Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T16:16:13.389Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Scottish First Episode Schizophrenia Study

IV. Psychiatric and Social Impact on Relatives

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Robin G. McCreadie
Affiliation:
Crichton Royal Hospital, Dumfries DGJ 4TG
David H. Wiles
Affiliation:
Crichton Royal Hospital, Dumfries DGJ 4TG
John W. Moore
Affiliation:
Crichton Royal Hospital, Dumfries DGJ 4TG
Stewart M. Grant
Affiliation:
Crichton Royal Hospital, Dumfries DGJ 4TG
George T. Crocket
Affiliation:
Gartloch Hospital, Gartcosh, Glasgow G69 8EJ
Zahid Mahmood
Affiliation:
Gartloch Hospital, Gartcosh, Glasgow G69 8EJ
Livingston Martin G.
Affiliation:
Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow G12 OYN
James A. G. Watt
Affiliation:
Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow G12 OYN
J. G. Greene
Affiliation:
Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow G12 OYN
Peter W. Kershaw
Affiliation:
Gartnavel Royal Hospital, Glasgow G12 OYN
Norman A. Todd
Affiliation:
Leverndale Hospital, Glasgow G53 7TU
Angus M. Scott
Affiliation:
Leverndale Hospital, Glasgow G53 7TU
John Loudon
Affiliation:
Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh EHJO 5HF
James A. T. Dyer
Affiliation:
Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh EHJO 5HF
Alistair E. Philip
Affiliation:
Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh EHJO 5HF
David Batchelor
Affiliation:
Janssen Pharmaceutical Limited, Grove, Wantage, Oxon
Catherine W. Menzies
Affiliation:
Lundbeck Limited, Hastings Street, Luton

Abstract

An assessment of 31 main care-giving relatives living with schizophrenics was carried out using the General Health Questionnaire and the Social Adjustment Scale by Self Report. More than 75% of relatives had a high probability of themselves being a psychiatric case. Relatives also showed social role dysfunction and impairment especially marked in social and leisure activities. Relatives' distress was related to the level of symptoms in patients, as assessed by the Present State Examination.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © 1987 The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Revision, Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Aylward, E., Walker, E. & Bettes, B. (1984) Intelligence in schizophrenia: meta-analysis of the research. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 10, 430459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brockington, I. F., Kendell, R. E. & Leff, J. P. (1978) Definitions of schizophrenia: concordance and prediction of outcome. Psychological Medicine, 8, 387398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, G. W., Birley, J. T. L. & Wing, J. K. (1972) The influence of family life on the course of schizophrenic disorders: a replication. British Journal of Psychiatry, 121, 241248.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlsson, A. (1977) Does dopamine play a role in schizophrenia? Psychological Medicine, 7, 583597.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chouinard, G. & Annable, L. (1982) Pimozidc in the treatment of newly admitted schizophrenic patients. Psychopharmacology, 76, 1319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooper, B. (1978) Epidemiology. In Schizophrenia: Towards a New Synthesis (ed. J. K. Wing). London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Crow, T. J. & Stevens, M. (1978) Age disorientation in chronic schizophrenia: the nature of the cognitive deficit. British Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 137142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eagles, J. M. & Whalley, L. J. (1985) Decline in the diagnosis of schizophrenia among first admissions to Scottish mental hospitals from 1969–78. British Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 151154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Falloon, I. R. H., Watt, D. C. & Shepherd, M. (1978) A comparative controlled trial of pimozide and fluphenazine decanoate in the continuation therapy of schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 8, 5970.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Falloon, , Boyd, J. L., McGill, C. W., Razani, J., Moss, H. B. & Gilderman, E. M. (1982) Family management in the prevention and exacerbation of schizophrenia: a controlled study. New England Journal of Medicine, 306, 14371440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feighner, J. P., Robins, E., Guze, S., Woodruff, R. A., Winokur, G. & Munoz, R. (1972) Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Archives of General Psychiatry, 26, 5762.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferrier, I. N., Johnstone, E. C. & Crow, T. J. (1984) Hormonal effects of apomorphine in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 349358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finlay-Jones, R. A. & Burvill, P. W. (1977) The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in the community. Psychological Medicine, 7, 474489.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foulds, G. A. & Dixon, P. (1962a) The nature of intellectual deficit in schizophrenia. Part I: a comparison of schizophrenics and neurotics. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 1, 719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foulds, & Dixon, P. (1962b) The nature of intellectual deficit in schizophrenia. Part III: a longitudinal study of the sub-groups. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 1, 199207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foulds, , Dixon, M. & McClelland, W. J. (1962) The nature of intellectual impairment in schizophrenia. Part II: a cross-sectional study of paranoid, catatonic, hebephrenic and simple schizophrenics. