Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T10:14:12.855Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Suggestions for a Physiological Classification of Depression

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2018

John D. Pollitt*
Affiliation:
St. Thomas's Hospital, London, S.E.1

Extract

Depression is the commonest of mental illnesses and fortunately it has a better outcome with treatment than any other psychiatric condition. It shows itself in a variety of guises, and as there is no universal formula for treating the different types, a classification is essential. During the past ten years the arrival of the tranquillizers and particularly antidepressants has revolutionized our view of depressive illness, yet we are still using terms which are purely descriptive, determined by administrative needs long forgotten, or loosely related to aetiology about which we still know little. The time has come to link the classification of depression with rational treatment, but before offering a scheme to do this, a brief consideration of the inadequacies of existing terminology may help to explain the need for a new scheme.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1965 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abraham, K. (1948). “Melancholia and obsessional neurosis”, in Selected Papers on Psychoanalysis. London, p. 422.Google Scholar
Alpers, B. J. (1940). “Personality and emotional disorders associated with hypothalamic lesions”, in The Hypothalamus. Baltimore, Res. Publ. Ass. Nerv. Ment. Dis., Vol. XX, p. 732.Google Scholar
Bard, P. (1950). “Central nervous mechanisms for the expression of anger in animals”, in Feelings and Emotions (ed. Reymert, ). New York, p. 325.Google Scholar
Bellak, L. (1952). “Physiopathologic studies”, in Manic Depressive Psychosis. New York, pp. 83133.Google Scholar
Benedict, F. G., and Lee, R. C. (1938). “Hibernation and marmot physiology”. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ., No. 497.Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1873). The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. New York, pp. 362401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farr, C. B., and Lueders, C. W. (1923). “Gastric secretory functions in the psychoses”. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 10, 561.Google Scholar
Garmany, G. (1958). “Depressive states: their aetiology and treatment.” Brit. med. J., ii, 342344.Google Scholar
Gellhorn, E. (1957). Autonomic Imbalance and the Hypothalamus. Minneapolis.Google Scholar
Hamilton, D. A., and Mann, W. A. (1954), in Depression (ed. Hoch, and Zubin, ). New York, p. 199.Google Scholar
Hamilton, D. A. and White, J. M. (1959). “Clinical syndromes in depressive states.” J. Ment. Sci., 105, 985998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawley, M. C. (1913). “Studies of blood pressure in states of excitement and depression.” Arch. int. Med., 12, 526538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henry, G. W. (1931). “Gastrointestinal motor functions in manic-depressive psychoses—Roentgenologic observations”, in Manic Depressive Psychosis. Baltimore: Res. Publ. Ass. Nerv. Ment. Dis., Vol. XI, p. 259.Google Scholar
Hiebel, G., and Kayser, C. (1950). “Recherches électrocardiographiques sur le réveil des hibernants”. J. Physiol., 42, 606612.Google Scholar
Hollingshead, A. B., and Redlich, F. C. (1958). Social Class and Mental Illness. New York, p. 228.Google Scholar
Johnson, G. E. (1931). “Hibernation in mammals.” Quart. Rev. Biol., 6, 439461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kasanin, J. (1931). “Affective psychoses in children”, in Manic Depressive Psychosis. Baltimore: Res. Publ. Ass. Nerv. Ment. Dis. Vol. XX, p. 87.Google Scholar
Kayser, C. (1952a). “Les échanges respiratoires du hamster doré (Mesocricetus auratus).” C.R. Soc. Biol. Paris, 146, 929.Google Scholar
Kayser, C. (1952b). “La défense d'éergie des mammifères hibernants pendant toute la durée de l'hibernation (Citellus citellus).” Arch. Sci. physiol., 6, 193.Google Scholar
Kraines, S. H. (1957). “The physiologic basis of the manic depressive illness—a theory.” Amer. J. Psychiat., 114, 206211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lange, J. (1928), in Handbuch der Geisteskrankeiten (ed. Bumke, ). Berlin. Band 6: Spezieller Teil II. p. 216.Google Scholar
Lewis, A. J. (1934). “Melancholia: clinical survey of depressive states.” J. Ment. Sci., 80, 277378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, A. J. (1936). “Problems of obsessional illness.” Proc. roy. Soc. Med., 29, 325336.Google Scholar
Lyman, C. P., and Chatfield, P. O. (1955). “Physiology of hibernation in animals.” Physiol. Rev., 35, 408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malzberg, B. (1940). Social and Biological Aspects of Mental Disease. New York, p. 113.Google Scholar
Mayer-Gross, W., Slater, E., and Roth, M. (1955). Clinical Psychiatry, pp. 193, 201, 206.Google Scholar
Muncie, W. (1939). Psychobiology and Psychiatry. St. Louis, p. 294.Google Scholar
Partridge, M. (1949). “Some reflections on the nature of affective disorders arising from the results of prefrontal leucotomy.” J. Ment. Sci., 95, 795825.Google Scholar
Peck, R. E. (1959). “The SHP test—an aid to the detection and measurement of depression.” Arch. gen. Psychiat., 1, 3540.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollttt, J. (1960). “Depression and the functional shift.” Comp. Psychiat., 1, 381390.Google Scholar
Reiss, M. (1954). “Investigations of hormone equilibria during depression”, in Depression (ed. Hoch, and Zubin, ). New York, pp. 6982.Google Scholar
Roberts, J. M. (1959). “Prognostic factors in the electroshock treatment of depressive states.” J. Ment. Sci., 105, 693713.Google Scholar
Suomalainen, P., and Sarajas, S. (1951). “Heartbeat of the hibernating hedgehog.” Nature, 168, 211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stainbrook, E. (1954). “A cross-cultural evaluation of depressive reactions”, in Depression (ed. Hoch, and Zubin, ). New York, p. 44.Google Scholar
Strongin, E. I., and Hinsie, L. B. (1938). “Parotid gland secretions in manic depressive patients.” Amer. J. Psychiat., 94, 14591466.Google Scholar
Titley, W. B. (1936). “Prepsychotic personality of patients with involutional melancholia.” Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 36, 1933.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zondek, H. (1944). Diseases of the Endocrine Glands. 3rd edition. Baltimore, p. 288.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.