Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T16:46:50.019Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Prediction of Response to Electroconvulsive Therapy

Preliminary Validation of a Sign-Based Typology of Depression

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Ian Hickie*
Affiliation:
Mood Disorders Unit, Division of Psychiatry, Prince Henry Hospital, Sydney, 2036 Australia
Brian Parsonage
Affiliation:
Port Macquarie, Australia
Gordon Parker
Affiliation:
School of Psychiatry (University of New South Wales), Prince Henry Hospital, Sydney, Australia
*
Correspondence

Abstract

In an open study of 35 depressed patients, psychomotor disturbance, assessed by the CORE rating system, significantly predicted response to ECT in patients with a ‘retarded’ but not those with an ‘agitated’ type of illness. In multivariate analyses, psychomotor disturbance was the sole predictor of response. This preliminary study suggests that the CORE system, which has been shown to differentiate endogenous and non-endogenous depressive disorders, has predictive validity in relation to ECT response.

Type
Papers
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd cdn) (DSM–III). Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
Andreasen, N. C. (1980) Concepts, diagnosis and classification. In Handbook of Affective Disorders (ed. E. Paykel), pp. 2444. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.Google Scholar
Aronson, T. A., Shukla, S., Hoff, A., et al (1988) Proposed delusional subtypes: preliminary evidence from a retrospective study of phenomenology and treatment course. Journal of Affective Disorders, 14, 6974.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Avery, D. H. & Lubrano, A. (1979) Depression treated with imipramine and ECT: the DeCarolis study reconsidered. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 559562.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baldessarini, R. J., Finkelstein, S. & Arana, G. W. (1983) The predictive power of diagnostic tests and the effect of prevalence of illness. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 569573.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartko, J. J. & Carpenter, W. T. (1976) On the methods and theory of reliability. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 163, 307317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brandon, S., Cowley, P., McDonald, C., et al (1984) Electroconvulsive therapy: results in depressive illness from the Leicestershire trial. British Medical Journal, 288, 2225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brodaty, H., Boyce, P., Wilhelm, K., et al (1987) The establishment of a mood disorders unit. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 21, 375381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carney, M. W. P., Roth, M. & Garside, R. F. (1965) The diagnosis of depressive syndromes and the prediction of ECT response. British Journal of Psychiatry, 111, 659674.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, B. J. (1984) Problems with diagnostic criteria for depression. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 45, 1418.Google ScholarPubMed
Carroll, B. J. (1988) Diagnostic validity and laboratory studies: rules of the game. In Validity of Psychiatric Diagnosis (ed. L. N. Robins). New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Clinical Research Centre (1984) The Northwick Park ECT trial. Predictors of response to real and simulated ECT. British Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 227237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coryell, W. & Zimmerman, M. (1984) Outcome following ECT for primary unipolar depression: a test for newly proposed response predictors. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 862867.Google ScholarPubMed
Coryell, W., Zimmerman, M. & Pfohl, B. (1986) Outcome at discharge and six months in major depression. The significance of psychotic features. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 174, 9296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davidson, J., Turnbull, C., Strickland, R., et al (1984) Comparative diagnostic criteria for melancholia and endogenous depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 506511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Everitt, B. S. (1981a) A Monte Carlo investigation of the likelihood ratio test for the number of components in a mixture of normal distribution. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 16, 171180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Everitt, B. S. (1981b) Bimodality and the nature of depressives. British Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 336339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Everitt, B. S. (1987) Introduction to Optimization Methods and their Application in Statistics. London: Chapman & Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Everitt, B. S. & Hand, D. J. (1981) Finite Mixture Distributions. London: Chapman & Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feighner, J. P., Robins, E. & Guze, S. B. (1972) Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Archives of General Psychiatry, 26, 5763.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feinberg, M. & Carrol, B. J. (1982) Separation of sub-types of depression using discriminant analysis. 1. Separation of unipolar endogenous depression from non-endogenous depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 384391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folstein, M., Folstein, S. & McHugh, P. R. (1973) Clinical predictors of improvement after electroconvulsive therapy of patients with schizophrenia, neurotic reactions, and affective disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 7, 147152.Google ScholarPubMed
Formann, A. K. (1982) Linear logistic latent class analysis. Biometrikal Journal, 24, 171190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garside, R. F. & Roth, M. (1978) Multivariate statistical methods and problems of classification in psychiatry. British Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 5367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gillespie, R. D. (1929) The clinical differentiation of types of depression. Guy's Hospital Report, 2, 306344.Google Scholar
