Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T15:56:48.540Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Classification of the Functional Psychoses

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2018

D. P. Ollerenshaw
D. P. Ollerenshaw*
Affiliation:
Powick Hospital, Worcester
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Ever since Kraepelin introduced his schizophrenic-manic-depressive dichotomy in 1896, this classification of the functional psychoses has enjoyed virtually unanimous acceptance. However, the frequency with which the differentiation of schizophrenia from manic-depressive psychosis seems to present problems in clinical practice inclines one to question whether Kraepelin's classification was entirely adequate. The object of this paper will be to try and highlight some of the reasons for the existing confusion and tentatively to suggest possible means of clarifying the situation.

Type
Research Article
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 122 , Issue 570 , May 1973 , pp. 517 - 530
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1973 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alarcon, R. de, and Carney, M. W. P. (1969). ‘Severe depressive mood changes following slow-release intra-muscular fluphenazine injection.’ Brit. med. J., iii, 564–7.Google Scholar
Batchelor, I. R. C. (1964). ‘The diagnosis of schizophrenia.’ Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 57, 417–9.Google Scholar
Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression. Clinical, Experimental and Theoretical Aspects. London: Staples Press.Google Scholar
Bleuler, E. (1911). Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. Transl. Zisken, J., 1950. New York: Int. Univ. Press Google Scholar
Bowers, M. B., and Astrachan, B. M. (1967). ‘Depression in acute schizophrenic psychosis.’ Amer. J. Psychiat., 123. 976–9.Google Scholar
Carney, M. W. P., Roth, M., and Garside, R. F. (1965). ‘The diagnosis of depressive syndromes and the prediction of ECT response.’ Brit. J. Psychiat., 111, 659–74.Google Scholar
Clark, J. A., and Mallett, B. C. (1963). ‘A follow-up study of schizophrenia and depression in young adults.’ Brit. J. Psychiat., 109, 491–9.Google Scholar
Clayton, P. J., Rodin, L., and Winokur, G. (1968). ‘Schizo-affective disorder, clinical and genetic factors including a one to two year follow-up.’ Comprehensive Psychiatry, 9, 1, 31–49.Google Scholar
Cohen, S., Leonard, C. U., Farberrow, N. L., and Schneidman, E. S. (1964). ‘Tranquillizers and suicide in the schizophrenic patient.’ Arch. gen. Psychiat., ii, 312–21.Google Scholar
Coles, W. W. (1912). New Engl. med. Gazette, 47, 537.Google Scholar
Davison, K., and Baoley, C. R. (1969). ‘Schizophrenialike psychoses associated with organic disorders of the central nervous system: a review of the literature’, in Current Problems in Neuropsychiatry (ed. Herrington, R. N.). British Journal of Psychiatry Special Publication No. 4.Google Scholar
Everitt, B. S., Gourlay, A. J., and Kendell, R. E. (1971). ‘An attempt at validation of traditional psychiatric syndromes by cluster analysis.’ Brit. J. Psychiat., 119, 399–412.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1970). ‘The classification of depressive illnesses.’ Brit. J. Psychiat., 117, 241–50.Google Scholar
Fish, F.J. (1962). Schizophrenia. Bristol: John Wright and Sons Ltd.Google Scholar
Foulds, G. A., and Gains, T. M. (1965). Personality and Personal Illness. London: Tavistock Publications.Google Scholar
General Register Office (1968). Studies on Medical and Population Subjects. No. 22: A Glossary of Mental Disorders. H.M.S.O. Google Scholar
Goldstein, B. J., and Banas, F. A. (1968). ‘Clinical evaluation of thiothixene in the treatment of hospitalised depressed patients.’ Current Therapeutic Research, 10, 9. 453–6.Google Scholar
Henderson, D. K., and Gillespie, R. D. (1927). Textbook of Psychiatry (10th ed., 1969). London: Oxford University Press Google Scholar
