adult schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 869874.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cannon, M., Cotter, D., Sham, P. C., et al (1994) Schizophrenia in an Irish sample following prenatal exposure to the 1957 epidemic: a case-controlled, prospective follow-up study. Schizophrenia Research, 11, 95.Google Scholar
Crow, T. J., Done, D. J. & Johnstone, E. C. (1991) Schizophrenia and influenza. Lancet, 338, 116117.Google Scholar
Crow, T. J., Done, D. J. & Johnstone, E. C. (1992) Prenatal exposure to influenza does not cause schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 390393.Google Scholar
Kendell, R. E. & Kemp, I. W. (1989) Maternal influenza in the aetiology of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 878882.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendell, R. E. & Kemp, I. W. (1990) Influenza and schizophrenia: Helsinki vs Edinburgh. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 877878.Google Scholar
Mednick, S. A., Machon, R. A., Huttunen, M. O., et al (1988) Adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to an influenza epidemic. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 189192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Callaghan, E., Sham, P., Takei, N., et al (1991a) Schizophrenia after prenatal exposure to 1957 A2 influenza epidemic. Lancet, 337, 12481250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Callaghan, E., Sham, P., Takei, N., et al (1991b) Schizophrenia and influenza Lancet, 338, 118119.Google Scholar
Sham, P. C., O'Callaghan, E., Takei, N., et al (1992) Schizophrenia following pre-natal exposure to influenza epidemics between 1939 and 1960. British Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 461466.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Torrey, E. F., Bowler, A. E. & Rawlings, R. (1991) An influenza epidemic and the seasonality of schizophrenic births. In Psychiatry and Biological Factors (ed. Kurstak, E.), pp. 109116. New York: Plenum.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.