Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T10:00:25.221Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Clinical Tests of Memory

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2018

Michael D. Kopelman*
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF

Abstract

This study compared the performance of groups Alzheimer, Korsakoff, and depressed patients and a group of healthy controls at various clinical tests of memory, and wide differences were found in the discriminatory power of the different tests. In addition, the patterns of performance of the Alzheimer and Korsakoff groups differed, and to some extent this was understandable in terms of what is known about the nature of organic amnesia. Depressed patients showed relatively mild impairments, which were not correlated with the severity of their depression.

Type
Papers
Copyright
Copyright © 1986 The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Babcock, H. (1930) An experiment in the measurement of mental deterioration. Archives of Psychology, 18, 93105.Google Scholar
Baddeley, A. D. (1976) The Psychology of Memory. London: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Baddeley, A. D. (1984) The fractionation of human memory. Psychological Medicine. 14, 259264.Google Scholar
Butters, N. & Cermak, L. S. (1980) Alcoholic Korsakoff's Syndrome: an Information-processing Approach to Amnesia. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, R. M., Weingartner, H., Smallberg, S. A., Pickar, D. & Murphy, D. L. (1982) Effort and cognition in depression. Archives of General Psychiatry. 39, 593597.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coughlan, A. K. & Hollows, S. E. (1984) Use of memory tests in differentiating organic disorder from depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 164167.Google Scholar
Craik, F. I. M. (1971) Primary memory. British Medical Bulletin. 27, 232236.Google Scholar
Cutting, J. (1978a) Patterns of performance in amnesic subjects. Journal of Neurology. Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 41, 278282.Google Scholar
Cutting, J. (1978b) The relationship between Korsak off's syndrome and ‘alcoholic dementia’. British Journal of Psychiatry, 132, 240251.Google Scholar
Erickson, R. C. & Scott, M. I. (1977) Clinical memory testing: a review. Psychological Bulletin. 89, 11301149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, A. S. (1964) Minimal effects of severe depression on cognitive functioning. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 69, 237243.Google Scholar
Hamilton, M. (1960) a rating scale of depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 23, 5662.Google Scholar
Hinton, J. & Withers, E. (1971) The usefulness of the Clinical Tests of the sensorium. British Journal of Psychiatry, 119, 918.Google Scholar
Hunter, I. M. L. (1964) Memory. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Huppert, F. A. & Piercv, M. (1979) Normal and abnormal forgetting in organic amnesia: effects of locus of lesion. Cortex, 15, 385390.Google Scholar
Inglis, J. (1959) A paired-associate learning test for use with elderly psychiatric patients. Journal of Mental Science, 105, 440443.Google Scholar
Institute of Psychiatry (1973) Notes on Eliciting and Recording Clinical Information. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Irving, G. Robinson, R. A. & McAdam, W. (1970) The validity of some cognitive tests in the diagnosis of dementia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 117, 149156.Google Scholar
Isaacs, B. & Walkey, F. A. (1964) A simplified paired-associate test for elderly hospital patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 110, 8083.Google Scholar
Johnstone, E. C. Crow, T. J., Frith, C. D., Husband, J. & Kreel, L. (1976) Cerebral ventricular size and cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia. Lancet, ii, 924926.Google Scholar
Kendrick, D. C., Gibson, H. J. & Moyes, I. C. A. (1979) The revised Kendrick battery: clinical studies. British Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 18, 329340.Google Scholar
Kopelman, M. D. (1985a) Rales of forgetting in Alzheimer-type dementia and Korsakoff's syndrome. Neuropsychotogia, 23, 623628.Google Scholar
Kopelman, M. D. (1985b) Multiple memory deficits in Alzheimer-type dementia: implications for pharmacotherapy. Psychological Medicine, 15, 527541.Google Scholar
