Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T03:02:12.710Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Comorbidity of Mood Disorders: A Longitudinal Prospective Study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 August 2018

Jules Angst
Jules Angst*
Affiliation:
Psychiatric University Hospital, Forschungsdirektion, Lenggstrasse 31, Post fach 68, CH-8029 Zurich, Switzerland
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

From the Zurich cohort study (n=591), the association of major depressive episodes and recurrent brief depression (RBD) with other psychiatric disorders is presented cross-sectionally at age 28 and 30 years, and over ten years (age 20 to 30 years). Longitudinally, the odds ratios of major depression are highest with dysthymia (4.4), generalised anxiety disorder (4.4), panic disorder (2.7), hypomania and agoraphobia (2.6), and social phobia (2.4). There is a significant association with cannabis consumption and smoking. Follow-up data over nine years are available for 41 patients with a major depressive disorder (MDD) and 62 with RBD: approximately 20% of MDD patients did not receive a diagnosis during follow-up. Major depression reoccurred in 32%, became bipolar in 24%, or developed into RBD in 24%. RBD remitted in 41 %, reoccurred in 35%, turned into major depression in 22%, and became bipolar in only 7%. Longitudinally, MDD and RBD show a symmetrical diagnostic change in a quarter of the cases. There is no substantial development of MDD or RBD into minor depression or generalised anxiety disorder. Thirteen per cent of those with RBD later developed panic disorder.

