Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T16:53:29.843Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Long-Term Stability of Diagnosis and Symptom Dimensions in a Systematic Sample of Patients with Onset of Schizophrenia in Childhood and Early Adolescence. II: Positive/Negative Distinction and Childhood Predictors of Adult Outcome

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Michel Maziade ,
Stéphane Bouchard ,
Nathalie Gingras ,
Liliane Charron ,
Andrée Cardinal ,
Marc-André Roy ,
Benoît Gauthier ,
Guy Tremblay ,
Serge Côté  and
Christiane Fournier
...Show all authors
Michel Maziade*
Affiliation:
Hôtel-Dieu du Sacré-Coeur de Jésus de Québec and Centre de recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard, Beauport, Québec, Canada
Stéphane Bouchard
Affiliation:
Hôtel-Dieu du Sacré-Coeur de Jésus de Québec and Centre de recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard, Beauport, Québec, Canada
Nathalie Gingras
Affiliation:
Hôtel-Dieu du Sacré-Coeur de Jésus de Québec and Centre de recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard, Beauport, Québec, Canada
Liliane Charron
Affiliation:
Hôtel-Dieu du Sacré-Coeur de Jésus de Québec and Centre de recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard, Beauport, Québec, Canada
Andrée Cardinal
Affiliation:
Hôtel-Dieu du Sacré-Coeur de Jésus de Québec and Centre de recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard, Beauport, Québec, Canada
Marc-André Roy
Affiliation:
Hôtel-Dieu du Sacré-Coeur de Jésus de Québec and Centre de recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard, Beauport, Québec, Canada
Benoît Gauthier
Affiliation:
Hôtel-Dieu du Sacré-Coeur de Jésus de Québec and Centre de recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard, Beauport, Québec, Canada
Guy Tremblay
Affiliation:
Hôtel-Dieu du Sacré-Coeur de Jésus de Québec and Centre de recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard, Beauport, Québec, Canada
Serge Côté
Affiliation:
Hôtel-Dieu du Sacré-Coeur de Jésus de Québec and Centre de recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard, Beauport, Québec, Canada
Christiane Fournier
Affiliation:
Hôtel-Dieu du Sacré-Coeur de Jésus de Québec and Centre de recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard, Beauport, Québec, Canada
Pierrette Boutin
Affiliation:
Hôtel-Dieu du Sacré-Coeur de Jésus de Québec and Centre de recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard, Beauport, Québec, Canada
Martin Hamel
Affiliation:
Hôtel-Dieu du Sacré-Coeur de Jésus de Québec and Centre de recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard, Beauport, Québec, Canada
Chantal Mérette
Affiliation:
Hôtel-Dieu du Sacré-Coeur de Jésus de Québec and Centre de recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard, Beauport, Québec, Canada
Maria Martinez
Affiliation:
Hôtel-Dieu du Sacré-Coeur de Jésus de Québec and Centre de recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard, Beauport, Québec, Canada
*
Professor Michel Maziade, Le Centre de recherche Université Laval Robert-Giffard, 2601 chemin de la Canardardiere, Beauport, Québec, Canada G1J 2G3
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

The aim of this study was to verify the presence and stability across life of the positive/negative distinction in early-onset schizophrenia (EO-SZ) through a longitudinal factor analysis of the schizophrenic dimensions, and to identify the factors predicting several indices of long-term outcome for EO-SZ.

Method

Forty children consecutively referred for DSM–III–R schizophrenia (SZ) in a specific catchment area comprised the sample.

Results

Across a 14.8-year follow-up, longitudinal factor analysis identified two separate factors corresponding to the positive and negative symptom dimensions. We also observed that: the GAS rated over the last three years of adult illness and the severity of negative symptoms during the stabilised interepisode intervals in adulthood were the indices of adult outcome that were most easily predicted; and the best childhood predictors of adult outcome were premorbid functioning and severity of positive and negative symptoms during acute episodes.

Conclusions

The presence of premorbid non-psychotic behaviour disturbances (NPBD) and premorbid developmental problems was not related to severity of outcome, in contrast to the former variables.

