Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T07:44:19.992Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Behaviour Therapy: Recent Trends and Current Practice

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2018

Edward S. Chesser
Edward S. Chesser*
Affiliation:
Academic Department of Psychiatry, Middlesex Hospital Medical School, London W1P 8AA
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

To psychiatrists who entered clinical practice in the decade 1955–65, ‘behaviour therapy’ probably conjures up the names of Eysenck, Lazarus and Wolpe; the invocation of learned maladaptive anxiety as the basis of most neurotic illness; desensitization by graduated exposure in imagination and real life to anxiety evoking situations. Neurotic ‘symptoms' were maladaptive habits and the ‘symptoms' were the disease, not merely outward manifestations of underlying disorder. Eysenck (1959) described behaviour therapy as all methods of treatment which were based on ‘modern learning theory‘. The ‘bell and pad’ treatment for enuresis and aversion therapy for alcoholism were appropriated and refined. Operant conditioning crossed the Atlantic and the application of Skinnerian principles was illustrated by Krasner and Ullman (1965). In the early sixties, at the very least behaviour therapy offered a possible treatment for a small proportion of psychiatric patients, for example those with phobias, tics or alcoholism, a group for whom other treatments were of little value.

Type
Papers
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 129 , Issue 4 , October 1976 , pp. 289 - 307
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1976 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agras, W. S., Barlow, D. H., Chapin, H. N., Abel, G. C. & Leitenberg, H. (1973) Behaviour modification of anorexia nervosa. Archives of General Psychiatry, 30, 279—86.Google Scholar
Agras, W. S., Leitenberg, H., Barlow, D. H., Curtis, N. A., Edwards, J. & Wright, D. (1971) Relaxation in systematic desensitization. Archives of General Psychiatry, 25, 511—14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Akiskal, H. S. & McKinney, W. T. (1975) Overview of recent research in depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 285—305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allen, D. J. & Magaro, P. A. (1971) Measures of change in token-economy programs. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 9, 311—18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Argyle, M., Bryant, B. & Trower, P. (1974) Social skills training and psychotherapy: a comparative study. Psychological Medicine, 4, 435—43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Asirdas, S. & Beech, H. R. (1975) The behavioural treatment of sexual inadequacy. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 19, 345—53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atthowe, J. M. (1973) Token economies come of age. Behavior Therapy, 4, 646—54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aylonn, T. & Azrin, N. H. (1968) The Token Economy: A Motivational System for Therapy and Rehabilitation. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
Azrin, N. H., Naster, B. N. & Jones, R. (1973) Reciprocity counselling: a rapid learning-based procedure for marital counselling. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 11, 365—82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
B.A.B.P. Bulletin (1975) 3, 41—2.Google Scholar
Baker, R., Hall, J. N. & Hutchinson, K. (1974) A token economy project with chronic schizophrenic patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 124, 367—84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bandura, A. (1969) Principles of Behavior Modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Bancroft, J. H. J. (1970) A comparative study of aversion and desensitization in the treatment of homosexuality. In Behaviour Therapy in the 1970s (eds. L. E. Burns and J. L. Worsley). Bristol: Wright.Google Scholar
Bancroft, J. H. J. (1974) Deviant Sexual Behaviour. London: Oxford University Press.Google ScholarPubMed
Bancroft, J. H. J. (1975) The behavioural approach to marital problems. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 48, 153—9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barlow, D. H. (1973) Increasing heterosexual responsiveness in the treatment of sexual deviation. A review of the clinical and experimental evidence. Behavior Therapy, 4, 655—71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barlow, D. H., Agras, W. S., Leitenberg, H., Callahan, E. J. & Moore, R. C. (1972) The contribution of therapeutic instruction to covert sensitization. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 10, 411—15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barlow, D. H., Reynolds, E. J. & Agras, W. S. (1973) Gender identity change in a transsexual. Archives of General Psychiatry, 29, 569—79.Google Scholar
Beck, A. T. (1970) Cognitive therapy: Nature and relation to behavior therapy. Behavior Therapy, 1, 184—200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benjamin, S., Marks, I. M. & Huson, J. (1972) Active muscular relaxation in desensitization of phobic patients. Psychological Medicine, 2, 381—90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bhanji, S. & Thompson, J. (1974) Operant conditioning in the treatment of anorexia nervosa. British Journal of Psychiatry, 124, 166—72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blanchard, E. G. & Young, L. D. (1974) Clinical applications of biofeedback training. Archives of General Psychiatry, 30, 573—89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blanchard, E. B., Young, L. D. & Haynes, M. R. (1975) A simple feedback system for the treatment of elevated blood pressure. Behavior Therapy, 6, 241—5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowyers, K. S. (1973) Situationism in psychology. An analysis and a critique. Psychological Review, 80, 307—36.Google Scholar
