Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T16:37:29.888Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Anna O. Had a Severe Depressive Illness

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Harold Merskey*
Affiliation:
University of Western Ontario, London Psychiatric Hospital, 850 Highbury Avenue, PO Box 2532, Terminal A, London, Ontario N6A 4H1, Canada
*
Correspondence

Abstract

The information available on the illness of Anna 0. is reviewed together with follow-up data from the literature. It is concluded that the diagnosis of a severe depressive illness with depressive delusions is well justified. Hysterical symptoms which appeared can be understood as part of the depressive state modified by the expectations of the period and by the intervention of physicians. The illness was a very protracted one, with fluctuations or exacerbations lasting from 1880 to 1887, and was complicated by dependence upon morphine and chloral hydrate. However, by 1888, the patient appears to have made a considerable recovery, and she went on to lead an effective and fruitful life, demonstrating high intelligence and the resilience of the cyclothymic temperament.

Type
Papers
Copyright
Copyright © 1992 The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akiskal, H. S. (1981) Subaffective disorders: dysthymic, cyclothymic and bipolar II disorders in the ‘borderline’ realm. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 4, 2546.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Akiskal, H. S., Chen, S. E., Davis, G. C., et al (1985a) Borderline: an adjective in search of a noun. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 46, 4148.Google ScholarPubMed
Akiskal, H. S., Yerevanian, B. I., Davis, G. C., et al (1985b) The nosologic status of borderline personality: clinical and polysomnographic study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 192198.Google ScholarPubMed
Azam, E. E. (1876) Amnésic périodique, ou doublement de la vie. Revue Scientifique, 2me Série, 10, 481489.Google Scholar
Brachet, J. L. (1847) Traité de l'hystérie. Paris: J. B. Baillière.Google Scholar
Bram, F. (1965) The gift of Anna O. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 38, 5358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Breuer, E. & Freud, S. (1893) Studies on Hysteria. Harmondsworth: Penguin (1974).Google Scholar
Breuer, E. & Freud, S. (1893–1895) Studies in hysteria. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (vol. 2). London: Hogarth Press.Google Scholar
Charcot, J. M. (1885) Clinical Lectures on Diseases of the Nervous System (vol. 3) (trans. Savill, T., 1889). London: New Sydenham Society.Google Scholar
Chodoff, P. & Lyons, H. (1958) Hysteria, the hysterical personality and ‘hysterical’ conversion. American Journal of Psychiatry, 114, 734740.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edinger, D. (1963) Bertha Pappenheim. Freud's Anna O. Highland Park, IL: Congregation Solel (1968).Google Scholar
Ellenberger, H. F. (1970) The Discovery of the Unconscious. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Ellenberger, H. F. (1972) The story of Anna O. A critical review with new data. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 8, 267269.3.0.CO;2-C>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Georget, M. (1821) De la physiologic de la système nerveux. Paris: J. B. Baillière.Google Scholar
Gmelin, E. (1791) Materialen für die Anthropologic. Tübingen: Cotta.Google Scholar
Goshen, C. (1952) The original case material of psychoanalysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 108, 829834.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hacking, I. (1986) The invention of split personalities. In Human Nature and Natural Knowledge (eds Donagan, A., Perovich, A. N. & Wedin, M. V.), pp. 6385. Dordrecht: Reidel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirschmuller, A. (1978) Physiologic und Psychoanalyse im Leben und Werk Josef Breuers. Jahrbuch der Psychoanalyse. Bern: Huber.Google Scholar
Hirschmuller, A. (1989) The Life and Work of Josef Breuer: Physiology and Psychoanalysis. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Hurst, L. C. (1982) What was wrong with Anna O.? Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 85, 129131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International Association for the Study of Pain (1986) Classification of chronic pain syndromes and descriptions of pain terms. Pain (suppl. 3), 549550.Google Scholar
Janet, P. (1889) L'Automatisme psychologique. Paris: Alcan.Google Scholar
Jensen, E. (1970) Anna O. A study of her later life. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 39, 269293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, E. (1953) The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud. New York: Basic Books, Vol. I, p. 223.Google Scholar
