Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T07:37:10.310Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

ELECTROACOUSTIC VOICES: SOUNDS QUEER, AND WHY IT MATTERS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2017

Abstract

Queer processes abound in fixed media electroacoustic music with voice, in both the composition and listening processes. ‘Queer’ means transgressive, unstable, and disruptive, and queer processes break down restrictive traditional binaries. In this article, I name the queer where some may have thought it does not or could not exist, in well-known works by Berio, Stockhausen and Lucier, as well as lesser-known works by Truax, Normandeau and Westerkamp. Any claim to the queer in these electroacoustic works is inherently political because the core of the term's meaning is to disrupt and perturb the status quo, which is maintained by existing power structures. I outline how composers unsettle the gendered voice and exploit its mediating role between the body and language. Studio manipulation is further enhanced by the acousmatic listening context, which is intimate and unsettling (‘queer’), and can depict the ‘third space’ between the bodies of the voice and listener.

Type
RESEARCH ARTICLES
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 The work was commissioned by Lawrence Cherney for oboe d'amore and cor anglais combined with two digital soundtracks (male voice, female voice, soundscape elements). The initial live performance included Cherney and visuals, but, like much of the electroacoustic canon, I listened to this work at home, primarily through headphones.

2 Jarman-Ivens, Freya, Queer Voices: Technologies, Vocalities, and the Musical Flaw (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), p. vii CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

3 See the Oxford Handbook of Voice Studies, ed. Nina Sun Eidsheim and Katherine Meizel (Oxford: Oxford University Press, forthcoming); Chion, Michel, The Voice in Cinema, trans. by Gorbman, Claudio (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999)Google Scholar; Karen Sunabacka, ‘She is the Voice, She is the Sound: Women's Voices in Electroacoustic Music’ (PhD diss., University of California Davis, 2008).

4 Foucault, Michel, Histoire de la sexualité I: La volonté de savoir (Paris: Éditions Gallimard, 1976)Google Scholar.

5 Derrida, Jacques, De la grammatologie (Paris: Les Éditions de Minuit, 1967)Google Scholar.

6 Simon Emmerson and Denis Smalley, ‘Electro-acoustic music’, in Grove Music Online, Oxford Music Online (accessed 8 September 2016).

7 Frith, Simon, Performing Rites: On the Value of Popular Music (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), p. 192 Google Scholar.

8 Performing Rites, p. 196.

9 Dame, Joke, Het zingend lichaam: Betekenissen van de stem in westerse vocale muziek (Kampen: Kok Agora, 1994)Google Scholar.

10 Butler, Judith, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Routledge, 1990)Google Scholar.

11 Cusick, Suzanne, ‘On Musical Performances of Gender and Sex’, in Audible Traces: Gender, Identity, and Music, ed. Barkin, Elaine and Hamessley, Lydia (Zurich: Carciofoli, 1999), p. 28 Google Scholar.

12 Cusick, ‘On Musical Performances’, p. 29.

13 See the forthcoming Oxford Handbook of Voice Studies.

14 Peraino, Judith Ann, ‘Listening to Gender: A Response to Judith Halberstam’, Women and Music: A Journal of Gender and Culture 11 (2007), p. 62 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

15 Cusick, ‘On Musical Performances’, p. 28.

16 Bosma, Hannah, ‘Bodies of Evidence, Singing Cyborgs and Other Gender Issues in Electrovocal Music’, Organised Sound 8, no. 1 (2003), pp. 517 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

17 Silverman, Kaja, The Acoustic Mirror: The Female Voice in Psychoanalysis and Cinema (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988)Google Scholar.

18 Chion, The Voice in Cinema.

19 Chion, The Voice in Cinema; Sunabacka, ‘She is the Voice, She is the Sound’.

20 Bosma, ‘Bodies of Evidence’, p. 12.

21 McCartney, Andra, ‘Cyborg Experiences: Contradictions and Tensions of Technology, Nature, and the Body in Hildegard Westerkamp's “Breathing Room”’, in Music and Gender, edited by Moisala, Pirkko and Diamond, Beverley (Urbana: University of Illinois Press: 2000), p. 322 Google Scholar.

22 Normandeau completed five versions of Palimpseste before finding satisfaction with the sixth and final version in 2009.

23 Schlichter, Annette, ‘Do Voices Matter? Vocality, Materiality, Gender Performativity’, Body & Society 17, no. 1 (2011), pp. 3152 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

24 Judith Ann Peraino. ‘Listening to Gender’, p. 60.

25 Schlichter, ‘Do Voices Matter?’, p. 48.

26 ‘Listening to Gender’, p. 63.

