Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-16T17:22:15.889Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Maternal Mental Health in a Squatter Settlement in Rio de Janeiro

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Michael E. Reichenheim  and
Trudy Harpham
Michael E. Reichenheim
Affiliation:
Institute de Medicina Social (Departamento de Epidemiologica), Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro
Trudy Harpham*
Affiliation:
Health Policy Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT
*
∗Correspondence
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The literature on household-based measures of mental health in developing countries is limited. Much emphasis is currently placed on the physical well-being of mothers in relation to child care, yet their mental well-being receives little attention. The present study measures maternal mental health in the largest squatter settlement of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The proportion of mothers who were probable cases of mental ill-health was 36%.

Type
Papers
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 159 , Issue 5 , November 1991 , pp. 683 - 690
Copyright
Copyright © 1991 The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aga-Khan, S. & Talal, H. B. (1986) Introduction. Street Children - a Growing Tragedy. Report for the Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar
Alam, M. N. (1978) Psychiatric morbidity in general practice. Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin, 4, 38–42.Google ScholarPubMed
Almeida-Filho, N. (1987) Social epidemiology of mental disorders: a review of the Latin American studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 75, 1–10.Google Scholar
Almeida-Filho, N. & Bastos, S. B. (1982) Estudo caso-controle da associaçáo entre migraçáo e desordens depressivas em mulheres. Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria, 31, 25–29.Google Scholar
Asiama, S. O. (1985) The rich slum dweller: a problem of unequal access. International Labour Review, 124, 353–362.Google Scholar
Barnes, G. E. & Prosen, H. (1982) Depression in Canadian general practice at tenders. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 29, 2–10.Google Scholar
Bash, K. W. & Bash-Liechti, J. (1974) Studies on the epidemiology of neuropsychiatry disorders among the population of the city of Shiraz, Iran. Social Psychiatry, 9, 163–171.Google Scholar
Beautrais, A. L., Fergusson, D. M. & Shannon, F. T. (1982) Life events and childhood morbidity: a prospective study. Pediatrics, 70, 935–940.Google Scholar
Binitie, A. (1981) Psychiatric disorders in rural practice in the Bendel state of Nigeria. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 64, 273–280.Google Scholar
Brasileiro, A. M. F., Giffin, K., Shluger, E., et al (1982) Extending municipal services by building on local initiatives – a project in the favelas of Rio de Janeiro. Assignment Children, 57/58, 67–100.Google Scholar
Briscoe, M. (1982) Sex differences in psychological well being. Psychological Medicine, monograph suppl. 1.Google Scholar
Brown, G. W. (1979) A three-factor causal model of depression. In Stress and Mental Disorder (ed. Barret, J. E.). New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Brown, G. W., Bhrolcháin, M. & Harris, I. O. (1975) Social class and psychiatric disturbance among women in urban population. Sociology, 9, 225–254.Google Scholar
Brown, G. W., & Davidson, S. (1978) Social class, psychiatric disorder of mother, and accidents to children. Lancet, i, 378–381.Google Scholar
Brown, G. W. & Harris, T. (1982) Social class and affective disorders. In Culture and Philosophy (ed. Al-Issai, A.). Baltimore: University Park Press.Google Scholar
Busnello, E. L., Lima, B. & Bertolote, J. M. (1983) Aspectos interculturais de classificaçáo e diagnóstico. Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria, 32, 207–210.Google Scholar
Climent, C. E., Diop, B. S. M., Harding, T. W., et al (1980) Mental health in primary health care. WHO Chronicle, 34, 231–236.Google Scholar
Cooper, B. (1981) Psychiatric illness in general medical practice: an investigation in Mannheim. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 4, 86–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D'Arcy, C. (1982) Prevalence and correlates on nonpsychiatric symptoms in the general population. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 27, 316–324.Google Scholar
De Jong, J. T. V. D., de Klein, G. A. & ten Horn, S. G. (1986) A baseline study on mental disorders in Guiné-Bissau. British Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 27–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dhadphale, R., Ellison, R. H. & Griffin, L. (1983) The frequency of psychiatric disorders among patients attending semi-urban and rural general out-patient clinics in Kenya. British Medical Journal, 142, 379–383.Google Scholar