Brady, J. P. (1966) Brevital-relaxation treatment of frigidity. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 4, 71—7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brady, J. P. (1973) The place of behaviour therapy in medical student and psychiatric resident training. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 157, 21—6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, G. F., Sklair, F., Harris, T. O. & Birley, J. L. T. (1973) Life-events and psychiatric disorders. Part 1: Some methodological issues. Psychological Medicine, 3, 74—87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Budzynski, T. H., Stoyva, J. M., Adler, C. S. & Mullaney, D. M. (1973) EMG biofeedback and tension headache: a controlled outcome study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 35, 485—96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burgess, E. (1968) The modification of depressive behaviour. In Advances in Behavior Therapy (eds. R. Rubin and C. Franks). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Cahoon, D. D. (1968) Symptom substitution and the behaviour therapies: a reappraisal. Psychological Bulletin, 69, 149—56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Callahan, E. J. & Leitenberg, H. (1973) Aversion therapy for sexual deviation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 81, 60—73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Callner, D. A. (1975) Behavioural treatment approaches to drug abuse. Psychological Bulletin, 82, 143—64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Canter, A., Kondo, C. Y. & Knott, J. R. (1975) A comparison of EMG feedback and progressive muscle relaxation training in anxiety neurosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 470—7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlson, C. G., Hersen, M. & Eisler, R. M. (1972) Token economy in the treatment of hospitalized adult psychiatric patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 155, 192—204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Catts, S. & McConaghy, N. (1975) Ritual prevention in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 9, 37—41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cautela, J. R. (1967) Covert desensitization. Psychological Report, 20, 459—68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cautela, J. R. (1970) Covert reinforcement. Behavior Therapy, 1, 33—50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cautela, J. R. (1973) Covert processes and behavior modification. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 157, 27—36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conrad, S. R. & Wincze, J. P. (1976) Orgasmic reconditioning: A controlled study of its effects upon sexual arousal and behavior of adult male homosexuals. Behavior Therapy, 7, 155—66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooke, G. (1968) Evaluation of the efficacy of the components of reciprocal inhibition psychotherapy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 73, 464—7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costello, G. C. (1972) Depression: loss of reinforcers or loss of reinforcer effectiveness? Behavior Therapy, 3, 240—7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crisp, A. H. (1966) ‘Transference’, ‘symptom emergence’, and ‘social repercussion’ in behaviour therapy. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 39, 179—96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crowe, M. J. (1973) Conjoint marital therapy: Advice or interpretation. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 17, 309—15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crowe, M. J. (1976) In Recent Advances in Clinical Psychiatry (ed. K. Granville-Grossman). Edinburgh: Livingstone.Google Scholar
Crown, S. (1975) Psychosomatics and the unconscious mind—critique and evaluation. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 19, 307—18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davidson, R. S. (1974) Alcoholism: experimental analysis of etiology and modification. In Innovative Treatment Methods in Psychopathology (eds. K. S. Calhoun, H. E. Adams and K. M. Mitchell). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Davison, G. C. & Wilson, G. T. (1972) Critique of ‘Desensitization: social and cognitive factors underlying the effectiveness of Wolpe's procedure.’ Psychological Bulletin, 78, 28—31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davison, G. C. & Wilson, G. T. (1973) Processes of fear reduction in systematic desensitization: cognitive and social reinforcement factors in humans. Behavior Therapy, 4, 1—21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Discipio, W. (1968) Modified progressive desensitization and homosexuality. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 41, 267—72.Google Scholar
Eisler, R. M. & Hersen, M. (1973) Behavioral techniques in family-oriented crisis intervention. Archives of General Psychiatry, 28, 111—16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, D. R. (1967) An exploratory study into the treatment of exhibitionism by means of emotive imagery and aversive conditioning. Canadian Psychologist, 8, 162.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1959) Learning theory and behaviour therapy. Journal of Mental Science, 105, 61—75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feldman, M. P. & MacCulloch, M. J. (1971) Homosexual Behaviour: Therapy and Assessment. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Ferster, C. B. (1973) A functional analysis of depression. American Psychologist, 28, 857—70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franks, C. M. (1969) Behavior Therapy: Appraisal and Status. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Freeman, W. & Meyer, R. G. (1975) A behavioral alteration of sexual preferences in the human male. Behavior Therapy, 6, 206—12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, D. (1968) The treatment of impotence by Brevital relaxation therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 6, 257—61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gelder, M. G., Bancroft, J. H. J., Gath, D. H., Johnston, D. W., Mathews, A. M. & Shaw, P. M. (1973). Specific and non-specific factors in behaviour therapy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 123, 445—62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hackmann, Anne & McLean, Carole (1975) A comparison of flooding and thought stopping in the treatment of obsessional neurosis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 13, 263—9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hafner, J. & Marks, I. M. (1976) Exposure in vivo of agoraphobics. Contributions of diazepam, group exposure and anxiety evocation. Psychological Medicine, 6, 71—88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, J. & Baker, R. (1973) Token economy systems: breakdown and control. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 11, 253—63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hallam, R., Rachman, S. & Falkowski, W. (1972) Subjective, attitudinal and physiological effects of electric aversion therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 10, 1—13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hand, I., Lamontagne, Y. & Marks, I. M. (1974) Group exposure (flooding) in vivo for agoraphobics. British Journal of Psychiatry, 124, 588—602.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hersen, M. (1973) Developments in behaviour modification. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 156, 373—6.Google Scholar
Herman, S. H. (1971) An experimental analysis of two methods of increasing heterosexual arousal in homosexuals. Cited in barlow, D. H. (1973) Increasing heterosexual arousal. Behavior Therapy, 4, 655—71.Google Scholar
Herman, S. H., Barlow, D. H. & Agras, W. S. (1974) An experimental analysis of classical conditioning as a method of increasing heterosexual arousal in homosexuals. Behavior Therapy, 5, 33—47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hussain, M. Z. (1971) Desensitization and flooding (implosion) in treatment of phobias. American Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 1509—14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jehu, D., Hardiker, P., Yellowly, M. A. & Shaw, A. M. (1972) Behaviour Modification in Social Work. London: Wiley.Google Scholar
Johnson, W. G. & Turin, A. (1975) Biofeedback treatment of migraine headache: a systematic case study. Behavior Therapy, 6, 394—7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, R. T. & Kazdin, A. E. (1975) Programming response maintenance after withdrawing token reinforcement. Behavior Therapy, 6, 153—64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kanfer, F. H. & Phillips, J. S. (1970) Learning Foundations of Behavior Therapy. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Kanfer, F. H. & Saslow, G. (1969) Behavioral diagnosis. In Behavior Therapy: Appraisal and Status (ed. C. M. Franks). New York: McGraw Hill.Google Scholar
Kolvin, I., MacKeith, R. C. & Meadow, S. R. (1973) Bladder Control and Enuresis. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Kraft, T. (1967) A case of homosexuality treated by systematic desensitization. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 21, 815—21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krapfl, J. E. & Nawas, M. M. (1970) Differential ordering of stimulus presentation, in systematic desensitization. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 75, 333—7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krasner, L. & Ullmann, L. P. (1965) Research in Behavior Modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Krasner, L. & Ullmann, L. P. (1973) Behavior Influence and Personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Lader, M. H. & Mathews, A. M. (1968) A physiological model of phobic anxiety and desensitization. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 6, 411—21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lader, M. H. (1970) Comparison of methods of relaxation using physiological methods. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 8, 331—7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazarus, A. A. (1963) The treatment of chronic frigidity by systematic desensitization. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 136, 272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazarus, A. A. (1968) Learning theory and the treatment of depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 6, 83—9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lazarus, A. A. (1971) Behavior Therapy and Beyond. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Lazarus, A. A. (1972) Some reactions to Costello's paper on depression. Behavior Therapy, 3, 248—50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazarus, A. A. (1973) Multimodal behaviour therapy. Treating the basic id: Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 156, 404—11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leitenberg, H. (1973) The use of single case methodology in psychotherapy research. Journal Abnormal of Psychology, 82, 87—101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levy, R. & Meyer, V. (1971) Ritual prevention in obsessional patients. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 64, 115—20.Google ScholarPubMed