27 Barry Truax, personal website, Simon Fraser University, www.sfu.ca/~truax/wsp (accessed 30 August 2016).

28 Truax, personal website.

29 Truax, Barry, ‘Homoeroticism and Electroacoustic Music: Absence and Personal Voice’, Organised Sound 8 no. 1 (2003), p. 119 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

30 Truax, Barry, ‘Discovering Inner Complexity: Time-Shifting and Transposition with a Real-Time Granulation Technique’, Computer Music Journal 18, no. 2 (1994), p. 46 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

31 Woloshyn, Alexa, ‘Playing with the Voice and Blurring Boundaries in Hildegard Westerkamp's “MotherVoiceTalk”’, eContact! 14.4 (March 2013)Google Scholar.

32 Westerkamp, Hildegard, ‘An Imaginary Meeting: The Making of MotherVoiceTalk (2008)’, in The Art of Immersive Soundscapes, ed. Minevich, Pauline and Waterman, Ellen (Regina, SK: University of Regina Press, 2013), p. 149 Google Scholar.

33 Barthes, Roland, ‘Grain of the Voice’, in Image-Music-Text (London: Fontata, 1977), p. 188 Google Scholar. Geno-song and pheno-song are modelled on Kristeva's, Julia concepts of geno-text and pheno-text, first explicated in Séméiôtiké: recherches pour une sémanalyse (Paris: Édition du Seuil, 1969)Google Scholar.

34 Jarman-Ivens Queer Voices, p. 5

35 Barthes, ‘The Grain of the Voice’, p. 188.

36 This is the opposite of attempts to ‘clean up’ digital recordings of the voice to remove ‘imperfections’ from the external technology or evidence of the vocal apparatus (e.g., breathing).

37 Taylor, Jodie, ‘Taking It in the Ear: On Musico-Sexual Synergies and the (Queer) Possibility that Music is Sex’, Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies 26/4 (August 2012), p. 604 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

38 Corbett, John and Kapsalis, Terri, ‘Aural Sex: The Female Orgasm in Popular Sound’, The Drama Review 40, no. 3 (Fall 1996), p. 103 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

39 Taylor, ‘Taking It in the Ear’, p. 612.

40 Hankins, Sarah, ‘Queer Relationships with Music and an Experiential Hermeneutics for Musical Meaning’, Women and Music: A Journal of Gender and Culture 18 (2014), p. 101 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

41 Dibben, Nicola, ‘Vocal Performance and the Projection of Emotional Authenticity’, in The Ashgate Research Companion to Popular Musicology, ed. Scott, Derek B. (Farnham: Ashgate, 2009), pp. 317–32Google Scholar.

42 Sterne, Jonathan, The Audible Past: Cultural Origins of Sound Reproduction (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

43 Dusman, Linda, ‘No Bodies There: Absence and Presence in Acousmatic Performance’, in Music and Gender, ed. Moisala, Pirkko and Diamond, Beverley (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000), p. 339 Google Scholar.

44 Dusman, ‘Do Voices Matter?’, p. 47.

45 Dusman, ‘Do Voices Matter’, p. 47.

46 Dusman, ‘Do Voices Matter’, p. 48.

47 Dusman, ‘Do Voices Matter?’, p. 47.

48 Dusman, ‘Do Voices Matter?’, p. 47.

49 Hankins, ‘Queer Relationships with Music’, p. 83.

50 Koestenbaum, Wayne, The Queen's Throat: Opera, Homosexuality, and the Mystery of Desire (New York: Poseidon Press, 1993)Google Scholar and Guarracino, Serena, ‘“It's Not Over Till the Fat Lady Sings”: The Weight of the Opera Diva’ in Historicizing Fat in Anglo-American Culture, ed. Levy-Navarro, Elena (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 2010)Google Scholar.

51 Jarman-Ivens Queer Voices, p. 3.

52 Jarman-Ivens Queer Voices, p. 3.

53 Jarman-Ivens Queer Voices, p. 2.

54 Corbett and Kapsalis ‘Aural Sex’, p. 103.

55 Woloshyn, Alexa, ‘Wallace Berry's Structural Processes and Electroacoustic Music: A Case Study Analysis of Robert Normandeau's Onomatopoeias Cycle’, eContact! 13.3 (June 2011)Google Scholar.

56 Truax, ‘Homoeroticism and Electroacoustic Music’, p. 117.

57 Rodgers, Tara, Pink Noises: Women on Electronic Music and Sound (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; McCartney, Andra, ‘Creating Worlds for my Music to Exist: Women Composers of Electroacoustic Music in Canada’, International Alliance for Women in Music Journal 2, no. 2 (1996), pp. 1619 Google Scholar; McCartney, Andra, ‘Gender, Genre and Electroacoustic Soundmaking Practices’, Intersections: Canadian journal of music/Revue canadienne de musique 26, no. 2 (2006), pp. 2048 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.