Diop, B., Collignon, R., Gueye, M., et al (1980) Symptomatologie et diagnostic psychiatriques dans une region rurale du Senegal. Psychopatologie Africaine, 1, 5–20.Google Scholar
Dormaar, M., Giel, R. & Van Luijk, J. N. (1974) Psychiatric illness in two contrasting Ethiopian outpatient populations. Social Psychiatry, 9, 155–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ebrahim, G. J. (1982) Child Health in a Changing Environment. London: Macmillan Press.Google Scholar
Ebrahim, G. J. (1987) Post-graduate psychiatric education in developing countries. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 33, 228–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J. & Shannon, F. T. (1984) Relationship of family life events, maternal depression and child-rearing problems. Pediatrics, 73, 773–776.Google Scholar
Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., Gretton, M. E., et al (1985) Family events, maternal depression and maternal and teacher descriptions of child behavior. Pediatrics, 76, 30–36.Google Scholar
Finlay-Jones, R. A. & Murphy, E. (1979) Severity of psychiatric disorders and the 30–item General Health Questionnaire. British Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 609–616.Google Scholar
Freeman, H. L. (1984) The scientific background. In Mental Health and the Environment (ed. Freeman, H. L.). London: Churchill-Livingstone.Google Scholar
Gabe, J. & Williams, P. (1987) Women, housing and mental health. International Journal of Health Services, 17, 667–679.Google Scholar
Giel, R. & Van Luijk, J. N. (1969) Psychiatric morbidity in a small Ethiopian town. British Journal of Psychiatry, 115, 149–162.Google Scholar
Giel, R., de Arango, M. V., Climent, C. E., et al (1981) Childhood mental disorders in primary health care: results of observations in four developing countries. Paediatrics, 68, 677–683.Google Scholar
Giel, R., de Arango, M. V., Hafiez Babikir, A., et al (1983) The burden of mental illness in four developing countries. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 68, 186–201.Google Scholar
Goldberg, D. P. & Blackwell, B. (1970) Psychiatric illness in general practice: a detailed study using new methods of identification. British Medical Journal, ii, 439–443.Google Scholar
Goldberg, D. P., Rickels, K., Downing, R., et al (1976) A comparison of two psychiatric screening tests. British Journal of Psychiatry, 129, 61–67.Google Scholar
Goldberg, D. P. & Huxley, P. (1980) Mental Illness in the Community: the Pathway to Psychiatric Care. London: Tavistock Publications.Google Scholar
Gomes, L. F. (1986) Médico de favela, o especialista em tudo. Jornal do Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, 24 Sept.Google Scholar
Hardiman, M. & Midgley, J. (1979) The Social Dimensions of Development. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Harding, T. W., Climent, C. E., Griel, R., et al (1983) WHO collaborative study on strategies for extending mental health care – II. The development of new research methods. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 1474–1480.Google Scholar
Harpham, T., Lusty, T. & Vaughan, P. (1988) In the Shadow of the City: Community Health and the Urban Poor. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Henderson, S. (1980) A development in social psychiatry: a systematic study of social bonds. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 168, 63–69.Google Scholar
Hoeper, E. W., Nycz, G. R., Cleary, P. D., et al (1979) Estimated prevalence of RDC mental disorder in primary medical care. International Journal of Mental Health, 8, 6–15.Google Scholar
Johnstone, A. & Goldberg, D. P. (1976) Psychiatric screening in a general practice: a controlled trial. Lancet, i, 605–608.Google Scholar
Lehtinen, V. & Vaïsanen, E. (1981) Epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in Finland: a five-year follow-up. Social Psychiatry, 16, 171–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levy, L. & Herzog, A. N. (1974) Effects of population density and crowding on health and social adaptation in the Netherlands. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, 15, 228–240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liem, R. & Liem, J. (1978) Social class and mental illness reconsidered: the role of economic stress and social support. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, 19, 139–156.Google Scholar
Locke, B. & Gardner, E. A. (1969) Psychiatric disorders among the patients of general practitioners and internists. Public Health Reports, 84, 167–173.Google Scholar
Mari, J.J. (1986) Minor Psychiatric Morbidity in Three Primary Medical Care Clinics in the City of São Paulo. PhD thesis, Institute of Psychiatry, University of London.Google Scholar
Mari, J.J., Iacoponi, E., Williams, P., et al (1987) Detection of psychiatric morbidity in the primary medical care setting in Brazil. Revista de Saúde Público, S. Paulo, 21, 501–507.Google Scholar
Marks, J. N., Goldberg, D. P. & Hillier, V. F. (1979) Determinants of the ability of general practitioners to detect psychiatric illness. Psychological Medicine, 9, 337–353.Google Scholar