Kopelman, M. D. (1986) Recall of anomalous sentences in dementia and amnesia. Brain and Language (in press).Google Scholar
Lhermitte, F. & Signoret, J-L. (1972) Analyse neuropsychologique et differentiation des syndromes amnesiques. Revue Neurologique, 126, 161178.Google Scholar
Luria, A. R. (1976) The Neuropsychology of Memory. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Miller, E. (1971) On the nature of the memory disorder in presenile dementia. Neuropsychologia, 9, 7581.Google Scholar
Miller, E. (1973) Short- and long-term memory in patients with presenile dementia (Alzheimer's disease). Psychological Medicine, 3, 321324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, H. E. & O'Connell, A. (1978) Dementia: the estimation of pre-morbid intelligence levels using the New Adult Reading Test. Cortex. 14, 234244.Google Scholar
Newcombe, F. (1969) Missile Wounds of the Brain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Newcombe, F. & Marshall, J. C. (1967) Immediate recall of “sentences” by subjects with unilateral cerebral lesions. Neuropsychologia, 5, 329334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Priest, R. G., Tarighati, S. & Shariatmadari, M. E. (1969) A brief test of organic brain disease: validation in a mental hospital population. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 45, 347354.Google Scholar
Prigatano, G. P. (1978) Wechsler Memory Scale: a selective review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 34 (suppl), 816832.3.0.CO;2-Q>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raven, J. C., Court, J. H. Raven, J. (1977) Manual for the Coloured Progressive Matrices. London: H. K. Lewis.Google Scholar
Savage, R. D., Britton, P. G., Bolton, N. & Hall, E. H. (1973) Intellectual Functioning in the Aged. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Schachter, D. L. & Tulving, E. (1982) Amnesia and memory research. In Human Memory and Amnesia (ed. Cermak, L. S.). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Shapiro, M. B., Post, F., Lofving, F. K. & Inglis, J. (1956) Memory function in psychiatric patients over 60—some methodological and diagnostic implications. Journal of Mental Science, 102, 233246.Google Scholar
Sunderland, A., Harris, J. E. & Baddeley, A. D. (1983) Do laboratory tests predict everyday memory? A neuropsychological study. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 22, 341357.Google Scholar
Tulving, E. (1972) Episodic and semantic memory. In Organisation of Memory (eds. Tulving, E. & Donaldson, W.). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Warburton, J. W. (1963) The Babcock sentence in clinical practice. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 36, 351353.Google Scholar
Warrington, E. K. (1982) The double-dissociation of short- and long-term memory deficits. In Human Memory and Amnesia (ed. Cermak, L. S.). Hillsdale, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Warrington, E. K. & Weikrantz, L. (1982) Amnesia: a disconnection syndrome. Neuropsychologia, 20, 233249.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (1917) A study of retention in Korsakoff psychosis. Psychiatric Bulletin. New York State Hospital. 2, 403451.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (1945) A standardised memory scale for clinical use. Journal of Psychology. 19, 8795.Google Scholar
Weingartner, H., Cohen, R. M., Murphy, D. L., Martello, J. & Gerdt, C. (1981) Cognitive processes in depression. Archives of General Psychiatry. 38, 4247.Google Scholar
Weingartner, H., Grafman, J., Boutelle, W., Kaye, W. & Marttn, P. R. (1983) Forms of memory failure. Science. 221, 380382.Google Scholar
Whttehead, A. (1973) Verbal learning and memory in elderly depressives. British Journal of Psychiatry. 123, 203208.Google Scholar
Williams, M. (1968) The measurement of memory in clinical practice. British Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 7, 1934.Google Scholar
Wilson, R. S., Bacon, L. D., Fox, J. H. & Kaszniak, A. W. (1983) Primary and secondary memory in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology. 5, 337344.Google Scholar
Withers, E. & Hinton, J. (1971) Three forms of the Clinical Tests of the Sensorium and their reliability. British Journal of Psychiatry. 119, 18.Google Scholar
Zangwill, O. L. (1943) Clinical tests of memory impairment. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 36, 576580.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.