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 1, 141149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galdi, J. (1983) The causality of depression in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 621625.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibbons, J. S., Horn, S. H., Powell, J. M. & Gibbons, J. L. (1984) Schizophrenic patients and their families: a survey in a psychiatric service based on a District General Hospital Unit. British Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 7077.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, A. J. & Kendrick, D. C. (1979) The Kendrick Battery for the Detection of Dementia in the Elderly. Windsor: NFEF-Nelson.Google Scholar
Gilleard, C. J., Belford, H., Gilleard, E., Whittick, J. E. & Gledhill, K. (1984) Emotional distress among the supporters of the elderly mentally infirm. British Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 172177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, D. (1978) Manual of the General Health Questionnaire. Windsor: NFER.Google Scholar
Goldberg, , Kay, C. & Thompson, L. (1976) Psychiatric morbidity in general practice and the community. Psychological Medicine, 6, 565569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, & Hillier, V. F. (1979) A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. Psychological Medicine, 9, 139146.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, E. M. & Morrison, S. L. (1963) Schizophrenia and social class. British Journal of Psychiatry, 109, 785802.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grad, J. & Sainsbury, P. (1963) Mental illness in the family. Lancet, i, 544547.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grad, & Sainsbury, P. (1968) The effects that patients have on their families in a community care and control psychiatric service: a two-year follow-up. British Journal of Psychiatry, 114, 265278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greene, J. G., Smith, R., Gardiner, M. & Timbury, G. C. (1982) Measuring behavioural disturbance of elderly demented patients in the community and its effect on relatives. Age and Ageing, 11, 121126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haas, S. & Beckman, H. (1982) Pimozide versus haloperidol in acute schizophrenia. A double-blind controlled study. Pharmacopsychiatria, 15, 7074.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heaton, R., Baade, L. & Johnson, K. (1978) Neuropsychological test results associated with psychiatric disorders in adults. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 141162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirsch, S. (1982) Depression ‘revealed’ in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 421424.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hobbs, P., Ballinger, C. B. & Smith, A. H. W. (1983) Factor analysis and validation of the General Health Questionnaire on females: a general practice survey. British Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 257264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoenig, J. & Hamilton, M. W. (1966) The schizophrenic patient in the community and his effect on the household. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 12, 165176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, D. A. W. (1981) Studies of depressive symptoms in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 89101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnstone, E. C., Crow, T. J., Frith, C. D., Carney, M. W. P. & Price, J. S. (1978) Mechanism of the anti-psychotic effect in the treatment of acute schizophrenia. Lancet, i, 848850.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kleinman, J. E., Weinberger, D. R., Rogol, A. D., Bigelow, L. B., Klein, S. J., Gillin, C. & Watt, R. J. (1982) Plasma prolactin concentrations and psychopathology in chronic schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 655657.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kolakowska, T., Gelder, M. G. & Orr, M. W. (1980) Drug-related and illness-related factors in the outcome of chlorpromazine treatment: testing a model. Psychological Medicine, 10, 335343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraepelin, E. (1919) Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia (translated by Barclay, R. M., ed. Robertson, G. M.). Edinburgh: Livingstone.Google Scholar
Krawiecka, M., Goldberg, D. & Vaughn, M. (1977) A standardised psychiatric assessment scale for rating psychotic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 55, 299308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewine, R., Renders, R., Kirchhofer, M., Monsour, A. & Watt, N. (1982) The empirical heterogenicity of first rank symptoms in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 498502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liddle, P. F. & Crow, T. J. (1984) Age disorientation in chronic schizophrenia is associated with global intellectual impairment. British Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 193199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Livingston, M. G. & Livingston, H. (1984) Emotional distress in nurses at work. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 57, 291294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Livingston, , Brooks, D. N. & Bond, M. R. (1985a) Three months after severe head injury: psychiatric and social impact on relatives. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 48, 870875.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Livingston, , Brooks, D. N. & Bond, M. R. (1985b) Patient outcome in the year following severe head injury and relatives' psychiatric and social functioning. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 48, 876881.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manschreck, T. C. & Ames, D. (1984) Neurologic features and psychopathology in schizophrenic disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 19, 703719.Google ScholarPubMed
