Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T07:52:15.531Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Early Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2018

James Chapman
James Chapman*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of St. Andrews, Queen's College, Dundee
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Since Bleuler introduced his concept of schizophrenia in 1911, there has been a steady growth of clinical and experimental data relating to this disease. However, the literature dealing with early diagnosis is sparse and as yet there is no general agreement as to what symptomatology constitutes the early clinical picture. Older texts (Kraepelin, 1919; Bleuler, 1911) do not elaborate early diagnosis, dwelling more on distinguishing schizophrenia from other disease entities. Likewise, more recent texts tend to refer to the early stages very briefly in rather vague terms, signifying the development of the disease over the first few years from its onset. Although practice varies, the diagnosis of schizophrenia is often reserved until Bleuler's primary symptoms of disordered volition, thinking and affect appear overtly, by which time there may be also some evidence of deterioration. It is recognized, however, that these symptoms may take years to appear (Gillies, 1949) so that early diagnosis cannot readily be made by using these criteria.

Type
Research Article
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 112 , Issue 484 , March 1966 , pp. 225 - 251
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1966 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Axel, M. (1955). “Ten borderline cases: a report on the question of pseudoneurotic schizophrenia.” Psychiat. Quart., 29, 555–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bellak, L. (1958). Schizophrenia: A Review of the Syndrome. New York: Logos Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bleuler, E. (1911). Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. English Translation. New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1950.Google Scholar
Brain, , Lord, (1961). “The neurology of language.” Brain, 84, 145–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brain, , Lord, (1963). “Some reflections on brain and mind.” Ibid., 86, 399.Google Scholar
Cameron, N. (1938). “Reasoning, regression and communication in schizophrenics.” Psychol. Monogr., 50, 1–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, N. (1939). “Deterioration and regression in schizophrenic thinking.” J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 34, 265–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, J., and McGhie, A. (1963). “An approach to the psychotherapy of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.” Brit. J. med. Psychol., 36, 253–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, J., and McGhie, A. (1964). “Echopraxia in schizophrenia.” Brit. J. Psychiat., 110, 365–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Critchley, M. (1939). The Language of Gesture. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Critchley, M. (1953). The Parietal Lobes. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Critchley, M. (1964). “The neurology of psychotic speech.” Brit. J. Psychiat., 110, 353–64.Google Scholar
Crookes, T. G. (1957). “Size constancy and literalness in Rorschach test.” Brit. J. med. Psychol., 30, 99–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curran, D., and Partridge, M. (1955). Psychological Medicine (4th Ed.). Edinburgh: Livingstone.Google Scholar
Fish, F. J. (1962). Schizophrenia. Bristol: Wright.Google Scholar
Forer, B. R. (1950). “The latency of latent schizophrenia.” J. project. Tech., 14, 297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillies, H. (1949). “The schizophrenic disorders.” In Modern Practice in Psychological Medicine (ed. Rees, ), pp. 296–315. London: Butterworth.Google Scholar
Gillies, H. (1958). “The clinical diagnosis of early schizophrenia.” In: Topics in Psychiatry (ed. Rodger, , Mowbray, and Roy, ). pp. 47–56. London: Cassell$.Google Scholar
Goldstein, K. (1939). “The significance of special mental tests for diagnosis and prognosis in schizophrenia.” Amer. J. Psychiat., 96, 575–88.Google Scholar