Type
Papers
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 169 , Issue 3 , September 1996 , pp. 371 - 378
Copyright
Copyright © 1996 The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akaike, H. (1969) Fitting autoregressive models for prediction. Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics, 21, 243–247.Google Scholar
Ambelas, A. (1992) Preschizophrenics: adding to the evidence, sharpening the focus. British Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 401–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn, revised), (DSM–III–R). Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
Andreasen, N. C. & Grove, W. M. (1986) Evaluation of positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Psychiatrie et Psychobiologie, 1, 108–121.Google Scholar
Andreasen, N. C., Flaum, M. & Arndt, S. (1992) The comprehensive assessment of symptoms and history (CASH). Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 615–623.Google Scholar
Arndt, S., Alliger, R. J. & Andreasen, N. C. (1991) The distinction of positive and negative symptoms: the failure of a two-dimensional model. British Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 317–322.Google Scholar
Arndt, S., Andreasen, N. C., Flaum, M., et al (1995) A longitudinal study of symptom dimensions in schizophrenia. Prediction and patterns of change. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 352–360.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Asarnow, R. F. & Asarnow, R. J. (1994a) Childhood-onset schizophrenia: Editors' introduction. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 20, 591–597.Google Scholar
Asarnow, R. J., Tomson, M. C. & Goldstein, M. J. (1994b) Childhood-onset schizophrenia: a follow-up study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 20, 599–617.Google Scholar
Beitchman, J. H. (1983) Childhood schizophrenia: a review and comparison with adult onset schizophrenia. Revue de psychiatrie, 8, 25–37.Google Scholar
Bilder, R. M., Mukherjee, S., Rieder, R. O., et al (1985) Symptomatic and neuropsychological components of defect states. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11, 409–419.Google Scholar
Bird, H. R., Canino, G., Rubio-Stipec, M., et al (1987) Further measures of the psychometric properties of the children's global assessment scale. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 821–824.Google Scholar
Bland, R. C. (1984) Long-term mental illness in Canada: an epidemiological perspective on schizophrenia and affective disorders. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 29, 242–246.Google Scholar
Bland, R. C., Parker, J. H. & Orn, H. (1978) Prognosis in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 72–77.Google Scholar
Bleuler, M. N. (1978) The Schizophrenic Disorders: Long-Term Patient and Family Studies. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Brockington, I., Roper, A., Edmunds, E., et al (1992) A longitudinal psychopathological schedule. Psychological Medicine, 22, 1035–1043.Google Scholar
Caplan, R., Perdue, S., Tanguay, P. E., et al (1990) Formal thought disorder in childhood onset schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 31, 1103–1114.Google Scholar
Carpenter, W. T. Jr & Kirkpatrick, B. (1988) The heterogeneity of the long-term course of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 14, 645–652.Google Scholar
Castle, D. J., Wessely, S. & Murray, R. M. (1993) Sex and schizophrenia: effects of diagnostic stringency, and associations with premorbid variables. British Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 658–664.Google Scholar
Cattell, R. B. (1963) The structuring of change by P-technique and incremental R-technique. In Problems of Measuring Change (ed. Harris, C. W.). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Ciompi, L. (1980a) Catamnestic long-term study on the course of life and aging of schizophrenics. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 6, 606.Google Scholar
Ciompi, L. (1980b) The natural history of schizophrenia in the long term. British Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 413.Google Scholar
Ciompi, L. (1984) Is there really a schizophrenia? The long-term course of psychotic phenomena. British Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 636.Google Scholar
Ciompi, L. (1988) Learning from outcome studies. Toward a comprehensive biological-psychosocial understanding of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 1, 373–384.Google Scholar
DeLisi, L. E., Boccio, A. M., Riordan, H., et al (1991) Familial thyroid disease and delayed language development in first admission patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 38, 39–50.Google Scholar
Dunteman, G. H. (1989) Principal components analysis. In Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, Vol. 69 (ed. Lewis-Beck, M. S.), p. 96. Newbury Park: Sage.Google Scholar
Eggers, C. (1978) Course and prognosis of childhood schizophrenia. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 8, 21–36.Google Scholar