Matarazzo, J. D. (1972) Wechsler's Measurement and Appraisal of Adult Intelligence. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.Google Scholar
Mellor, C. S. (1982) The present status of first rank symptoms. British Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 423424.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Michiels, L. J. M., Heykants, J. J. P., Knaep, S. & Janssen, P. A. J. (1975) Radioimmunoassay of the neuroleptic drug pimozide. Life Sciences, 16, 937944.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mukherjee, S. (1983) Reducing American diagnosis of schizophrenia-will the DSM III suffice? British Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 414418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (1970) Classification of Occupations. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Owens, D. G. C. & Johnstone, E. C. (1980) The disabilities of chronic schizophrenia-their nature and the factors contributing to their development. British Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 384395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Payne, R. W. (1960) Cognitive Abnormalities. In Handbook of Abnormal Psychology (ed. H. J. Eysenck). London: Pitman.Google Scholar
Payne, (1973) Cognitive Abnormalities. In Handbook of Abnormal Psychology (ed. H. J. Eysenck) 2nd ed. London: Pitman.Google Scholar
Pecknold, J. C, McClure, D. J., Allan, T. & Wrzesinski, L. (1982) Comparison of pimozide and chlorpromazine in acute schizophrenia. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 27, 208212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raven, J. C. (1938) Guide to Using Progressive Matrices. London: Lewis.Google Scholar
Raven, (1948) Guide to Using the Mill Hill Vocabulary Scale with Progressive Matrices. London: Lewis.Google Scholar
Schneider, K. (1974) Primary and Secondary symptoms in schizophrenia. In Themes and Variations in European Psychiatry (eds S. R. Hirsch and M. Shepherd). Bristol: J. Wright.Google Scholar
Shaffer, D. (1978) Soft neurological signs and later psychiatric disorder -a review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 19, 6365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silverstone, T., Cookson, J., Ball, R., Chin, C. N., Jacobs, D., Lader, S. & Gould, S. (1984) The relationship of dopamine receptor blockade to clinical response in schizophrenic patients treated with pimozide or haloperidol. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 18, 255268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simpson, G. M. & Angus, J. W. S. (1970) A rating scale for extra pyramidal side effects. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Suppl. 212, 1119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spitzer, R., Endioott, J. & Robins, E. (1978) Research Diagnostic Criteria Instrument, No. 58. New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute.Google Scholar
United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare (1976) Abnormal Involuntary Movements Scale (AIMS). In ECDEU Assessment Manual (ed. W. Guy), pp. 534537.Google Scholar
Van Putten, T. (1974) Why do schizophrenic patients refuse to take their drugs? Archives of General Psychiatry, 31, 6772.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vaughan, C. & Leff, J. P. (1976) The influence of family and social factors on the course of psychiatric illness: a comparison of schizophrenic and depressed neurotic patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 129, 125137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wechsler, D. (1955) Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. New York: The Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Weissman, M. M. & Bothwell, S. (1976) Assessment of social adjustment by patients' self-report. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 11111115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weissman, , Prusoff, B. A., Thompson, W. D., Harding, P. S. & Myers, J. (1978) Social adjustment by self-report in a community sample and in schizophrenic out-patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 166, 317326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wing, J. K. (1961) A simple and reliable sub-classification of schizophrenia. Journal of Mental Science, 107, 862875.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wing, , Cooper, J. E. & Sartorius, N. (1974) The Measurement and Classification of Psychiatric Symptoms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wing, & Sturt, E. (1978) The PSE-ID-Catego System: Supplementary Manual. MRC Social Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, London.Google Scholar
World Health Organisation (1973) The International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia, Vol. I. Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
Wing, (1978) Mental Dsorders: Glossary and guide to their classification in accordance with the Ninth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases. Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
Zar, J. H. (1984) Biostatistical Analysis, 2nd ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.