Lewinsohn, P. M. (1974) Clinical and theoretical aspects of depression. In Innovative Treatment Methods of Psychopathology (ed. K. S. Calhoun, H. E. Adams and K. M. Mitchell). New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Lewinsohn, P. M. & Graf, M. (1973) Pleasant activities and depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 41, 261—8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewinsohn, P. M., Weinstein, M. S. & Alper, T. (1970) A behaviourally oriented approach to the group treatment of depressed persons. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 4, 525—32.Google Scholar
Liberman, R. (1970) Behavioral approaches to family and couple therapy. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 40, 106—18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liberman, R. (1970) A behavioral approach to group dynamics. Behavior Therapy, 1, 141—75 and 312—27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liberman, R. & Raskin, D. E. (1972) Depression: a behavioral formulation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 24, 515—23.Google Scholar
Libet, J. & Lewinsohn, P. M. (1973) The concept of social skill with special references to the behaviour of depressed persons. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 40, 304—12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipsedge, M. S. (1973) Systematic desensitization in phobic disorders. British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 9, 657—68.Google Scholar
Lloyd, R. W. & Salzberg, H. C. (1975) Controlled social drinking: An alternative to abstinence as a treatment goal for some alcohol abusers. Psychological Bulletin, 82, 815—42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lobitz, W. C. & Lopiccolo, J. (1972) New methods in the behavioural treatment of sexual dysfunction. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 3, 265—71.Google Scholar
MacPhillamy, D. J. & Lewinsohn, P. M. (1975) Depression as a function of levels of desired and obtained pleasure. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 83, 651—7.Google Scholar
McConaghy, N. (1969) Subjective and penile Plethysmograph responses following aversion relief and apomorphine aversion therapy for homosexual impulses. British Journal of Psychiatry, 115, 723—30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGlynn, F. D. (1971) Individual versus standardized hierarchies in the systematic desensitization of snake-avoidance. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 9, 1—5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGlynn, F. D., Wilson, A. L. & Linder, L. H. (1970) Systematic desensitization of snake-avoidance with individualized and non-individualized hierarchies. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 1, 201—4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahoney, M. J. (1974) Cognition and Behaviour Modification. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Ballinger.Google Scholar
Malleson, N. (1959) Panic and phobia. Lancet, i, 225—7.Google Scholar
Marks, I. M. (1969) Fears and Phobias. London: Heinemann Medical.Google Scholar
Marks, I. M. (1975) Behavioral treatments of phobic and obsessive compulsive disorders: a critical reappraisal. In Progress in Behaviour Modification, Volume I (eds. M. Hersen, R. M. Eisler and P. M. Miller). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Marks, I. M. (1976) The current status of behavioral psychotherapy. Theory and practice. American Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 253—61.Google ScholarPubMed
Marks, I. M., Boulougouris, J. & Marset, P. (1971) Flooding versus desensitization in the treatment of phobic patients: a crossover study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 119, 353—73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marks, I. M., Gelder, M. & Bancroft, J. (1970) Sexual deviants two years after electric aversion. British Journal of Psychiatry, 117, 173—85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marks, I. M., Hodgson, R. & Rachman, S. (1975) Treatment of chronic obsessive-compulsive neurosis by in vivo exposure. British Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 349—64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marquis, J. N. (1970) Orgasmic reconditioning: changing sexual object choice through controlling masturbation fantasies. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 1, 263—7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marzillier, J. (1975) Modelling. B.A.B.P. Bulletin, 3, 12—17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masters, W. H. & Johnson, V. E. (1970) Human Sexual Inadequacy. London: Churchill.Google Scholar
Meyer, V. (1966) Modification of expectations in cases with obsessional rituals. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 4, 273—80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer, V. (1975a) The impact of research on the clinical application of behaviour therapy. In Applications of Behavior Modification (eds. T. Thompson and W. D.Dockens). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
Meyer, V. (1975b) Personal communication.Google Scholar
Meyer, V. & Chesser, E. S. (1970) Behaviour Therapy in Clinical Psychiatry. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Meyer, V., Levy, R. & Schnurer, A. (1974) The behavioural treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorders. In Obsessional States (ed. H. R. Beech). London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Meyer, V. & Liddell, A. (1975) Behaviour therapy. In Issues and Approaches in the Psychological Therapies (ed. D. Bannister). London: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Meyer, V., Robertson, J. & Tatlow, A. (1975) Home treatment of an obsessive-compulsive disorder by response prevention. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 6, 37—8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mischel, W. (1968) Personality and Assessment. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Morganstern, K. P. (1973) Implosive therapy and flooding procedures: a critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 79, 318—34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moss, G. R. & Boren, J. H. (1972) Depression as a model for behavioural analysis. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 13, 581—90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mumford, S. J., Lodge-Patch, I. C., Andrews, N. & Wyner, L. (1975) A token economy ward programme with chronic schizophrenic patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 60—72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naditch, M. P., Gargan, M. A. & Michael, L. B. (1975) (1975) Denial, anxiety, locus of control, and the discrepancy between aspirations and achievements as components of depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 84, 1—9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paul, G. L. (1969) Behaviour modification research: design and tactics. In Behavior Therapy: Appraisal and Status (ed. G. M. Franks). New York: McGraw Hill.Google Scholar
Paykel, E. S., Myers, J. K., Dienelt, M. N., Klerman, G. L., Lindenthal, J. J. & Pepper, M. P. (1969) Life events and depression: a controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 21, 753—60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Polin, A. T. (1959) The effect of flooding and physical suppression as extinction techniques on an anxiety-motivated avoidance locomotor response. Journal of Psychology, 47, 253—5.Google Scholar
Robertson, J. et al. (1976) Controlled trial of behaviour therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorders. In preparation.Google Scholar
Robinson, J. & Lewinsohn, P. M. (1973) Experimental analyses of a technique based on the Premack Principle for changing the verbal behaviour of depressed individuals. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 32, 199—210.Google Scholar
Rush, A. J., Khatami, M. & Beck, A. T. (1975) Cognitive and behavior therapy in depression. Behavior Therapy, 6, 398—404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaeffer, M. H. & Martin, P. L. (1969) Behavioral Therapy. New York: McGraw Hill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seligman, M. E. (1975) Helplessness. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.Google ScholarPubMed
Shapiro, A. K. (1976) The behavior therapies: therapeutic breakthrough or latest fad? American Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 154—9.Google ScholarPubMed
Skynner, A. C. R. (1976) Family and marital psychotherapy. British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 15, 224—38.Google Scholar
Solyom, L., Zamanzadeh, D., Ledwidge, B. & Kenny, F. (1971) Aversion relief treatment of obsessive neurosis. In Advances in Behaviour Therapy (ed. R. D. Rubin, H. Fensterheim, A. A. Lazarus and C. M. Franks). London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Staples, F. R., Sloane, R. B., Whipple, K., Cristol, A. H. & Yorkston, N. J. (1975) Differences between behaviour therapists and psychotherapists. Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 1517—22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stern, R. S., Lipsedge, M. S. & Marks, I. M. (1973) Obsessive ruminations: a controlled trial of thought-stopping technique. Behaviour Therapy and Research, 11, 659—62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stuart, R. B. (1969) Operant interpersonal treatment for marital discord. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 675—82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Suinn, R. & Richardson, F. (1971) Anxiety management training. Behavior Therapy, 2, 498—510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turin, A. & Johnson, W. G. (1976) Biofeedback therapy for migraine headaches. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 517—19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Egeren, L. F. (1970) Psychophysiology of systematic desensitization: the habituation model. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 1, 249—55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Egeren, L. F. (1971) Psychophysiological aspects of systematic desensitization: some outstanding issues. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 9, 65—77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Egeren, L. F., Feather, B. W. & Hein, P. L. (1971) Desensitization of phobias: some psychophysiological propositions. Psychophysiology, 8, 213—28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Webster, R. L. (1974) A behavioral analysis of stuttering: treatment and theory. In Innovative Treatment Methods in Psychopathology (eds. K. S. Calhoun, H. E. Adams and K. M. Mitchell). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Wickramasekera, I. (1972) Electromyographic feedback training and tension headaches: preliminary observations. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 15, 83—5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wickramasekera, I. (1973) Temperature feedback for the control of migraine. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 4, 343—5.Google Scholar
Wilkins, W. (1971) Desensitization: social and cognitive factors underlying the effectiveness of Wolpe's procedure. Psychological Bulletin, 76, 311—17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winkler, R. C. (1971) The relevance of economic theory and technology to token reinforcement systems. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 9, 81—8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolpe, J. (1958) Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Wolpe, J. (1973) Practice of Behavior Therapy. 2nd edition. New York: Pergamon Press Inc.Google Scholar
Wolpe, J. & Lazarus, A. A. (1966) Behaviour Therapy Techniques. Oxford: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Yates, A. J. (1975) Theory and Practice in Behavior Therapy. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.