Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T03:33:08.343Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Positive: Negative Dichotomy in Schizophrenia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

A. M. Mortimer ,
C. E. Lund  and
P. J. McKenna
A. M. Mortimer
Affiliation:
University of Leeds, St Luke's Hospital, Huddersfield HD4 5RQ
C. E. Lund
Affiliation:
Yorkshire Rotational Training Scheme
P. J. McKenna*
Affiliation:
University of Leeds, Fulbourn Hospital, Cambridge CB1 5EF
*
∗Correspondence
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Two studies are reported. In the first, of 62 schizophrenic patients, no correlation between negative symptom scores (rated blindly) and any measure of positive symptoms was found. This independence was confirmed by factor and cluster analyses, which left the question of a third ‘disorganisation’ class of schizophrenic symptoms open. In the second study, of 80 patients, formal thought disorder separated unequivocally into ‘positive formal thought disorder’ and ‘alogia’ syndromes on the basis of correlations with positive and negative symptoms. Catatonic motor disorder also showed evidence of a corresponding positive: negative division, although this only emerged when severity or chronicity of illness was controlled for. Cognitive impairment showed a broad range of affiliations and its particular correlation with negative symptoms was perhaps artefactual.

Type
Papers
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 157 , Issue 1 , July 1990 , pp. 41 - 49
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn) (DSM–III). Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
Andreasen, N. C. (1979) Thought, language and communication disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 1315–1330.Google Scholar
Andreasen, N. C. (1982) Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: definition and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 784–788.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andreasen, N. C. (1987) The Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History. Iowa City: University of Iowa College of Medicine.Google Scholar
Andreasen, N. C. & Olsen, S. (1982) Negative v. positive schizophrenia: definition and validation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 789–794.Google Scholar
Asbero, M., Perris, C., Schalling, D., et al (1978) The CPRS: development and applications of a psychiatric rating scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, (suppl. 271), 1–69.Google Scholar
Barnes, T. R. E., Liddle, P. F., Curson, D. A., et al (1989) Negative symptoms, tardive dyskinesia and depression in chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155 (suppl. 7), 99–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bilder, R. M., Mukherjee, S., Rieder, M. D., et al (1985) Symptomatic and neuropsychological components of defect states. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11, 409–417.Google Scholar
Bleuler, E. (1911) Dementia Praecox, or the Group of Schizophrenias (trans. Zinkin, J.; 1966). New York: International Universities Press.Google Scholar
Crow, T. J. (1980) Molecular pathology of schizophrenia: more than one disease process? British Medical Journal, 280, 66–68.Google Scholar
Crow, T. J. & Stevens, M. (1978) Age disorientation in chronic schizophrenia: the nature of the cognitive deficit. British Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 137–142.Google Scholar
Endicott, J., Spitzer, R. C., Fleiss, J. L., et al (1976) The global assessment scale. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 766–771.Google Scholar
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E. & McHugh, P. R. (1975) ‘Mini-Mental State’: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189–198.Google Scholar
Gibbons, R. D., Lewine, R. R. J., Davis, J. M., et al (1985) An empirical test of a Kraepelinian vs. a Bleulerian view of negative symptoms. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11, 390–395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, M. (1984) Fish's Schizophrenia (3rd edn). London: Wright.Google Scholar
Hirsch, S. R. (1982) Depression ‘revealed’ in schizophrenia: a discussion. British Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 421–423.Google Scholar
Iager, A-C, Kirch, D. G. & Wyatt, R. J. (1985) A negative symptom rating scale. Psychiatry Research, 16, 27–36.Google Scholar
Johnson, D. A. W. (1986) Depressive symptoms in schizophrenia: some observations on their frequency, morbidity and possible causes. In Contemporary Issues in Schizophrenia (eds A. Kerr & P. Snaith). London: Gaskell.Google Scholar
Johnstone, E. C., Crow, T. J., Frith, C. D., et al (1978) Mechanism of the antipsychotic effect in the treatment of acute schizophrenia. Lancet, i, 848–851.Google Scholar
Kay, S. R., Opler, L. A. & Fiszbein, A. (1986) Significance of positive and negative syndromes in chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 439–448.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraepelin, E. (1913) Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia (trans. Barclay, R. M.; 1919). Edinburgh: Livingstone.Google Scholar
Kulhara, P., Kota, S. K. & Joseph, S. (1986) Positive and negative subtypes of schizophrenia: a study from India. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 74, 353–359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kulhara, P., Avasthi, A., Chadda, R., et al (1989) Negative and depressive symptoms in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 207–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lees, A. J. (1985) Tics and Related Disorders. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.Google Scholar
Lewine, R. J., Fogg, L. & Meltzer, H. Y. (1983) Assessment of positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 9, 368–376.Google Scholar
