Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T07:19:27.456Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Factors Predisposing to a Placebo Response in New Out-patients with Anxiety States

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2018

A. A. Black
A. A. Black*
Affiliation:
Long Grove Hospital, Epsom, Surrey, Institute of Psychiatry, The Maudsley Hospital, London, S.E.5
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Whenever one person seeks to influence the behaviour of another, the outcome may be affected by a multiplicity of factors. When the deliberate manipulation of one of these is followed by a given response, we regard the manoeuvre as specific and causal for that event. While this conclusion is acceptable logically, in practice it frequently proves to be misleading because certain implicit assumptions are overlooked.

Type
Research Article
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 112 , Issue 487 , June 1966 , pp. 557 - 567
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1966 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abramson, H. A., Jarvik, M. E., Levine, A., Kaufman, M. R., and Hirsch, M. V. V. (1955). “Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25). XV: The effects produced by substitution of a tap-water placebo.” J. Psychol., 40, 367–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benjamin, L. S. (1963). “Statistical treatment of the Law of Initial Values (LIV) in autonomic research: a review and recommendation.” Psychosom. Med., 25, 556–566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, A. A. (1959). “An investigation of placebo reactors.” D.P.M. Dissertation, University of London.Google Scholar
Black, A. A. (1965). “The placebo responder.” M.D. Thesis, University of London.Google Scholar
Comrey, A. L. (1957). “A factor analysis of items on the MMPI Hypochondriasis, Depression and Hysteria scales.” Educ. Psychol. Meas., 17, 568, 578, 586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goppen, A., and Kessel, N. (1963). “Menstruation and personality.” Brit. J. Psychiat., 109, 711–721.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1959). Manual of the Maudsley Personality Inventory. University of London Press.Google Scholar
Eysenck, S. B. G., and Eysenck, H. J. (1963). “On the dual nature of extraversion.” Brit. J. soc. din. Psychol., 2, 46–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gartner, M. A. Jr. (1961). “Selected personality differences between placebo reactors and nonreactors.” J. Amer. osteopath. Ass., 60, 377–378.Google Scholar
Giel, R., Knox, R. S., and Carstairs, G. M. (1964). “A five-year follow-up of 100 neurotic outpatients.” Brit. med. J., 2, 160–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gliedman, L. H., Nash, E. H., Imber, S. D., Stone, A. T., and Frank, J. D. (1958). “Reduction of symptoms by pharmacologically inert substances and by short-term psychotherapy.” Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.), 79, 34–51.Google Scholar
Gorham, D. R., and Lasky, J. J. (1962). “Do the attitudes depressed patients have toward chemotherapy affect their treatment responses?” Amer. Psychologist, 17 (Abstract).Google Scholar
Gorham, D. R. and Sherman, L. J. (1961). “The relation of attitudes toward medication to treatment outcome in chemotherapy.” Amer. J. Psychiat., 117, 830–832.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, M. (1959). “The assessment of anxiety states by rating.” Brit. J. med. Psychol., 32, 50–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haroreaves, G. R., Hamilton, M., and Roberts, J. M. (1958). “Treatment of anxiety states: II. Clinical trial of benactyzine in anxiety states.” J. ment. Sci., 104, 1056–1061.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Honiofeld, G. (1963). “Physician and patient attitudes as factors influencing the placebo response in depression.” Dis. nerv. Syst., 24, 1–4.Google Scholar
Honiofeld, G. (1964). “Non-specific factors in treatment: I. Review of placebo reactions and placebo reactors. II. Review of social-psychological factors.” Ibid., 25, 145–156, 225–239.Google Scholar
Joyce, C. R. B. (1959). “Consistent differences in individual reactions to drugs and dummies.” Brit. J. Pharmacol., 14, 512–521.Google Scholar
Knowles, J. B., and Lucas, C. J. (1960). “Experimental studies of the placebo response.” J. ment. Sci., 106, 231–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knowles, J. B., and Lucas, C. J. (1962). “The contribution of attitude and personality to the patient's rating of treatment.” Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 55, 778–780.Google Scholar
Kurland, A. A. (1957). “The drug placebo—its psychodynamic and conditional reflex action.” Behav. Sci., 2, 101–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lacey, J. I. (1956). “The evaluation of autonomic responses: toward a general solution.” Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sd., 67, 123–164.Google Scholar
Lasagna, L. (1955). “Placebos.” Scient. Amer., 193, 68–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lasagna, L., Moeteller, F., von Felsinoer, J. M., and Beecher, H. K. (1954). “A study of the placebo response.” Amer. J. Med., 16, 770–779.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liberman, R. (1962). “An analysis of the placebo phenomenon.” J. chron. Dis., 15, 761–783.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linton, H. B., and Langs, R.J. (1962). “Placebo reactions in a study of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25).” Arch. gen. Psychiat., 6, 369–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morison, R. A. H., Woodmansey, A., and Young, A. J. (1961). “Placebo response in an arthritis trial.” Ann. rheum. Dis., 20, 179–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muller, B. P. (1965). “Personality of placebo reactors and nonreactors.” Dis. nerv. Syst., 26, 58–61.Google Scholar
Pollttt, J. D. (1960). “Natural history studies in mental illness: discussion based on pilot study of obsessional states.” J. ment. Sci., 106, 93–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rawnsley, K., and Loudon, J. B. (1962). “Factors influencing the referral of patients to psychiatrists by general practitioners.” Brit. J. prev. soc. Med., 16, 174–182.Google Scholar
Roberts, J. M., and Hamilton, M. (1958). “Treatment of anxiety states. I. The effects of suggestion on the symptoms of anxiety states.” J. ment. Sci., 104, 1052–1055.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, J. T., Davies, L. S., Kreitman, N., and Knowles, J. B. (1965). “A double-blind trial of oxypertine for anxiety neurosis.” Brit. J. Psychiat., 111, 527–529.Google Scholar
Samuels, A. S., and Edisen, C. B. (1961). “A study of the psychiatric effects of placebo.” J. Louisiana med. Soc., 113, 114–117.Google Scholar
Shapiro, A. K. (1960). “A contribution to a history of the placebo effect.” Behav. Sd., 5, 109–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheard, M. H. (1964). “The influence of patients' attitudes on their response to antidepressant medication.” J. nerv. ment. Dis., 139, 195–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepherd, M., and Gruenbero, E. M. (1957). “The age for neuroses.” Millbank Mem. Fund Quart., 35, 258–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tibbetts, R. W. J., and Hawkings, J. R. (1956). “The placebo response.” J. ment. Sd., 102, 60–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trouton, D. S. (1957). “Placebos and psychological effects.” Ibid., 103, 344–354.Google Scholar
Walker, L. (1959). “The prognosis for affective illness with overt anxiety.” J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 22, 338–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.