Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T08:21:50.801Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Extrapyramidal Syndromes and New Antipsychotic Drugs: Findings in Patients and Non-human Primate Models

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 August 2018

Daniel E. Casey
Daniel E. Casey*
Affiliation:
Oregon Health Sciences University, and Psychiatric Research and Psychopharmacology, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Portland, USA
*
Professor Daniel E. Casey, MD, Psychiatry Service (116A), VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR 97201, USA
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Since neuroleptic drugs were introduced in the 1950s they have become the primary mode of therapy for managing both acute and chronic psychoses. Although some antipsychotic drugs are free of disturbing extrapyramidal side-effects (EPS), most have a very narrow therapeutic/toxic index. Clozapine is the best example of an antipsychotic with a wide separation between antipsychotic actions and liability to EPS, but its side-effect profile of sedation, salivation, seizures, and agranulocytosis are factors that limit its use, and clearly indicate the need for further advancement in neuroleptic therapy.

Type
Research Article
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 168 , Issue S29: Current Issues in the Development of Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs , May 1996 , pp. 32 - 39
Copyright
Copyright © 1996 The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alder, L. A., Angrist, B., Reiter, B., et al (1989) Neuroleptic-induced akathisia: a review. Psychopharmacology, 97, 1–11.Google Scholar
Arnt, J., Hyttel, J. & Bach-Lauritsen, T. (1986) Further studies of the mechanism behind scopolamine-induced reversal of antistereotypic and cataleptogenic effects of neuroleptics in rats. Acta Pharmacologica Toxicologica, 59, 319–324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balsara, J. J., Jadhav, J. H. & Chandorkar, A. G. (1979) Effect of drugs influencing the central serotonergic mechanisms on haloperidol-induced catalepsy. Psychopharmacology, 62, 67–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beasley, C. M., Tollefson, G., Tye, N. C., et al (1993) Olanzapine: a potential “atypical” antipsychotic agent. Proceedings of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 32, 23.Google Scholar
Bersani, G., Grispini, A. & Marini, S. (1986) Neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal side-effects: clinical perspectives with ritanserin (R35667), a new selective 5-HT receptor blocking agent. Current Therapeutic Research and Clinical Experience, 40, 492–499.Google Scholar
Casey, D. E. (1989a) Serotonergic aspects of acute extrapyramidal syndromes in nonhuman primates. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 25, 457–459.Google ScholarPubMed
Casey, D. E. (1989b) Clozapine: neuroleptic-induced EPS and tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacology, 99 (suppl.), S47–S53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casey, D. E. (1991a) Extrapyramidal syndromes in nonhuman primates: typical and atypical neuroleptics. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 27, 47–50.Google ScholarPubMed
Casey, D. E. (1991b) SCH 23390 and psychosis. Lancet, 338, 185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casey, D. E. (1992a) Neuroleptic-induced acute dystonia. In Drug-Induced Movement Disorders (eds Lang, A. E. & Weiner, W. J.), pp. 21–40. Mount Kisko: Futura.Google Scholar
Casey, D. E. (1992b) Dopamine D1 (SCH 23390) and D2 (haloperidol) antagonists in drug-naive monkeys. Psychopharmacology, 107, 18–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casey, D. E. (1993a) Neuroleptic-induced acute extrapyramidal syndromes and tardive dyskinesia. In The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, Psychopharmacology I, vol. 16 (ed. Dunner, D. L.), p. 589. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.Google Scholar
Casey, D. E. (1993b) Serotonergic and dopaminergic aspects of neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal syndromes in nonhuman primates. Psychopharmacology, 112 (suppl.), S55–S59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casey, D. E. (1994a) Motor and mental aspects of acute extrapyramidal syndromes. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 89, 14–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casey, D. E. (1994b) Profiles of D1 and D2 receptor antagonists in primates. Neuropsychopharmacology, 10 (suppl. 3), 234S.Google Scholar
Casey, D. E., Gerlach, J. & Christensson, E. (1980) Dopamine, acetylcholine, and GABA effects in acute dystonia in primates. Psychopharmacology, 70, 83–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casey, D. E. & Keepers, G. A. (1988) Neuroleptic side-effects: acute extrapyramidal syndromes and tardive dyskinesia. In Psychopharmacology: Current Trends (eds Casey, D. E. & Christensen, A. V.), pp. 74–93. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chipkin, R. E., Iorio, L. O., Coffin, V. L., et al (1988) Pharmacological profile of SCH 39166: a D1 selective benzo-naphthazepine with potential antipsychotic activity. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 247, 1093–1102.Google ScholarPubMed
Christensen, A. V., Arnt, J., Hyttel, J., et al (1984) Pharmacological effects of a specific dopamine D-1 antagonist SCH 23390 in comparison with neuroleptics. Life Sciences, 34, 1529–1540.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coffin, V. L., Latranyi, M. B. & Chipkin, R. E. (1989) Acute extrapyramidal syndrome in cebus monkeys: development mediated by dopamine D2 but not D1 receptors. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 249, 769–774.Google Scholar
Coward, D. M., Imperato, A., Urwyler, S., et al (1989) Biochemical and behavioural properties of clozapine. Psychopharmacology, 99 (suppl.), S6–S12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farde, L. (1992) Selective D1 or D2 dopamine receptor blockade induces akathisia in humans: a PET study with [11C] SCH 23390 and [11C] raclopride. Psychopharmacology, 107, 23–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farde, L., Wiesel, F. A., Nordström, A. L., et al (1989) D1- and D2-dopamine receptor occupancy during treatment with conventional and atypical neuroleptics. Psychopharmacology 99 (suppl.), S28–S31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garver, D. L., Davis, J. M., Dekirmenjian, H., et al (1976) Dystonic reactions following neuroleptics: time course and proposed mechanisms. Psychopharmacology, 47, 199–201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gerlach, J. & Casey, D. E. (1990) Remoxipride, a new selective D2 antagonist, and haloperidol in cebus monkeys. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 14, 103–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gessa, G. L., Canu, A., Del Zompo, M., et al (1991a) Lack of acute antipsychotic effect of SCH 213390, a selective dopamine D1 receptor antagonist. Lancet, 337, 854–855.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gessa, G. L., Canu, A., Del Zompo, M., et al (1991b) SCH 23390 and psychosis. Lancet, 338, 185–186.Google Scholar