Hamilton, V. (1963). “Size constancy and cue responsiveness in psychosis.” Brit. J. Psychol., 54, 25–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henderson, D., and Gillespie, R. D. (1950). A Textbook of Psychiatry (7th Ed.). London: Oxford Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Hoch, P., and Polatin, P. (1949). “Pseudoneurotic forms of schizophrenia.” Psychiat. Quart., 23, 248–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, J. Hughlings in Selected Writings (ed. Taylor, ), 1958. London: Staples Press.Google Scholar
Jaspers, K. (1942). General Psychopathology Translated by Hoenig and Hamilton (1962). Manchester: Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Karagulla, S., and Robertson, E. E. (1955). “Psychical phenomena in temporal lobe epilepsy and the psychoses.” Brit. med. J., 1, 748.Google Scholar
Kiesler, F. (1952). “Masked schizophrenia.” Bull. Univ. Minn. Hosp. Med. Found., 24, 211.Google Scholar
Knight, R. P. (1953). “Borderline states.” Bull. Menninger. Clin., 17, 1–12.Google Scholar
Kraepelin, E. (1919). Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia. Transl. by Mary Barclay, R. from Psychiatrie (8th Ed., 1913). Edinburgh: Livingstone.Google Scholar
Lawson, J. S., McGhie, A., and Chapman, J. (1964). “Perception of speech in schizophrenia.” Brit. J. Psychiat., 110, 375–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lennox, W. G. (1960). Epilepsy and Related Disorders. London: Churchill.Google Scholar
Lewis, A. J. (1950). In: A Textbook of the Practice of Medicine (8th Ed.) (ed. Price, ). London: Oxford Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Marchand, L., and Ajuriaguerra, J. de (1948). Epilepsies: Leurs Formes Cliniques. Leurs Traitements. Paris: Desclée de Brouwer et Cie.Google Scholar
Mayer, W. (1950). “Remarks on abortive cases of schizophrenia” (abstract). J. nerv. ment. Dis., 112, 539.Google Scholar
Mayer-Gross, W., Slater, E., and Roth, M. (1960). Clinical Psychiatry (2nd Ed.). London: Cassell.Google Scholar
Payne, R. W. (1961). “Cognitive abnormalities.” In: Handbook of Abnormal Psychology. (ed. Eysenck, ). New York: Basic Books Inc.Google Scholar
Penfield, W., and Jasper, H. (1954). Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain. London: Churchill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, D. R. (1954). “The diagnosis of subclinical schizophrenia.” J. cons. Psychol., 18, 198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piaget, J. (1951). Play, Dreams and Imitation in Childhood. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Raven, J. C. (1950). (Cited by Timbury and Mowbray, 1964). “The comparative assessment of personality.” Brit. J. Psychol., 40, 115–23.Google Scholar
Serafetinides, E. A., and Falconer, M. A. (1963). “Speech disturbances in temporal lobe seizures; a study in 100 epileptic patients submitted to anterior temporal lobectomy.” Brain, 86, 333–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shenken, L. (1956). “Borderline states.” J. nerv. ment. Dis., 123, 466–72.Google Scholar
Sherwood, S. L. (1957). “Consciousness, adaptive behaviour and schizophrenia.” In: Schizophrenia: Somatic Aspects (ed. Richter, ), pp. 131–45. London: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Skottowe, I. (1953). Clinical Psychiatry for Practitioners and Students. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode.Google Scholar
Slater, E., Beard, A. W., and Glithero, E. (1963). “The schizophrenia-like psychoses of epilepsy.” Brit. J. Psychiat., 109, 95–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Timbury, G. C., and Mowbray, R. M. (1964). “The diagnosis of schizophrenia by Scottish psychiatrists.” Ibid. 110, 174–80.Google Scholar
Valentine, M. (1955). An Introduction to Psychiatry. Edinburgh: Livingstone.Google Scholar
Weckowicz, T. E. (1957). “Size constancy in schizophrenic patients.” J. ment. Sci., 103, 475–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weckowicz, T. E. and Blewett, D. B. (1959). “Size constancy and abstract thinking in schizophrenic patients.” Ibid., 105, 909–34.Google Scholar
Weckowicz, T. E. and Blewett, D. B. and Hall, R. (1958). “Distance constancy in schizophrenic patients.” Ibid., 104, 1174–82.Google Scholar
Weckowicz, T. E. and Blewett, D. B. and Hall, R. (1964). “Shape constancy in schizophrenic patients.” J. abnorm. soc. Psychol., 68, 177–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolberg, A. R. (1952). “The ‘borderline’ patient.” Amer. J. Psychother., 6, 694–710.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zilboorg, G. (1956). “The problem of ambulatory schizophrenias.” Amer. J. Psychiat., 113, 519–25.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.