Liddle, P. F. (1987a) The symptoms of chronic schizophrenia: a reexamination of the positive-negative dichotomy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 145–151.Google Scholar
Liddle, P. F. (1987b) Schizophrenic syndromes, cognitive performance and neurological dysfunction. Psychological Medicine, 17, 49–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lohr, J. S. & Wisniewski, A. A. (1987) Movement Disorders: A Neuropsychiatric Approach. Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
Manschreck, T. C., Maher, B. A., Rucklos, M. E., et al (1982) Disturbed voluntary motor activity in schizophrenic disorder. Psychological Medicine, 12, 73–84.Google Scholar
Marsden, C. D. (1982) Motor disorders in schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 12, 13–15.Google Scholar
Marsden, C. D., Tarsy, D. & Baldessarini, R. J. (1975) Spontaneous and drug-induced movement disorders in psychotic patients. In Psychiatric Aspects of Neurological Disease (eds D. F. Benson & D. Blumer). New York: Grune & Stratton.Google Scholar
Mayer-Gross, W., Slater, E. & Roth, M. (1969) Clinical Psychiatry (3rd edn). London: Bailliere, Tindall & Cassell.Google Scholar
McKenna, P. J., Lund, C. E. & Mortimer, A. M. (1989) Negative symptoms: relationship to other schizophrenic symptom classes. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155 (suppl. 7), 104–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mortimer, A. M., McKenna, P. J., Lund, C. E., et al (1989) Rating of negative symptoms using the HEN. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155 (suppl. 7), 89–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nie, N. H., Hull, N. C., Jenkins, J. G., et al (1975) Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (2nd edn). New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Opler, L. A., Kay, S. R., Rosado, V., et al (1984) Positive and negative syndromes in chronic schizophrenic inpatients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 172, 317–325.Google Scholar
Owens, D. G. C. & Johnstone, E. C. (1980) The disabilities of chronic schizophrenia – their nature and the factors contributing to their development. British Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 384–395.Google Scholar
Payne, R. W. (1973) Cognitive abnormalities. In Handbook of Abnormal Psychology (ed. H. J. Eysenck). London: Pitman.Google Scholar
Pfohl, B. & Winokur, G. (1982) The evolution of symptoms in institutionalized hebephrenic/catatonic schizophrenics. British Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 567–572.Google Scholar
Pogue-Geile, M. F. & Harrow, M. (1985) Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: their longitudinal course and prognostic significance. Schizophrenic Bulletin, 11, 427–439.Google Scholar
Prosser, E. S., Czernansky, J. G., Kaplan, J., et al (1987) Depression, Parkinsonian symptoms and negative symptoms in schizophrenics treated with neuroleptics. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 100–105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robertson, G. & Taylor, P. J. (1985) Some cognitive correlates of schizophrenic illness. Psychological Medicine, 15, 81–98.Google Scholar
Rogers, D. (1985) The motor disorders of severe psychiatric illness: a conflict of paradigms. British Journal of Psychiatry; 147, 221–232.Google Scholar
Rosen, W. G., Mohs, K. S., Johns, C. A., et al (1984) Positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 13, 277–284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneider, K. (1958) Clinical Psychopathology Fifth Edition (trans. Hamilton, M. W.; 1959). New York/London: Grune & Stratton.Google Scholar
Simpson, G. M. & Angus, J. W. S. (1970) Drug induced extrapyramidal disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, (suppl. 212), 1–58.Google Scholar
Simpson, G. M., Lee, J. H., Zoubok, B., et al (1979) A rating scale for tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacology, 64, 171–179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sommers, A. A. (1985) ‘Negative symptoms’: conceptual and methodological problems. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11, 364–379.Google Scholar
Spitzer, R. L., Endicott, J. & Robins, E. (1977) Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for a Selected Group of Functional Disorders. New York: Biometric Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute.Google Scholar
Strauss, J. S., Carpenter, W. J. & Bartko, J. J. (1974) The diagnosis and understanding of schizophrenia: III. Speculations on the processes that underlie schizophrenic symptoms and signs. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1(11), 61–69.Google Scholar
Waddington, J. C., Youssef, H. A., Dolphin, C., et al (1987) Cognitive function, negative symptoms and tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 907–912.Google Scholar
Weinberger, D. R. (1987) Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 660–669.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wing, J. K. (1978) Clinical concepts of schizophrenia. In Schizophrenia: Towards a New Synthesis (ed. J. K. Wing). London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Wing, J. K. & Brown, G. W. (1970) Institutionalism and Schizophrenia. London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wing, J. K., Cooper, J. E. & Sartorius, N. (1974) Measurement and Classification of Psychiatric Symptoms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1973) Report of the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia. Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
Zubin, J. (1985) Negative symptoms: are they indigenous to schizophrenia? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11, 461–470.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.