Mazer, M. (1969) Psychiatric disorders in the general practice of an island. Medical Care, 5, 372–378.Google Scholar
Mechanic, D. (1978) Sex illness behaviour and the use of health services. Social Science and Medicine, 12, 207–214.Google Scholar
Moss, P. & Plewis, I. (1977) Mental distress in mothers of preschool children in inner London. Psychological Medicine, 7, 641–652.Google Scholar
Munk, R. (1985) Beyond class: women in Latin America. Politics and Dependency in the Third World. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Murphy, J. M. (1986) Trends in depression and anxiety: men and women. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 71, 113–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nathanson, M., Baird, A. & Jemail, J. (1986) Family functioning and adolescent mother: a systems approach. Adolescent, 84, 827–841.Google Scholar
Ndetei, D. M. & Vadher, A. (1982) A study of some psychological factors in depressed subjects in a Kenyan setting. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 55, 235–239.Google Scholar
Paltiel, F. L. (1987) Women and mental health: a post-Nairobi perspective. World Health Statistics Quarterly, 40, 233–266.Google Scholar
Reichenheim, M. E. (1988) Child Health in an Urban Context: Risk-Factors in a Squatter Settlement of Rio de Janeiro. PhD thesis, Institute of Child Health and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London.Google Scholar
Reichenheim, M. E. & Harpham, T. (1989a) Child accidents and associated risk factors in a Brazilian squatter settlement. Health Policy and Planning, 4, 162–167.Google Scholar
Reichenheim, M. E. & Harpham, T. (1989b) Child health in a Brazilian squatter settlement: acute infections and associated risk factors. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 35, 315–320.Google Scholar
Rosa, F. W. (1986) The family unit in health programmes. In Nutrition in Preventive Medicine (eds. Bengoa, G. H. & Bengoa, J. M.). WHO Monograph Series No. 62. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Rossi-Espagnet, A. (1984) Primary Health Care in Urban Areas: Reaching the Urban Poor in Developing Countries. A state of the art report by UNICEF and WHO, No. 2499M. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Rutter, M. (1981) The city and the child. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 51, 610–625.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Samuelsson, S. (1982) Life events and mental disorders in an urban female population. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 65, 1–76.Google Scholar
SAS (1985) SAS (Statistical Analysis System: User's Guide). Cary, NC: SAS Institute.Google Scholar
Shrimpton, R. (1986) Ecologia da desnutrição na infância: análise da evidência das relações entre variáveis sócio-econômicas e estado nutritional. CNRH/IPEA-UNICEF. Série Instrumentos para Ação, No. 3. Brasilia: UNICEF.Google Scholar
SIR (1980) SIR/DBMS (System for Information Retrieval/Data Base Management System): User's Manual (version 2).Google Scholar
Skuse, D. & Williams, P. (1984) Screening for psychiatric disorders in general practice. Psychological Medicine, 14, 365–377.Google Scholar
Stokols, D. (1978) Environmental psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 29, 253–295.Google Scholar
Tarnopolsky, A. Caetano, R., Levav, I., et al (1977) Prevalencia de enfermedades psiquiátricas en un suburbio industrial de Buenos Aires. Acta Psiquitrica Psicologica America Latina, 23, 296–306.Google Scholar
Thacore, V. R., Gupta, S. C. & Suraiya, M. (1974) Psychiatric morbidity in a North Indian community. British Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 364–369.Google Scholar
Vazquez-Barquero, J. L., Díez-Manrique, J. F., Pena, C.; et al (1986) Two stage design in a community survey. British Journal of Psychiatry, 48, 88–97.Google Scholar
Victora, C. G., Barros, F. C. & Vaughan, J. P. (1988) Epidemiologic da desigualdade: um estudo longitudinal de 6000 crianças brasileiras. São Paulo: Editora Hucitec.Google Scholar
Von Zerssen, D. & Meyerer, S. (1982) Sex differences in rates of mental disorders. International Journal of Mental Health, 11, 9–45.Google Scholar
Webb, S. D. (1984) Rural-urban differences in mental health. In Mental Health and the Environment (ed. Freeman, H. L.). London: Churchill–Livingstone.Google Scholar
Weissman, M. M. & Klerman, G. L. (1977) Sex differences and the epidemiology of depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 34, 98–111.Google Scholar
Wing, J. K., Cooper, J. E. & Sartorius, N. (1974) The Measurement and Classification of Psychiatric Symptoms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Yusof, K. (1988) Urban slums and squatter settlements: variations in needs and strategies. WHO/IPSCAN Pre-Congress Workshop in Child Abuse and Urban Slum Environment, Montreal, Canada, September 1984 (WHO/MCH/86.15). Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.