Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T08:28:52.350Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Perceived Depriving Parental Rearing and Depression

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2018

Carlo Perris ,
W. A. Arrindell ,
Hjördis Perris ,
Martin Eisemann ,
J. van der Ende  and
Lars von Knorring
Carlo Perris*
Affiliation:
WHO Collaborating Centre for Research & Training in Mental Health, Umeå University, Department of Psychiatry, S–901 85 Umeå, Sweden
W. A. Arrindell
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Psychology, Academic Hospital of the State University of Groningen, Oostersingel 59, 9713 EZ Groningen, The Netherlands
Hjördis Perris
Affiliation:
Umeå University, Department of Psychiatry
Martin Eisemann
Affiliation:
Umeå University, Department of Psychiatry
J. van der Ende
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Psychology, Academic Hospital of the State University of Groningen
Lars von Knorring
Affiliation:
MRC Research Fellow Umeå University, Department of Psychiatry, S–901 85 Umeå, Sweden
*
∗Correspondence
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Four groups of depressed patients 47 unipolars, 21 bipolars, 34 with neurotic-reactive depression, and 39 with unspecified depressive disorder completed, after recovery, the EMBU, a Swedish instrument aimed at assessing the experience of parental rearing practices. The results for three factors: “rejection”, “emotional warmth” and “over-protection” and the global judgement scores of “severity” and “consistency” in rearing attitudes were compared with those obtained from 205 healthy individuals. Depressed patients, particularly in the unipolar unspecified groups rated both parents lower than the controls on emotional warmth. Patients tended also to rate their parents as less consistent in their rearing attitudes. The variables emotional warmth and overprotection allowed 64% of the patients and 72 of the unipolar depressives to be classified correctly. These results, like those of previous studies, support the hypothesis that deprivation of love during childhood represents an important psychological risk factor in the background of depressive disorders.