Hoch, A. (1921). Benign Stupors; a Study of a New Manic-Depressive Reaction Type. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Hoch, P., and Rachlin, H. L. (1941). ‘An evaluation of manic-depressive psychosis in the light of follow-up studies.’ Amer. J. Psychiat., 97, 831–43.Google Scholar
Johnson, J. (1969). ‘Depressive changes after fluphenazine treatment.’ Brit. med. J., iii, 718.Google Scholar
Kasanin, J. (1933). ‘The acute schizo-affective psychoses.’ Amer. J. Psychiat., 13, 97–126.Google Scholar
Kendell, R. E. (1968). The Classification of Depressive Illness. Maudsley Monograph Series. Oxford: University Press Google Scholar
Kendell, R. E. and Gourlay, J. (1970). ‘Clinical distinction between the affective psychoses and schizophrenia.’ Brit. J. Psychiat., 117, 267–74.Google Scholar
Kendell, R. E. and Gourlay, J. (1971). ‘Psychiatric diagnosis in Britian and the United States.’ British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 6, 2, 147–55.Google Scholar
Kirby, G. H. (1913). ‘The catatonic syndrome and its relation to manic-depressive insanity.’ J. new. Ment. Dis., 40, 694–704.Google Scholar
Kraepelin, E. (trans. R. M. Barclay) (1919). Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia. Edinburgh: Livingstone.Google Scholar
Langfeldt, (1960). ‘The diagnosis and prognosis of schizophrenia.’ Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., 53, 1047–51.Google Scholar
Leonhard, K. (1961). ‘Cycloid psychoses—endogenous psychoses which are neither schizophrenic nor manic-depressive.’ J. ment. Sci., 107, 633–48.Google Scholar
Marjot, D. H. (1969). ‘Depression following fluphenazine treatment.’ Brit. med. J., iii, 780.Google Scholar
Mayer-Gross, W., Slater, E., and Roth, M. (1954). Clinical Psychiatry (3rd ed. Slater and Roth, 1969). London: Cassell Google Scholar
Overall, J. E., Hollbter, I. E., Shelton, J., Kimbell, I., and Pennington, V. (1969). ‘Broad-spectrum screening of psychotherapeutic drugs; thiothixene as an antipsychotic and antidepressant.’ Clin. Pharmacol. & Therap., 10, 1, 36–43.Google Scholar
Pitt, B. (1968). ‘Psychiatric illness following childbirth.’ Hospital Medicine, 2, 7, 815–18.Google Scholar
Post, F. (1971). ‘Schizo-affective symptomatology in late life.’ Brit. J. Psychiat., 118, 437–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reiter, P.J. (1969). ‘On flupenthixol, an antidepressant of a new chemical group.’ Brit. J. Psychiat., 115, 1399–402.Google Scholar
Roth, M. (1951). ‘Changes in the EEG under barbiturate anaesthesia produced by electroconvulsive treatment and their significance for the theory of ECT action.’ Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 3, 261–79.Google Scholar
Roth, S. (1970). ‘The seemingly ubiquitous depression following acute schizophrenic episodes, a neglected area of clinical discussion.’ Amer. J. Psychiat., 127, 1, 51–8.Google Scholar
Schneider, K. (1939). Psychischer Befund und Psychiatrische Diagnose; later editions renamed Klinische Psychopathologie. Engl, translation Clinical Psychopathology, 1959, from 5th edition. New York: Grune & Stratton Google Scholar
Steinberg, H. R., Green, R., and Durell, J. (1967). ‘Depression occurring during the course of recovery from schizophrenic symptoms.’ Amer. J. Psychiat., 124, 5, 699–702.Google Scholar
Vaillant, G. E. (1963a). ‘The natural history of the remitting schizophrenias.’ Amer. J. Psychiat., 120, 367–75.Google Scholar
Vaillant, G. E. (1963b). ‘Manic-depressive heredity and remission in schizophrenia.’ Brit. J. Psychiat., 109, 746–9.Google Scholar
Vaillant, G. E. (1964a). ‘An historical review of the remitting schizophrenias.’ J. nerv. ment. Dis., 138, 48–56.Google Scholar
Vaillant, G. E. (1964b). ‘Prospective prediction of schizophrenic remission.’ Arch. gen. Psychiat., 11, 509–18.Google Scholar
Ziskind, E., Somerfeld, E., and Jens, R. (1971). ‘Can schizophrenia change to affective psychosis?’ Amer. J. Psychiat., 128, 3, 331–5.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.