Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T07:11:28.323Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The History of General Hospital Psychiatry

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Richard Mayou*
Affiliation:
University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX

Abstract

General hospital psychiatry in Britain began in 1728, and thereafter several new voluntary hospitals provided separate wards for lunatics, but none survived beyond the middle of the 19th century. Less severe nervous organic disorder has always been common in the general wards of voluntary hospitals, and was accepted as the responsibility of neurologists and other physicians; all forms of disorder were admitted to the infirmaries of workhouses. During the present century psychiatrists began to take an interest in non-certifiable mental illnesses and in working in general hospitals. Out-patient clinics became more common following the Mental Treatment Act 1930. The growth of general hospital psychiatric units in the last 30 years began amidst controversy, but has received little recent critical attention.

Type
Papers
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1989 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abel-Smith, B. (1964) The Hospitals 1800–1848. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Allderidge, P. (1979) Hospitals, madhouses and asylums: cycles in the care of the insane. British Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 321334.Google Scholar
Anderson, O. (1987) Suicide in Victorian and Edwardian England. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Armstrong, D. (1980) Madness and coping. Sociology of Health and Illness, 2, 296315.Google Scholar
Baruch, G. & Treacher, A. (1978) Psychiatry Observed. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Blacker, C. P. (1946) Neurosis and the Mental Health Service. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Board Of Control (1922) Report of a Conference on Lunacy Reform. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Board Of Control (1930) Report of a Conference on Mental Treatment. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Board Of Control (1935) Report of the Board. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Bond, H. (1915) The position of psychiatry and the role of general hospital unit improvement. Journal of Mental Science, 61, 117.Google Scholar
British Medical Journal (1936) The training of the neurologist and the psychiatrist. British Medical Journal, ii, 395396.Google Scholar
British Medical Journal (1945) Psychiatry and the general hospital. British Medical Journal, i, 637.Google Scholar
Brook, C. P. B. (1964) Psychiatric units in general hospitals. Lancet, ii, 684686.Google Scholar
Brook, C. P. B. & Stafford-Clark, D. (1961) Psychiatric treatment in general wards. Lancet, i, 11591162.Google Scholar
Bryder, L. (1988) Below the Magic Mountain: A Social History of Tuberculosis in Twentieth Century Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Busfield, J. (1986) Managing Madness. London: Hutchinson.Google Scholar
Bynum, W. F. (1985) The nervous patient in eighteenth and nineteenth century Britain: the psychiatric origins of British neurology. In The Anatomy of Madness, vol. 1, People and Ideas (eds Bynum, W. F., Porter, R. & Shepherd, M.). London: Tavistock.Google Scholar
Cawley, R. H. & McKeown, T. (1963) Services for the mentally ill in a balanced hospital community. In Trends in the Mental Health Services (eds Freeman, H. & Farndale, J.). Oxford: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Clouston, T. S. (1902) The possibility of providing suitable means of treatment for incipient and transient mental diseases in our great general hospitals. Journal of Mental Science, 48, 697709.Google Scholar
Crisp, A. H. (1968) The role of the psychiatrist in the general hospital. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 44, 267276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curran, D. (1963) Teaching or therapy? British Journal of Psychiatry, 110, 19.Google Scholar
Department Of Health And Social Security (1975) Better Services for the Mentally Ill. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Department Of Health And Social Security (1984) Health Services Management: the Management of Deliberate Self-harm (HN (84) 25). London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Department Of Health And Social Security (1985) Government Response to the Second Report of the Social Services Committee (NH (85) 29). London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Eilenberg, M. D., Pritchard, M. J. & Whatmore, P. B. (1962) A 12 month survey of observation ward practice. British Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine, 16, 2227.Google Scholar