Goldberg, D. (1972) The Detection of Psychiatric Illness. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Golden, R. R. (1982) A taxometric model for the detection of a conjectured latent taxon. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 17, 389416.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodman, L. A. (1974) The analysis of systems of qualitative variables when some of the variables are unobservable. Part I: a modified latent structure approach. American Journal of Sociology, 79, 11791259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grayson, D. A. (1987) Can categorical and dimensional views of psychiatric illness be distinguished? British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 355361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grove, W. M., Andreasen, N. C., Young, M., et al (1987) Isolation and characterization of a nuclear depressive syndrome. Psychological Medicine, 17, 471484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, M. (1960) A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 23, 5662.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, M. (1967) Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. British Journal of Social Clinical Psychology, 6, 278296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, M. & White, J. M. (1959) Clinical syndromes in depressive states. Journal of Mental Science, 105, 985998.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hasselblad, V. (1966) Estimation of parameters for a mixture of normal distributions. Technometrics, 8, 431444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobson, R. F. (1953) Prognostic factors in ECT. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 16, 275281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnstone, E. C., Deakin, J. F. W., Lawler, P., et al (1980) The Northwick Park electroconvulsive therapy trial. Lancet, ii, 13171320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katona, C. L. E., Aldridge, C. R., Roth, M., et al (1987) The dexamethasone suppression test and prediction of outcome in patients receiving ECT. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 315318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendell, R. E. (1968) The Classification of Depressive Illness. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kendell, R. E. (1975) The Role of Diagnosis in Psychiatry. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Kendell, R. E. (1981) The present status of ECT. British Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 265283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kendell, R. E. (1983) Diagnosis and classification. In Companion to Psychiatric Studies (3rd edn). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.Google Scholar
Kendell, R. E. & Gourlay, J. (1970) The clinical distinction between psychotic and neurotic depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 117, 257266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiloh, L. G. & Garside, R. F. (1963) The independence of neurotic and endogenous depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 109, 451463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kiloh, L. G., Andrews, G., Neilson, M., et al (1972) The relationship of the syndromes called endogenous and neurotic depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 121, 183196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klerman, G. L. (1971) Clinical research in depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 24, 305319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, A. (1934) Melancholia: a clinical survey of depressive states. Journal of Mental Science, 80, 277378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lykouras, E., Malliaras, D., Christodoulou, G. N., et al (1986) Delusional depression: phenomenology and response to treatment. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia, 73, 324329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mendels, J. & Cochrane, C. (1968) The nosology of depression: the endogenous-reactive concept. American Journal of Psychiatry, 124 (suppl.), 111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, J. M., Berwick, D. M., Weinstein, M. C., et al (1987) Performance of screening and diagnostic tests: application of receiver operating characteristic analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 550555.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, J. C. & Charney, D. S. (1981) The symptoms of major depressive illness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 113.Google ScholarPubMed
Nf Bhrolchain, M. (1979) Psychotic and neurotic depression: I. Some points of method. British Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 8793.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nystrom, S. (1965) On relation between clinical factors and efficacy of ECT in depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia (suppl.), 181 121134.Google Scholar
Prudic, J., Devanand, D. P., Sackeim, H. A., et al. (1989) Relative response of endogenous and non-endogenous symptoms to electroconvulsive therapy. Journal of Affective Disorders, 16, 5964.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenthal, S. M. & Klerman, G. L. (1966) Content and consistency in the endogenous depressive pattern. British Journal of Psychiatry, 112, 471484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, A. I. F. (1989) Which depressed patients will respond to electroconvulsive therapy? The search for biological predictors of recovery. British Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 817.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solan, W. J., Khan, A., Avery, D. H. et al (1988) Psychotic and nonpsychotic depression: comparison of response to ECT. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 49, 9799.Google ScholarPubMed
Spitzer, R. L., Endicott, J. & Robins, E. (1978) Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for a Selected Group of Functional Disorders (3rd edn). New York: New York Psychiatric Institute.Google Scholar
Weckowicz, T. E., Yonge, K. A., Cropley, A. J., et al (1971). Objective therapy predictors in depression: a multivariate approach. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 27, 429.3.0.CO;2-Y>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Widlöcher, D. J. (1983) Psychomotor retardation: clinical, theoretical, and psychometric aspects. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 6, 2740.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wing, J. K., Cooper, J. E. & Sartorius, N. (1974) Measurement and Classification of Psychiatric Symptoms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1978) Mental Disorders: Glossary and Guide to their Classification in Accordance with the Ninth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD–9). Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, M., Coryell, W., Pfohl, B., et al (1986) The validity of four definitions of endogenous depression II: clinical, demographic, familial, and psychosocial correlates. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 234244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zung, W. W. K. (1965) A self-rated depression scale. Archives of General Psychiatry, 12, 6370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.