Eggers, C. (1989) Schizo-affective psychoses in childhood: a follow-up study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 19, 327–342.Google Scholar
Endicott, J., Spitzer, R. L., Fleiss, J. L., et al (1976) The global assessment scale: A procedure for measuring overall severity of psychiatric disturbances. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 766–771.Google Scholar
Gordon, C. T., Frazier, J. A., McKenna, K., et al (1994) Childood-onset schizophrenia: an NIMH study in progress. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 20, 697–712.Google Scholar
Green, W. H., Padron-Gayol, M., Hardesty, A. S., et al (1992) Schizophrenia with childhood onset: a phenomenological study of 38 cases. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 968–976.Google Scholar
Harding, M. C. (1988) Course types in schizophrenia: an analysis of European and American studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 14, 633–643.Google Scholar
Hollingshead, A. B. (1957) Two-factor Index of Social Position. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Hollis, C. (1995) Child and adolescent (juvenile onset) schizophrenia: a case control study of premorbid developmental impairments. British Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 489–495.Google Scholar
Iacono, W. G. & Beiser, M. (1992) Are males more likely than females to develop schizophrenia? American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 1070–1074.Google Scholar
Jonsson, H. & Nyman, A. K. (1991) Predicting long-term outcome in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 83, 342–346.Google Scholar
Klimidis, S., Stuart, G. W., Minas, I. H., et al (1993) Positive and negative symptoms in the psychoses. Re-analysis of published SAPS and SANS global ratings. Schizophrenia Research, 9, 11–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kolvin, I. (1971) Studies in the childhood psychoses. I. Diagnostic criteria and classification. British Journal of Psychiatry, 118, 381–384.Google Scholar
Kolvin, I., Ounsted, C., Humphrey, M., et al (1971) Studies in the childhood psychoses. II. The phenomenology of childhood psychoses. British Journal of Psychiatry, 118, 385–395.Google Scholar
Kolvin, I. & Berney, T. P. (1990) Childhood schizophrenia. In Handbook of Studies on Child Psychiatry (eds Tonge, B. J., Burrows, G. D. & Werry, J. S.), pp. 123–135. London: Elsevier Science.Google Scholar
Lewine, R. J. (1988) Gender and schizophrenia. In Handbook of Schizophrenia, Vol. 3 (ed. Nasrallah, H. A.). Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Liddle, P. F. (1987) The symptoms of chronic schizophrenia: a reexamination of the positive–negative dichotomy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 145–151.Google Scholar
Mallows, C. L. (1973) Some comments on CPI. Technometrics, 15, 661–675.Google Scholar
Maziade, M., Roy, M. A., Fournier, J. P., et al (1992) Reliability of best-estimate diagnosis in genetic linkage studies of major psychoses: results from the Quebec pedigree studies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 1674–1686.Google Scholar
Maziade, M., Roy, M. A., Martinez, M., et al (1995) The negative, psychoticism and disorganized dimensions in a familial sample of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder continuity and discontinuity between the two major psychoses. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1458–1463.Google Scholar
McGlashan, T. H. (1984) The Chestnut Lodge follow-up study. II. Long-term outcome of schizophrenia and the affective disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 586.Google Scholar
McGlashan, T. H. (1986a) The prediction of outcome in chronic schizophrenia. IV. The Chestnut Lodge follow-up study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 167–176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGlashan, T. H. (1986b) Predictors of shorter-, medium-, and longer-term outcome in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 50–55.Google Scholar
McGlashan, T. H., Carpenter, W. T. Jr & Bartko, J. J. (1988) Issues of design and methodology in long-term follow-up studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 14, 569–574.Google Scholar
McKenna, K., Gordon, C. T., Lenane, M., et al (1994) Looking for childhood-onset schizophrenia: the first 71 cases screened. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 636–644.Google Scholar
Miller, D. D., Arndt, S. & Andreasen, N. C. (1993) Alogia, attentional impairment, and inappropriate affect: their status in the dimensions of schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 34, 221–226.Google Scholar
Murray, R. M., Ocallaghan, E., Castle, D. J., et al (1992) A neurodevelopmental approach to the classification of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 18, 319–331.Google Scholar
Peralta, V., De Leon, J. & Cuesta, M. J. (1992) Are there more than two syndromes in schizophrenia? A critique of the positive–negative symptom dichotomy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 335–343.Google Scholar