Fischer-Homberger, E. (1979) On the medical history of the doctrine of the imagination. Psychological Medicine, 9, 618628.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fleminger, J. J. & Mallett, B. L. (1962) Psychiatric referrals from medical and surgical wards. Journal of Mental Science, 108, 183190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freeman, H. L. (1960) Oldham and district psychiatric service. Lancet, i, 218221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, H. L. (1983) District psychiatric services: psychiatry for defined populations. In Mental Illness: Changes and Trends (ed. Bean, P.). Chichester: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Freeman, H. L. (1984) Mental health services in an English county borough before 1974. Medical History, 28, 111128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, H. L. (1988a) In conversation with George Godber. Psychiatric Bulletin, 12, 513519.Google Scholar
Freeman, H. L. (1988b) In conversation with Enoch Powell. Psychiatric Bulletin, 12, 402406.Google Scholar
Gibson, A. G. (1963) The Radcliffe Infirmary. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Goldberg, D. (1980) Implementation of mental health policies in the North West of England. In Provision of Mental Health Services in Britain: The Way Ahead (ed. Wilkinson, G. & Freeman, H.). London: Gaskell.Google Scholar
Greenhill, M. H. (1979) Psychiatric units in general hospitals: 1979. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 30, 169182.Google ScholarPubMed
Hawton, K. E. & Catalan, J. (1987) Attempted Suicide (2nd edn). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Henderson, D. (1964) The Evolution of Psychiatry in Scotland. Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingstone.Google Scholar
Hill, D. (1969) Psychiatry in Medicine. London: Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust.Google Scholar
Hoenig, J. & Hamilton, M. W. (1969) The Desegregation of the Mentally Ill. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Howell, J. D. (1985) “Soldiers Heart”: The redefinitions of heart disease and specialty formation in early twentieth century Great Britain. Medical History (suppl. 5), 3452.Google Scholar
Hunter, R. A. (1974) Psychiatry for the Poor. London: Dawsons.Google Scholar
Hunter, R. A. & MacAlpine, I. (1963) Three Hundred years of Psychiatry: 1535–1860. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hunter, R. A. & Hurwitz, L. J. (1981) The case notes of the National Hospital for the paralysed and epileptic. Queen Square, London, before 1900. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 24, 187194.Google Scholar
Hurst, A. (1949) A Twentieth Century Physician. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Jones, K. (1972) A History of the Mental Health Services. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Jones, R., Goldberg, D. & Hughes, B. (1980) A comparison of two different services treating schizophrenia: a cost-benefit approach. Psychological Medicine, 10, 493503.Google Scholar
Kenyon, F. E. & Rutter, M. L. (1963) The psychiatrist and the general hospital. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 4, 8689.Google Scholar
Kessell, N. (1965) Self poisoning. British Medical Journal, ii, 12651270, 1336–1340.Google Scholar
Kessell, N. (1973) The district general hospital is where the action is. In Policy for Action (eds Cawley, R. & McLacklan, G.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kreitman, N. (1977) Parasuicide. London: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Lancet (1936) Observation wards. Lancet, ii, 789799.Google Scholar
Lancet (1937) Referred to the psychiatrist. Lancet, ii, 14961497.Google Scholar
Lancet (1938) Psychiatric clinics in general hospitals. Lancet, i, 850851.Google Scholar
Lebensohn, Z. M. (1980) General psychiatry U.S.A.: retrospect and prospect. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 21, 500509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, A. (1947) The education of psychiatrists. Lancet, ii, 7983.Google Scholar
Lewis, A. (1969) Edward Mapother and the making of the Maudsley Hospital. British Journal of Psychiatry, 115, 13491366.Google Scholar
Leyberg, J. T. (1959) A district psychiatric service. The Bolton pattern. Lancet, ii, 282284.Google Scholar
Loudun, I. (1988) Puerperal insanity in the 19th century. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 81, 7679.Google Scholar