Goldstein, J. M., Litwin, L. C., Sutton, E. B., et al (1993) Seroquel: electrophysiological profile of a potential atypical antipsychotic. Psychopharmacology, 112, 293–298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grebb, J. A., Sebree, T., Schmitz, P., et al (1993) A placebo-controlled trial of sertindole in schizophrenia. Proceedings of the First International Congress on Hormones, Brain and Neuropsychopharmacology. Neuropsychopharmacology, 9 (suppl. 2).Google Scholar
Hall, H., Sällemark, M. & Jerning, E. (1986) Effects of remoxipride and some related new substituted salicylamides on rat brain receptors. Acta Pharmacology Toxicology, 58, 61–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirsch, S. R. (1994) Seroquel: an example of an atypical antipsychotic drug. Neuropsychopharmacology, 10 (suppl. 3), 371S.Google Scholar
Hyttel, J., Larsen, J. J., Christensen, A. V., et al (1985) Receptor-binding profiles of neuroleptics. In Dyskinesia: Research and Treatment (eds Casey, D. E., Chase, T. N., Christensen, A. V., et al), p. 9. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kane, J., Honigfield, G., Singer, J., et al (1988) Clorazil collaborative study group: clozapine in the treatment-resistant schizophrenic: a double-blind comparison versus chlorpromazine/benztropine. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 789–796.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karlsson, P., Smith, L., Farde, L., et al (1994) Lack of apparent antipsychotic effect of the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH 39166 in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology, 10 (suppl.), 32S.Google Scholar
Keepers, G. A., Clappison, V. J. & Casey, D. E. (1983) Initial anticholinergic prophylaxis for neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal syndromes. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 1113–1117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Korsgaard, S., Gerlach, J. & Christensson, E. (1985) Behavioral aspects of serotonin–dopamine interaction in the monkey. European Journal of Pharmacology, 118, 245–252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewander, T., Westerbergh, S. & Morrison, D. (1990) Clinical profile of remoxipride: a combined analysis of a comparative double-blind multicentre trial programme. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 82 (suppl. 358), 92–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leysen, J. E., Gommeren, W., Eens, A., et al (1988) Biochemical profile of risperidone: a new antipsychotic. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 247, 661–670.Google ScholarPubMed
Leysen, J. E., Janssen, P. M. F., Schotte, A., et al (1993) Interaction of antipsychotic drugs with neurotransmitter receptor sites in vitro and in vivo in relation to pharmacological and clinical effects: role of 5-HT2 receptors. Psychopharmacology, 112 (suppl.), S40–S54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marder, S. R. & Meibach, R. C. (1994) Risperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 825–835.Google ScholarPubMed
McHugh, D. & Coffin, V. (1991) The reversal of extrapyramidal side-effects with SCH 39166, a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist. European Journal of Pharmacology, 202, 133–134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meltzer, H. Y., Matsubara, S. & Lee, J. C. (1989) Classification of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on the basis of dopamine D-1, D-2 and serotonin pKi values. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 251, 238–246.Google ScholarPubMed
Migler, B. M., Warawa, E. J. & Malick, J. B. (1993) Seroquel: behavioral effects in conventional and novel tests for atypical antipsychotic drugs. Psychopharmacology, 112, 299–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, C. H., Fleischhacker, W. W., Ehrmann, H., et al (1990) Treatment of neuroleptic-induced akathisia with the 5-HT2 antagonist ritanserin. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 26, 373–376.Google ScholarPubMed
Ögren, S. O., Hall, H., Kohler, O., et al (1984) Remoxipride, a new potential antipsychotic compound with selective anti-dopaminergic actions in the rat brain. European Journal of Pharmacology, 102, 459–474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ögren, S. O., Florvall, L., Hall, H., et al (1990) Neuropharmacological and behavioral properties of remoxipride in the rat. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 82 (suppl. 358), 21–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Povlsen, U. J., Noring, U., Laursen, A. L., et al (1986) Effects of serotonergic and anticholinergic drugs in haloperidol-induced dystonia in cebus monkeys. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 9, 84–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saller, C. F. & Salama, A. I. (1993) Seroquel: biochemical profile of a potential atypical antipsychotic. Psychopharmacology, 112, 285–292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seeman, P. (1992) Dopamine receptor sequences: therapeutic levels of neuroleptics occupy D2 receptors, clozapine occupies D4. Neuropsychopharmacology, 7, 261–284.Google ScholarPubMed
VanTol, H. H. M., Bunzow, J. R., Guan, H., et al (1991) Cloning of the gene for a human dopamine D4 receptor with high affinity for the antipsychotic clozapine. Nature, 350, 610–614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waddington, J. L. (1986) Behavioral correlates of the action of selective D1 dopamine receptor antagonists. Biochemical Pharmacology, 35, 3661–3667.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waldmeier, P. C. & Delini-Stula, A. A. (1979) Serotonin–dopamine interactions in the nigro-striatal system. European Journal of Pharmacology, 55, 363–373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiesel, F. A., Nordström, A. L., Farde, L., et al (1994) An open clinical and biochemical study of ritanserin in acute patients with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology, 114, 31–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.