Post, R. M., Roy-Byrne, P. P. & Uhde, T. W. (1988) Graphic representation of the life course of illness in patients with affective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 844–848.Google Scholar
Ricks, D. F. & Nameche, G. (1966) Symbiosis, sacrifice, and schizophrenia. Mental Hygiene, 50, 541–551.Google ScholarPubMed
Ricks, D. F. & Berry, J. C. (1970) Family and symptom patterns that precede schizophrenia. In Life History Research in Psychopathology (eds Roff, M. & Ricks, D. F.), pp. 31–50. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Russell, A. T. (1992) Schizophrenia. In Assessment and Diagnosis of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders: Current Issues and Procedures (eds Hooper, S. R., Hynd, G. W. & Mattison, R. E.), pp. 23–63. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Russell, A. T. (1994) The clinical presentation of childhood-onset schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 20, 631–646.Google Scholar
Russell, A. T., Bott, L. & Sammons, C. (1989) The phenomenology of schizophrenia occurring in childhood. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 399–407.Google Scholar
Sackett, D. L. (1979) Bias in analytic research. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 32, 51–63.Google Scholar
Seeman, M. V. (1986) Current outcome in schizophrenia: women vs men. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 73, 609–617.Google Scholar
Spencer, E. K. & Campbell, M. (1994) Children with schizophrenia: diagnosis, phenomenology and pharmacotherapy. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 20, 713–725.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., Gibbon, M., et al (1992) The structured clinical interview for DSM–III–R (SCID) I: History, rationale and description. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 624–629.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Torrey, E. F., Bowler, A. E., Taylor, E. H., et al (1994a) Are individuals who develop schizophrenia different as children? In Schizophrenia and Manic–Depressive Disorder. The Biological Roots of Mental Illness as Revealed by the Landmark Study of Identical Twins (eds Fuller Torrey, E., Bowler, A. E., Taylor, E. H., et al), pp. 79–115. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Torrey, E. F., Taylor, E. H., Bracha, H. S., et al (1994b) Prenatal origin of schizophrenia in a subgroup of discordant monozygotic twins. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 20, 423–432.Google Scholar
Tsuang, M. T. (1986) Predictors of poor and good outcome in schizophrenia. In Life-Span Research on the Prediction of Psychopathology (eds Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L. & Miller, N. E.), pp. 195–203. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Tsuano, M. T., & Dempsey, G. M. (1979) Long-term outcome of major psychoses. II. Schizoaffective disorder compared with schizophrenia, affective disorders, and a surgical control group. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 1302.Google Scholar
Volkmar, F. R., Cohen, D. J., Hoshino, Y., et al (1988) Phenomenology and classification of the childhood psychoses. Psychological Medicine, 18, 191–201.Google Scholar
Watkins, J. M., Asarnow, R. F. & Tanguay, P. E. (1988) Symptom development in childhood onset schizophrenia. Journal of Child Neurology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 29, 865–878.Google ScholarPubMed
Weissman, M. M., Merikangas, K. R., John, K., et al (1986) Family-genetic studies of psychiatric disorders. Developing technologies. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 1104–1116.Google Scholar
Werry, J. S. (1992) Child and adolescent (early onset) schizophrenia: a review in light of DSM–III–R. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 22, 181–187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Werry, J. S., McClellan, J. M. & Chard, L. (1991) Childhood and adolescent schizophrenic, bipolar, and schizoaffective disorders: a clinical and outcome study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 457–465.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Werry, J. S. & McClellan, J. M. (1992) Predicting outcome in child and adolescent (early onset) schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 147–150.Google Scholar
Werry, J. S. & Taylor, E. (1994) Schizophrenic and allied disorders. In Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: Modern Approaches (eds Rutter, M., Taylor, E. & Herson, L.), pp. 594–615. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.Google Scholar
Westermeyer, J. F. & Harrow, M. (1988) Course and outcome in schizophrenia. In Nosology, Epidemiology and Genetics (eds Tsuang, M. T. & Simpson, J. C.), pp. 205–244. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1994) International Classification of Diseases (10th edn) (ICD–10). Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.