Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-31T19:21:15.958Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Psycho-Social Predictors of Chronicity in Depressed Patients

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2018

R. M. A. Hirschfeld ,
G. L. Klerman ,
N. C. Andreasen ,
P. J. Clayton  and
M. B. Keller
R. M. A. Hirschfeld*
Affiliation:
Affective and Anxiety Disorders Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Rockville, Maryland 20857, USA
G. L. Klerman
Affiliation:
Cornell University Medical College, New York, N. Y., USA
N. C. Andreasen
Affiliation:
College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
P. J. Clayton
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, University Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
M. B. Keller
Affiliation:
Harvard Medical School and Director of General Psychiatry Practice, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
*
∗Correspondence
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Nineteen patients with an episode of major depressive disorder who did not recover within two years of prospective follow-up were compared with an equal number who recovered within a year of the initial evaluation and remained well through the two-year follow-up date. The groups were individually matched for age, sex, primary/secondary status, and prior duration of episode. The only psycho-social variable that predicted chronicity was increased neuroticism on self-report personality inventories administered during the index evaluation. Early loss, recent life events, and recent social supports were not predictive of outcome.

Type
Papers
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 148 , Issue 6 , June 1986 , pp. 648 - 654
Copyright
Copyright © 1986 The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Akiskal, H. S. (1983) Dysthymic disorder: psychopathology of proposed depressive subtypes. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 1, 11–20.Google Scholar
Bebbmgton, P., Hurry, J. & Tennant, C. (1981) Epidemiology of mental disorders in Camberwell. Psychological Medicine, 11, 361–579.Google Scholar
Brown, G. W. & Harris, T. O. (1978). Sociol Origins of Depression: A Study of Psychiatric Disorder in Women. London: Tavistock.Google Scholar
Clayton, P. J. & Hirschfeld, R. M. A. (1977) Personal Resources Inventory (PRI) Rockville, Maryland: National Institute of Mental Health, Clinical Research Branch.Google Scholar
Endicott, J. & Spitzer, R. L. (1978) A diagnostic interview: The schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 837–844.Google Scholar
Endicott, J., Fleiss, J. & Cohen, J. (1976) The Global Assessment Scale: a procedure for measuring overall severity of psychiatric disturbance. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 766–771.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Endicott, J., Cohen, J., Nee, J., Flebs, J. & Sarantakos, S. (1981) Hamilton depression rating scale: extracted from the regular and change versions of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 98–103.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1962) The Maudsley Personality Inventory. San Diego, California: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.Google Scholar
Guilford, J. P. & Zimmerman, W. S. (1949) The Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey: Manual. Beverly Hills. Sheridan Supply Co. Google Scholar
Hathaway, S. R. & McKinley, J. C. (1951) The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Revised. New York: Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, R. M. A., Klerman, G. L., Gough, H. G., Barrett, J., Korchin, S. J. & Chodoff, P. (1977) A measure of interpersonal dependency. Journal of Personality Assessment, 41, 610–618.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirschfeld, R. M. A., Schless, A. P., Endicott, J., Lichtenstaedter, S. & Clayton, P. J. (1977) The Modified Life Events Section of the Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Interview (PERI-M). Rockville, Maryland: National Institute of Mental Health, Clinical Research Branch.Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, R. M. A., Klerman, G. L., Clayton, P. J. & Keller, M. B. (1983) Personality and depression: Empirical findings. Archives of General Psychiatry. 40, 993–998.Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, R. M. A., Schless, A. P., Endicott, J., Lichtenstaedter, S. & Clayton, P. J., McDonald-Scott, P. & Larkin, B. H. (1983) Assessing personality: The effects of depressive state on trait measurement. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 695–699.Google Scholar
Holmes, T. H. & Rahe, R. H. (1967) The social readjustment rating scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11, 213–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katz, M. M., Secunda, S. K., Hirschfeld, R. M. A. & Koslow, S. H. (1979) NIMH Clinical Research Branch Collaborative Program on the Psychobiology of Depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 765–77.Google Scholar
Katz, M. M. & Klerman, G. L. (1979) Introduction: Overview of the clinical studies program. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 49–51.Google Scholar
Keller, M. B., Shapiro, R. W., Lavori, P. W. & Wolfe, N. (1982) Recovery in major depressive disorder: Analysis with the life table and regression models. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 905–910.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keller, M. B., Klerman, G. L., Lavori, P. W., Coryell, W. & Endicott, J. (1984) Long term outcome of episodes of major depression: Clinical and public health significance. Journal of the American Medical Association, 252, 788–792.Google Scholar
Klerman, G. L. (1980) Other specific affective disorders. In Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry (eds. Kaplan, A., Freedman, A., Sadock, B.) Baltimore: William S. Wilkins.Google Scholar
Klerman, G. L., Hirschfeld, R. M. A. & Halpond, G. S. (1977) The Lazare-Klerman-Armor Personality Inventory-Complete Form/Short Form: A Manual. Rockville, Maryland: National Institute of Mental Health, Clinical Research Branch.Google Scholar
Larkin, R. H. & Hirschfeld, R. M. A. (1977) The Personal History of Depressive Disorders (PHDD P). Rockville, Maryland: National Institute of Mental Health, Clinical Research Branch.Google Scholar
Rounsaville, B. J., Sholomskas, D. & Prusoff, B. A. (1980) Chronic mood disorders in depressed outpatients. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2, 73–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shapiro, R. & Keller, M. (1979) Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation (LIFE). Boston, Massachusetts: Lindemann Mental Health Center.Google Scholar
Spitzer, R. L. & Endicott, J. (1979) Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS), 3rd edition. New York: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute.Google Scholar
Spitzer, R. L. & Endicott, J. & Robins, E. (1977) Research Diagnostic Criteria for the Selected Group of Functional Disorders, 3rd Edition. New York: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute.Google Scholar
Spitzer, R. L. & Endicott, J. & Robins, E. (1978) Research Diagnostic Criteria: Rationale and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 34, 773–782.Google Scholar
Tennant, C., & Andrews, G. (1976) A scale to measure the stress of life events. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 10, 27–32.Google Scholar
Weissman, M. M., Prusoff, B. A. & Klerman, G. L. (1978) Personality and the prediction of long term outcome of depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 797–799.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.