Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T16:50:10.606Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Drugs and “Moral Treatment”

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2018

Anthony Hordern  and
Max Hamilton
Anthony Hordern
Affiliation:
Mental Health Research Institute, Victoria, Australia
Max Hamilton
Affiliation:
Medical Research Council; Stanley Royd Hospital, Wakefield; Department of Psychiatry, Leeds
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

In recent years the introduction of neuroleptic drugs into large overcrowded mental hospitals has been accompanied by a striking improvement in their atmospheres which have become more therapeutic and less custodial (W.H.O., 42). Accordingly it has become possible, often for the first time, to organize effective programmes of rehabilitation for the chronic schizophrenics who still constitute a high proportion of mental hospital populations (Brill and Patton, 7). The new programmes have usually included group nursing, planned activities, and graded incentives for patients to strive to regain their positions in society. This approach has placed emphasis on the patient as an individual, having rights and responsibilities, safe, trustworthy, and, with assistance, often able to help himself and others (W.H.O., 41). Because of these changes in the State Hospital, it is not surprising that the literature has been flooded with enthusiastic reports and wholehearted endorsement of the merits of a variety of neuroleptic agents.

Type
Research Article
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 109 , Issue 461 , July 1963 , pp. 500 - 509
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1963

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Anon, . “A late inmate of Glasgow Royal Asylum for Lunatics at Gartnavel” (1860). The Philosophy of Insanity. Edinburgh: Maclachlan and Stewart.Google Scholar
2. Ayd, F. J. (1955). “Large doses of chlorpromazine in the treatment of psychiatric patients”, Dis. Nerv. Syst., 16, 146–149.Google Scholar
3. Ayd, F. J. (1961). “A survey of drug-induced extra-pyramidal reactions”, J.A.M.A., 175, 1054–1060.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4. Blair, D., and Brady, D. M. (1958). “Recent advances in the treatment of schizophrenia: group training and tranquillisers”, J. Ment. Sci., 104, 625–664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5. Bleuler, E. (1912, transl. 1950). Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. New York: International Universities Press.Google Scholar
6. Bowes, H. A. (1956). “Ataractic drugs: the present position of chlorpromazine, Frenquel, Pacatal and reserpine in the psychiatric hospital”, Am. J. Psychiat., 113, 530–537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7. Brill, H., and Patton, R. H. (1959). “Analysis of population reduction in New York State Mental Hospitals during the first four years of large-scale therapy with psychotropic drugs”, Am. J. Psychiat., 116, 495–508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8. Brooks, G. W. (1956). “Experience with the use of chlorpromazine and reserpine in psychiatry”, New England J. Med., 254, 1119–1123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9. Bullard, D. Jr., Hoffman, B., and Havens, L. “The relative value of tranquillizing drugs and social and psychological therapies in chronic schizophrenia.” Presented at American Psychiatric Association meeting, Philadelphia, 1 May, 1959.Google Scholar
10. Cooper, B. (1961). “Grouping and tranquillizers in the chronic ward”, Br. J. Med. Psychol., 34, 157–162, No. 2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
11. Delay, J., and Deniker, P. (1956). “Chlorpromazine and neuroleptic treatments in psychiatry”, J. Clin. and Exper. Psychopath., 17, 19–24.Google Scholar
12. Denber, H. C. (1956). Discussion pp. 75–78 in Psychopharmacology. Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science.Google Scholar
13. Eisen, S. B., Sabshin, M., and Heath, H. (1959). “A comparison of the effects of investigators' and therapists' attitudes in the evaluation of tranquillizers presented to hospital patients”, J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 128, 257–261.Google Scholar
14. Evangelakis, M. G. (1961). “De-institutionalization of patients (the triad of trifluoperazine—group psychotherapy—adjunctive therapy)”, Dis. Nerv. Syst., 22, 26–32, No. 1.Google Scholar
15. Evans, A. “The relationship of drugs and milieu in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia”, presented at National Institute of Mental Health—Veterans Administration Conference on Co-operative Chemotherapy Studies in Psychiatry, 8 June, 1960.Google Scholar
16. Faurbye, A. (1959). “Principles for experimental pharmacotherapy”, pp. 245–250 in Psychopharmacology Frontiers, Ed. by Kline, N. S. Boston: Little and Brown.Google Scholar