MacLachlan, G. (1987) Improving the Common Wealth. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Macmillan, D. (1965) Requirements of an integrated mental health service. In Psychiatric Hospital Care (ed. Freeman, H.). London: Baillière, Tindall & Cassell.Google Scholar
Mahadevan, S. & Foster, D. P. (1982) Psychiatric units in district general hospitals and traditional mental hospitals: some recent evidence. British Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 160165.Google Scholar
Marland, H. (1987) Medicine and Society in Wakefield and Huddersfield. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Martin, F. M. & Rehin, G. F. (1969) Towards Community Care. London: Political & Economics Planning.Google Scholar
Mayou, R. & Lloyd, G. (1985) A survey of liaison psychiatry in the United Kingdom and Eire. Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, 9, 214217.Google Scholar
Merrington, W. R. (1976) University College Hospital and Its Medical School: A History. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Ministry Of Health (1961) Attempted Suicide (HM (61) 94). London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Ministry Of Health (1962) A Hospital Plan for England & Wales. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Ministry Of Health (1968) Hospital Treatment of Acute Poisoning. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Munro, T. A. S. (1954) Psychiatry at Guy's Hospital. Guy's Hospital Reports, 103, 299303.Google Scholar
National Association For Mental Health (1961) Emerging Patterns for the Mental Health Services and the Public (Annual Conference 1961). London: National Association for Mental Health.Google Scholar
Parry-Jones, W. L. P. (1985) Archival exploration of anorexia nervosa. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 19, 95100.Google Scholar
Pentreath, E. W. H. & Dax, E. C. (1937) Mental observation wards. Journal of Mental Science, 83, 347365.Google Scholar
Pickstone, J. V. (1985) Medicine and Industrial Society. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Pickstone, J. V. (1989) Psychiatric units in district general hospitals: the history and geography of a ‘silent innovation’. Social History of Medicine, I, 259260.Google Scholar
Porter, R. (1987) Mind Forg'd Manacles. London: Athlone Press.Google Scholar
Poynter, F. N. L. (1964) The Evolution of Hospitals in Britain. London: Pitman.Google Scholar
Rehin, G. F. & Martin, F. M. (1963) Psychiatric Services in 1975. London: Political & Economical Planning.Google Scholar
Risse, G. B. (1986) Hospital Life in Enlightenment Scotland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Risse, G. B. (1988) Hysteria at the Edinburgh Infirmary: the construction and treatment of a disease, 1770–1800. Medical History, 32, 122.Google Scholar
Rollin, H. (1990) Festina Lente. A Psychiatric Odyssey. London: British Medical Journal (in press).Google Scholar
Royal College Of Physicians, British Medical Associations, Royal Medico-Psychological Association (1945) Psychiatric services. Joint recommendations. Lancet, i, 763765.Google Scholar
Rushton, P. (1988) Lunatics and idiots: mental disability, the community, and the poor law in North East England, 1600–1800. Medical History, 32, 3451.Google Scholar
Shepherd, M. (1986) A representative psychiatrist: the career, contributions and legacies of Sir Aubrey Lewis. Psychological Medicine (suppl. 10).Google Scholar
Silverman, M. (1961) A comprehensive department of psychological medicine. British Medical Journal, ii, 698701.Google Scholar
Stafford-Clark, D. (1965) Psychiatry at Guy's Hospital (II). Guy's Hospital Reports, 114, 151173.Google Scholar
Stengel, E. (1963) Attempted suicide, its management in the general hospital. Lancet, i, 233235.Google Scholar
Stengel, E. & Cook, N. G. (1958) Attempted Suicide, Its Social Significance and Effects. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Stone, M. (1985) Shellshock and the psychologists. In The Anatomy of Madness, vol. 2. Institutions and Society (eds Bynum, W. F., Porter, K. & Shepherd, M.). London: Tavistock.Google Scholar
Taylor, E. (1988) On the first use of “psychoanalysis” at the Massachusetts General Hospital, 1903–1905. Journal of the History of Medicine, 43, 447471.Google Scholar
Thompson, J. D. & Goldin, E. (1975) The Hospital: A Social and Architectural History. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Townsend, P. (1962) The Last Refuge. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Unsworth, C. (1987) The Politics of Mental Health Legislation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Webster, C. (1988) The Health Services Since The War, vol. I. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Woodward, J. (1974) To Do The Sick No Harm. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.