Kaplan, M. A. (1984) Anna O. and Bertha Pappenheim: an historical perspective. In Anna O: Fourteen Contemporary Re-interpretations (eds Rosenbaum, M. & Muroff, M.), pp. 101117, New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Kraepelin, E. (1906) Hysterical insanity. In Lectures on Clinical Psychiatry (trans. Johnstone, T.). New York: William Wood.Google Scholar
Ljungberg, L. (1957) Hysteria. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (suppl. 112).Google Scholar
Lowenthal, M. (trans.) (1932) (1977) The Memoirs of Gluckel of Hamein. New York: Shocken Books.Google Scholar
Mai, F. & Merskey, H. (1980) Briquet's Treatise on Hysteria: a synopsis and commentary. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 14011405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martorano, J. T. (1984) The psychopharmacological treatment of Anna O. In Anna O.: Fourteen Contemporary Re-Interpretations (eds Rosenbaum, M. & Muroff, M.), pp. 85100. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Meissner, W. W. (1979) A study of hysteria. Anna O. rediviva. Journal of Psychoanalysis, 7, 1152.Google Scholar
Merskey, H. (1979) The Analysis of Hysteria. London: Baillière Tindall.Google Scholar
Merskey, H. (1983) Hysteria: the history of an idea. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 28, 428433.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merskey, H. (1991) The creation of personalities. The production of multiple personality disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, (in press).Google Scholar
Merskey, H. & Trimble, M. (1979) Personality, sexual adjustment and brain lesions in patients with conversion symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 179182.Google ScholarPubMed
Micale, M. (1990a) Hysteria and its historiography. The future perspective. History of Psychiatry, 1, 33124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Micale, M. (1990b) Hysteria and its historiography: a review of past and present writings. I. History of Science, 27, 223261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, S. (1888) Mary Reynolds: A case of double consciousness. Transactions of the College of Physicians. Philadelphia, 10, 366389.Google Scholar
Orr-Andrawes, A. (1987) The case of Anna O. A neuropsychiatric perspective. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 35, 387419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pappenheim, E. (1980) Freud and Gilles de la Tourette. Diagnostic speculations on Frau Emmy von N. International Review of Psychoanalysis, 7, 265277.Google Scholar
Pollock, G. H. (1984) Anna O: insight, hindsight, and foresight. In Anna O. Fourteen Contemporary Reinterpretations (eds Rosenbaum, M. & Muroff, M.). pp. 2633. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Reichard, S. (1956) The re-examination of studies on hysteria. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 25, 155177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reynolds, J. R. (1869) Remarks on paralysis and other disorders of motion and sensation, dependent on idea. British Medical Journal, ii, 483485; discussion, 378–379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenbaum, M. & Muroff, M., (eds) (1984) Anna O. Fourteen Contemporary Re-Interpretations. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, M. (1879) A Clinical Treatise on Diseases of the Nervous System (trans. Putzel, L.). New York: William Wood.Google Scholar
Rush, B. (1812) Medical Inquiries upon the Diseases of the Mind. Philadelphia: Kimber and Richardson.Google Scholar
Shorter, E. (1992) From Paralysis to Fatigue: a History of Psychosomatic Illness in the Modern Era. Chapter 6: Dissociation. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Sidis, B. & Goodhart, S. P. (1904) Multiple Personality. Appleton. (Reprinted, New York: Greenwood Press.)Google Scholar
Skae, D. (1845) Case of intermittent mental disorder of the tertian type with double consciousness. Northern Journal of Medicine, 4, 1019.Google Scholar
Slater, E. (1965) Diagnosis of ‘hysteria’. British Medical Journal, i, 13951399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spitzer, R. L., Skodol, A. E., Gibbon, M., et al (1981) DSM–III Casebook. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Spotnitz, H. (1984) The case of Anna O.: aggression and the narcissistic counter-transference. In Anna O.: Fourteen Contemporary Re-Interpretations (eds Rosenbaum, M. & Muroff, M.). pp. 132140. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Stewart, W. A. (1984) Analytic biography of Anna O. In Anna O.: Fourteen Contemporary Re-Interpretations (eds Rosenbaum, M. & Muroff, M.), pp. 4751. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Strachey, J. (1955) Footnote in the cast history of Anna O. In Studies on Hysteria. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (vol. 2) (eds Breuer, E. & Freud, S., 1893–1895). London: Hogarth Press.Google Scholar
Thornton, E. M. (1983) Freud and Cocaine. The Freudian Fallacy. London: Blond & Briggs.Google Scholar
Williams, K. E. (1990) Hysteria in seventeenth-century case records and unpublished manuscripts. History of Psychiatry, 1, 383401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.