Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T16:07:52.241Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Five Risk Factors for Depression

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

A. Roy
A. Roy*
Affiliation:
Section on Clinical Studies, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Bldg 10, Rm 4N214, 9000 Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Significantly more of 300 patients with non-endogenous depression compared with 300 matched controls were unemployed and had a poor marriage before the onset of depression, had a first-degree relative who had been treated for depression, had experienced separation for one year or more from a parent before 17 years of age and had three or more children under 14 years of age at home. However, significantly more of 44 patients with endogenous depression, than their 46 controls, also had a poor marriage before the onset of depression and 43% of them had a first-degree relative who had been treated for depression. Thus a family history of depression and a poor marriage before the onset of depression are associated with both non-endogenous and endogenous depression but unemployment, separation for one year or more from a parent before 17 years of age, and having three or more young children at home may be risk factors for non-endogenous depression.

Type
Research Article
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 150 , Issue 4 , April 1987 , pp. 536 - 541
Copyright
Copyright © 1987 The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Birtchnell, J. & Kennard, J. (1983a) Does marital maladjustment lead to mental illness. Social Psychiatry, 18, 79–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Birtchnell, J. & Kennard, J. (1983b) Marriage and mental illness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 193–198.Google Scholar
Brodie, K. & Leff, M. (1971) Bipolar depression - a comparative study of patient characteristics. American Journal of Psychiatry, 127. 1086–1090.Google Scholar
Brown, G. & Harris, T. (1978) The Social Origins of Depression. London: Tavistock Publications.Google ScholarPubMed
Brown, G. Bhrolchain, M. & Harris, T. (1975) Social class and psychiatric disturbance among women in an urban population. Sociology, 9, 225–254.Google Scholar
Brown, G., Harris, T. & Copeland, J. (1977) Depression and loss. British Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 1–18.Google Scholar
Campbell, E., Cope, S. & Teasdale, J. (1983) Social factors and affective disorder: an investigation of Brown and Harris' model. British Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 548–553.Google Scholar
Crowther, J. (1985) The relationship between depression and marital adjustment. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 173, 227–231.Google Scholar
D'Arcy, C. & Siddique, C. (1984) Social support and mental health among mothers of preschool and school age children. Social Psychiatry, 19, 155–162.Google Scholar
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edn. (1980). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Endicott, J. & Spitzer, R. (1979) A diagnostic interview: the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 837–844.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goerino, P., Lancee, W. & Freeman, S. (1986) Expressed emotion and recovery from depression. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, Submitted.Google Scholar
Goldberg, D. P. (1972) The Detection of Psychiatric Illness by Questionnaire. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Goldthorpe, J. H. & Hope, K. (1974) The Social Grading of Occupations-A New Approach and Scale. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Grizzle, J., Starmer, C. & Koch, G. (1969) Analysis of categorical data by linear models. Biometrics, 25, 489–504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hallstrom, T. & Persson, G. (1984) The relationship of social setting to major depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 70, 327–336.Google Scholar
Hamilton, M. (1960) A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 23, 56–62.Google Scholar
Hoover, C. & Fitzgerald, R. (1981) Marital conflict in manic-depressive patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 65–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
International Classification Of Diseases (1965) Eighth Revision. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Kidd, K. & Weissman, M. (1978) Why we do not yet understand the genetics of affective disorders. In Depression: Biology, Psychodynamics, and Treatment (Cole, J., Shatzberg, A., & Frazier, S., eds). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Kumar, R. & Robson, K. (1984) A prospective study of emotional disorders in childbearing women. British Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 35–47.Google Scholar
Merikangos, K. (1984) Divorce and assortative mating among depressed inpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 74–76.Google Scholar
Paykel, E., Emms, E., Fletcher, J. & Rassaby, E. (1980) Life events and social supports in puerperal depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 339–346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quinton, D., Rutter, M. & Rowlands, O. (1976) An evaluation of an interview assessment of marriage. Psychological Medicine, 6, 577–586.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roy, A. (1978) Vulnerability factors and depression in women. British Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 106–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roy, A. (1981a) Vulnerability factors and depression in men. British Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 75–77.Google Scholar
Roy, A. (1981b) Risk factors for depression in Canadian women. Journal of Affective Disorders, 3, 65–70.Google Scholar
Roy, A. (1983) Early parental death and adult depression. Psychological Medicine, 13, 861–865.Google Scholar
Roy, A. (1985) Early permanent separation and adult depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 987–991.Google Scholar
Tenant, C, Bebbington, P. & Hurry, J. (1982) Female vulnerability to neurosis: the influence of social roles. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 135–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waring, E. & Patton, E. (1984) Marital intimacy and depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 641–644.Google Scholar
Watson, J., Elliott, S., Rugg, A. & Brough, D. (1984) Psychiatric disorder in pregnancy and the first postnatal year. British Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 453–462.Google Scholar
Weissman, M. & Paykel, E. (1974). The Depressed Woman: A Study of Social Relationships. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Weissman, M., Kidd, K. & Prusoff, B. (1982) Variability in rates of affective disorders in relatives of depressed and normal probands. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 1397–1403.Google Scholar
Weissman, M., Gershon, E., Kidd, K., Prusoff, B., Leckman, J., Dibble, E., Hamovit, J., Thompson, D., Pauls, D. & Guroff, J. (1984) Psychiatric disorders in the relatives of probands with affective disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 13–21.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.