Type
Research Article
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 168 , Issue S30: Comorbidity of Mood Disorders , June 1996 , pp. 31 - 37
Copyright
Copyright © 1996 The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn) (DSM–III). Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edn, revised) (DSM–III–R). Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn) (DSM–IV). Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
Angst, J. (1993) Komorbiditát von Angst, Phobie, Zwang und Depression. In Angst, Zwang, Depression, p. 3. Internationales Symposium, Mainz, 1993 (Abstract): Psychiatrische Klinik der Universität Mainz.Google Scholar
Angst, J. (1996) Minor depression and recurrent brief depression. In Chronic Depressions and Their Treatment (eds Akiskal, H. S. & Cassano, G. B.). New York: Guilford Press, in press.Google Scholar
Angst, J., Dobler-Mikola, A. & Binder, J. (1984) The Zurich Study. A prospective epidemiological study of depressive, neurotic, and psychosomatic syndromes. I. Problem, methodology. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 234, 13–20.Google Scholar
Angst, J., Merikangas, K. R., Scheidegger, P., et al (1990) Recurrent brief depression: a new subtype of affective disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 19, 87–98.Google Scholar
Angst, J. & Wicki, W. (1992) The Zurich Study XIII. Recurrent brief anxiety. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 241, 296–300.Google Scholar
Bland, R. C., Newman, S. C. & Orn, H. (eds) (1988) Epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in Edmonton. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (Suppl. 338).Google Scholar
Canino, G. J., Bird, H. R., Shrout, P. E., et al (1987) The prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders in Puerto Rico. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 727–735.Google Scholar
Chen, C. N., Wong, J., Lee, N., et al (1985) Two stage screening in community survey: report of a pilot study. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Psychiatric Epidemiology, pp. 123–133. Taipei City.Google Scholar
Degonda, M., Wyss, M. & Angst, J. (1993) The Zurich Study. XVIII. Obsessive–compulsive disorders and syndromes in the general population. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 243, 16–22.Google Scholar
Derogatis, L. R. (1977) SCL–90. Administration, Scoring and Procedures Manual I for the R (revised) Version and Other Instruments of the Psychopathology Rating Scales Series. Chicago, IL: Johns Hopkins School of Medicine.Google Scholar
Elliott, D. S., Huizinga, D. & Morse, B. J. (1985) The Dynamics of Deviant Behavior: a Natural Survey. Boulder, CO: Behavioral Research Institute.Google Scholar
Heun, R. & Maier, W. (1993) The distinction of bipolar II disorder from bipolar I and recurrent unipolar depression: results of a controlled family study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 87, 279–284.Google Scholar
Hwu, H. G., Yeh, E. K. & Chang, L.-Y. (1985) Age group prevalence, age of onset and currency of DIS-CM defined diagnostic categories. A critique on estimation of life-time prevalence. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Psychiatric Epidemiology, pp. 91–97. Taipei City.Google Scholar
Hwu, H. G., Yeh, E. K. & Chang, L.-Y. (1989) Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Taiwan defined by the Chinese Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 79, 136–147.Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Swartz, M., et al (1993) Sex and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey I: Lifetime prevalence, chronicity and recurrence. Journal of Affective Disorders, 29, 85–96.Google Scholar
Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S., et al (1994) Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM–III–R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8–19.Google Scholar
Lecrubier, Y., Boyer, P., Weiller, E., et al (1993) Recurrent brief depression is disabling. 146th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, San Francisco, CA, Abstracts, p. 174.Google Scholar
Lee, C. K., Kwak, Y. S., Yamamoto, J., et al (1990a) Psychiatric epidemiology in Korea. Part I: Gender and age differences in Seoul. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 178, 242–246.Google Scholar
Lee, C. K., Kwak, Y. S., Yamamoto, J., et al (1990b) Psychiatric epidemiology in Korea. part II: Urban and rural differences. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 178, 247–252.Google Scholar
Lewinsohn, P. M., Hops, H., Roberts, R. E., et al (1993) Adolescent psychopathology: I. Prevalence and incidence of depression and other DSM–III–R disorders in high school students. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 123–144.Google Scholar
Lindal, E. & Stefansson, J. G. (1991) The frequency of depressive symptoms in a general population with reference to DSM–III. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 37, 233–241.Google Scholar
Merikangas, K. R., Wicki, W. & Angst, J. (1990) Combined depression. The Royal College of Psychiatrists Annual Meeting, Birmingham.Google Scholar
Murphy, J. M. (1980) Continuities in community based psychiatric epidemiology. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 1215–1223.Google Scholar
Oliver, J. M. & Simmons, M. E. (1985) Affective disorders and depression as measured by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule and the Beck Depression Inventory in an unselected adult population. Journal of International Psychology, 41, 469–477.Google Scholar
Regier, D. A., Boyd, J. H., Burke, J. D. Jr., et al (1988) One month prevalence of mental disorders in the United States based on five epidemiologic catchment area sites. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 977–986.Google Scholar
Robins, L. N., Helzer, J. E., Croughan, J., et al (1981) National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Its history, characteristics, and validity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 381–389.Google Scholar
Robins, L. N. & Regier, D. A. (1991) Psychiatric Disorders in America. The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Vollrath, M., Koch, R. & Angst, J. (1990) The Zurich Study. IX. Panic disorder and sporadic panic: symptoms, diagnosis, prevalence, and overlap with depression. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 239, 221–230.Google ScholarPubMed
Wacker, H. R., Muellejahns, R., Klein, K. H., et al (1992) Identification of cases of anxiety disorders and affective disorders in the community according to ICD–10 and DSM–III–R by using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 2, 91–100.Google Scholar
Weissman, M. M. & Myers, J. K. (1978) Affective disorders in a US urban community. The use of Research Diagnostic Criteria in an epidemiological survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 1304–1311.Google Scholar
Weissman, M. M., Livingston Bruce, M., Leaf, P. J., et al (1991) Affective disorders. In Psychiatric Disorders in America. The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study (eds Robins, L. N. & Regier, D. A.), pp. 53–80. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Wells, J. E., Bushnell, J. A., Hornblow, A. R., et al (1989) Christchurch psychiatric epidemiology study, part I: methodology and lifetime prevalence for specific psychiatric disorders. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 23, 315–326.Google Scholar
Wicki, W. & Angst, J. (1991) The Zurich Study. X. Hypomania in a 28- to 30-year old cohort. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 240, 339–348.Google Scholar
Wittchen, H.-U. & von Zerssen, D. (1987) Verläufe behandelter und unbehandelter Depressionen und Angststörungen. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1989) Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Geneva: WHO, Division of Mental Health.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1992) The Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD–10). Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.