17. Feldman, P. E. (1956). “The personal element in psychiatric research”, Am. J. Psychiat., 113, 52–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18. Freedman, N., Warshaw, L., Engelhardt, D., Blumenthal, I. J., and Hankoff, L. D. (1959). “The effect of various therapies upon fecal incontinence in chronic schizophrenic patients”, J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 128, 562–565.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19. Freyhan, F. A. (1955). “The immediate and long range effects of chlorpromazine on the mental hospital”, pp. 71–84 in Chlorpromazine and Mental Health. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger.Google Scholar
20. Freyhan, F. A. (1959). “Therapeutic implications of differential effects of new phenothiazine compounds”, Am. J. Psychiat., 115, 577–585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21. Goffman, E. (1959). “The moral career of the mental patient”, Psychiatry, 22, 123–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22. Gorhan, D. G., and Sherman, L. J. (1961). “The relation of attitude toward medication to treatment outcomes in chemotherapy”, Am. J. Psychiat., 117, 830–831.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23. Grygier, P., and Waters, M. A. (1958). “Chlorpromazine used with an intensive occupational therapy program”, A.M.A. Arch. Neurol. and Psychiat., 79, 697–705.Google Scholar
24. Haefner, D. P., Sacks, J. M., and Mason, A. S. (1960). “Physician's attitude toward chemotherapy as a factor in psychiatric patients' responses to medication”, J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 131, 64–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25. Hamilton, M., Smith, A. L. G., Lapidus, H. E., and Cadogan, E. P. (1960). “A controlled trial of thiopropazate hydrochloride (Dartalan) chlorpromazine and occupational therapy in chronic schizophrenics”, J. Ment. Sci., 106, 40–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
26. Hollingshead, A. B., and Redlich, F. C. (1958). Social Class and Mental Illness. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar
27. Horwitz, W. A., Polatin, P., Kolb, L. C., and Hoch, P. A. (1958). “A study of cases of schizophrenia treated by ‘direct analysis’,” Am. J. Psychiat., 114, 780–783.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28. Kahne, M. J. (1959). “Bureaucratic structure and impersonal experience in mental hospitals”, Psychiatry, 22, 363–375.Google Scholar
29. Kinross Wright, V. (1955). “Chlorpromazine and reserpine in the treatment of psychoses”, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 61, 174–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30. Kline, N. S. (1954). “Use of rauwolfia serpentina in neuropsychiatrie conditions”, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 59, 107–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31. Lewis, A. (1959). Neuropsychopharmacology. Vol. 1, 1959. Ed. by Bradley, T. B., Deniker, P. and Radouco-Thomas, C. Elsevier Co.: Amsterdam.Google Scholar
32. Linn, E. L. (1955). A Handbook of Hospital Psychiatry. New York: International Universities Press.Google Scholar
33. Meszaros, A. F., and Gallagher, D. L. (1958). “Measuring indirect effects of treatment on chronic wards”, Dis. Nerv. System, 19, 167–172.Google Scholar
34. Rashkis, H. A., and Smarr, E. R. (1957). “Psycho-pharmacotherapeutic research: a triadistic approach”, A.M.A. Arch. Neurol. and Psychiat., 77, 202–209.Google Scholar
35. Rathod, N. H. (1958). “Tranquillizers and patients' environment”, Lancet, 1, 611–613.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36. Rees, T. P. (1957). “Back to moral treatment”, J. Ment. Sci., 103, 303–325.Google Scholar
37. Rosen, J. A. (1947). “Treatment of schizophrenic psychosis by direct analytic therapy”, Psychiat. Quart., 31, 3–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
38. Sabshin, M., and Ramot, J. (1956). “Pharmacotherapeutic evaluation and the psychiatric setting”, A.M.A. Archiv. Neurol. and Psychiat., 75, 362–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39. Sarwer-Foner, G.J. (1959). “Theoretical aspects of the modes of action of the neuroleptic drugs in schizophrenia”, Psychopharmacology Frontiers, pp. 295–303, Ed. by Kline, N. S., Boston: Little and Brown.Google Scholar
40. Sarwer-Foner, G.J. (1950) (editor). The Dynamics of Psychiatric Drug Therapy. Springfield: Thomas.Google Scholar
41. World Health Organization. (1953). Technical report series No. 73. The Community Mental Hospital. Geneva: World Heath Organization.Google Scholar
42. World Health Organization (1958). Technical report series No. 152. Ataractic and Hallucinogenic Drugs in Psychiatry. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.