Type
Papers
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 148 , Issue 2 , February 1986 , pp. 170 - 175
Copyright
Copyright © 1986 The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arieti, S. Bemporad, J. (1978) Mild and Severe Depression. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Arrindell, W. A., Emmelkamp, P. M. G. & Monsma, A. (1983a) Psychometric evaluation of an inventory for assessment of parental rearing practices. Acta Psychiatrica Svandinavica, 67, 163–177.Google Scholar
Arrindell, W. A., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Monsma, A. & Brilman, E. (1983b) The role of perceived parental rearing practices in the aetiology of phobic disorders: a controlled study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 183–187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arrindell, W. A., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Perris, C., Eisemann, M., Perris, H., van der Ende, J., Ross, M., Benjaminsen, S., Gaszner, P. & Del Vecchio, M. (1985) Cross-national study of generalizability of patterns of parental rearing behaviour and attitudes: invariance of EMBU dimensional representations of healthy subjects from Australia, Denmark, Hungary, Italy and the Netherlands. Acta Psychiatric Scandinavica, submitted.Google Scholar
Ausubel, D. P., Balthazar, E., Rosenthal, I., Blackman, L., Schpoont, S. & Welkowitz, , (1954) Perceived parent attitudes as determinants of children's ego structure. Child Development, 25, 173–183.Google Scholar
Ausubel, D. P. (1958) Theory and Problems of Child Development. New York: Grune & Stratton.Google Scholar
Bibring, E. (1953) The mechanism of depression. In Greenacre, P. (ed) Affective Disorders, New York: International Universities Press.Google Scholar
Blatt, S. J., Wein, S. J. & Chenron, E. (1979) Parental representations and depression in normal young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, 388–397.Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1969) Attachment and Loss, Vol 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1973) Attachment and Loss, vol 2: Separation: anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1980) Attachment and Loss, Vol 3: Loss, Sadness and Depression. London: Hogarth Press.Google Scholar
Brown, G. W., Harris, T. & Copeland, J. (1977) Depression and loss. British Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 1–18.Google Scholar
Clayer, J. R., Campbell, R. L. & Ross, M. E. (1984) Parental rearing and transient thought disorder in young adults. Psychopathology, 17, 9–16.Google Scholar
Crook, T. & Elliot, J. (1980) Parental death during childhood and adult depression, a critical review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 87, 252–259.Google Scholar
d'Elia, G. von Knorring, L. & Perris, C. (1974) Non-psychotic depressive disorders: a ten year follow up. Acta Psychiatric Scandinavica, suppl 255, 173–176.Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1917) Mourning and Melancholia. In Jones, E. Collected Papers, vol 4. London: Hogarth Press, 1950.Google Scholar
Gay, M. J. & Tonge, W. L. (1967) The late effects of loss of parents in childhood. British Journal of Psychiatry, 113, 753–759.Google Scholar
Granville-Grossman, K. L. (1968) The early environment in affective disorders. In Coppen, A. & Walk, A. (eds) Recent developments in affective disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry Special Publication 2.Google Scholar
Jacobsson, L., Lindström, H., von Knorring, L. & Perris, H. (1980) Perceived parental behaviour and psychogenic needs. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 233, 77–88.Google Scholar
Jacobsson, S., Fasman, J. & Di Mascio, A. (1975) Deprivation in the childhood of depressed women. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 160, 5–14.Google Scholar
Lloyd, C. (1980) Life events and depressive disorders reviewed. I. Events as predisposing factors. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 529–535.Google Scholar
Miller, A. (1981) Du sollst nicht merken. Zollikerberg.Google Scholar
Parker, G. (1979) Parental characteristics in relation to depressive disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 138–147.Google Scholar
Parker, G. (1981) Parental reports of depressives. Journal of Affective Disorders, 3, 131–140.Google Scholar
Parker, G. (1983) Parental “affectionless control” as an antecedent to adult depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40. 956–960.Google Scholar
Perris, C. (1966) A study of bipolar and unipolar recurrent depressive psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica suppl, 194.Google Scholar
Perris, C. (1975) The bipolar unipolar dichotomy and the need for a consistent terminology. Neuropsychobiology, 1, 65–69.Google Scholar
Perris, C. & Perris, H. (1978) Status within the family and early life experiences in patients with affective disorders and cycloid psychosis. Psychiatria clinica, 11, 155–162.Google Scholar
Perris, C., Jacobsson, L., Lindström, H., von Knorring, L. & Perris, H. (1980) Development of a new inventory for assessing memories of parental rearing behaviour. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 61, 265–274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perris, C., Eisemann, M., Ericsson, U., von Knorring, L. & Perris, H. (1983) Parental rearing behaviour and personality characteristics of depressed patients. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 233, 77–88.Google Scholar
Perris, C., Holmgren, S., von Knorring, L. & Perris, H. (1984) Parental loss by death in the early childhood of depressed patients and of their healthy siblings. British Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 165–169.Google Scholar
Perris, H. (1983) Deprivation in childhood and live events in depression. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, 233, 489–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perris, H. (1984) Life events and personality characteristics in depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 69, 350–358.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raskin, A., Boothe, H. H., Reatig, N. A., Schultenbrandt, J. G. & Cole, D. (1971) Factor analysis of normal and depressed patients' memories of parental behaviour. Psychological Reports, 29, 871–879.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, M. W., Cambell, R. L. & Clayer, J. R. (1982) New inventory for measurement of parental rearing patterns. An English form of the EMBU. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 66, 499–507.Google Scholar
Ross, M. W., Clayer, J. R. & Campbell, R. L. (1983) Dimensions of childbearing practices. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 68, 476–483.Google Scholar
Roy, A. (1978) Vulnerability factors and depression in women. British Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 106–110.Google Scholar
Siegel, S. (1956) Non-parametric Statistics of the Behavioural sciences. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Tennant, C., Bebbington, P. & Hurry, J. (1980) Parental death in childhood and risk of adult depressive disorders. Psychological Medicine, 10, 289–99.Google Scholar
Wolfenstein, M. (1955) How is mourning possible? Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 21, 93–123.Google Scholar
Wolkind, S. & Coleman, E. (1983). Adult psychiatric disorder and childhood experiences—the validity of retrospective data. British Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 188–91.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.