Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T06:34:10.899Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Elemental Abundances in Planetary Nebulae

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2017

James B. Kaler
James B. Kaler*
Affiliation:
Astronomy Department, University of Illinois

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

To date, we have been able to gather information on the abundances of 16 elements, ranging from helium to iron, relative of course to hydrogen, the seventeenth. Of the lightest 26 elements only the lithium, beryllium, boron trio, aluminum, and the quintet of metals from scandium to magnanese have not been treated. The results of decades of labor on galactic planetaries are presented as succinctly as possible in Table 1, where the elements are shown in order of atomic number. I will take as a general approach that He/H and O/H have readily recognizable gradients and variations, and that the other elements either generally vary in concert with oxygen, or are best studied with respect to that atom. Column (2) classifies the element according to its most prominent behavior. The well-studied ratios that are generally constant, for which a true mean can be derived, are designated “C.” Those that are probably constant, but which are not well studied, are noted as “c.” The four elements with abundances significantly under solar, which are probably depleted from the nebular gas by grain formation, are called “D.” The letters “G” and “E” denote those for which vertical galactic gradients and/or enrichment by the parent star have been clearly established.

Type
Section III: Chemical Abundances in Planetary Nebulae
Information
Symposium - International Astronomical Union , Volume 103: Planetary Nebulae , 1983 , pp. 245 - 257
Copyright
Copyright © Reidel 1983 

References

Aller, L. H. 1978, Planetary Nebulae, IAU Symposium 76, Terzian, Y., ed. (Dordrecht: Reidel), p. 225.Google Scholar
Aller, L. H., and Czyzak, S. J. 1979, Ap. Space Sci., 62, 397.Google Scholar
Aller, L. H. 1983, Ap. J. Suppl., in press.Google Scholar
Aller, L. H., and Keyes, C. D. 1980, Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci. USA, 77, 1231.Google Scholar
Aller, L. H., Keyes, C. D., and Czyzak, S. J. 1981, Ap. J., 250, 596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aller, L. H., Keyes, C. D., Ross, J. E., and Czyzak, S. J. 1980, Ap. Sp. Sci., 67, 349.Google Scholar
Aller, L. H., Keyes, C.D., Ross, J. E., and O'Mara, B. J. 1981a, M. N. R. A. S., 197, 647.Google Scholar
Aller, L. H. 1981b, M. N. R. A. S., 194, 613.Google Scholar
Aller, L. H., Ross, J. E., Keyes, C. D., and Czyzak, S. J. 1979, Ap. Sp. Sci. 64, 347.Google Scholar
Aller, L. H., Ross, J. E., O'Mara, B. J., and Keyes, D. C. 1981, M. N. R. A. S., 197, 95.Google Scholar
Barker, T. 1978a, Ap. J., 220, 193.Google Scholar
Barker, T. 1978b, Ap. J., 221, 145.Google Scholar
Barker, T. 1978c, Ap. J., 219, 914.Google Scholar
Barker, T. 1980a, Ap. J., 237, 482.Google Scholar
Barker, T. 1980b, Ap. J., 240, 99.Google Scholar
Beck, S. C., Lacy, J. H., Townes, C. H., Aller, L. H., Geballe, T. R., and Baas, F. 1981, Ap. J., 249,, 592.Google Scholar
Becker, S. A., and Iben, I. Jr. 1979, Ap. J., 232, 831.Google Scholar
Becker, S. A. 1980, Ap. J., 237, 111 (BI).Google Scholar
Danziger, I. H., Dopita, M. A., Hawarden, T. G., and Webster, B. L. 1978, Ap. J., 220, 458.Google Scholar
Dinerstein, H. L. 1980, Ap. J., 237, 486.Google Scholar
Dufour, R. J., and Killen, R. M. 1977, Ap. J., 211, 68.Google Scholar
Dufour, R. J., and Talent, D. L. 1980, Ap. J., 235, 22.Google Scholar
French, H. B. 1981, Ap. J., 246, 434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garstang, R. H., Robb, W.D., and Rountree, S.P. 1978, Ap. J., 222, 384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenstein, J. 1981, Ap. J., 245, 124.Google Scholar
Greig, W. E. 1971, Astr. Ap., 10,, 161.Google Scholar
Harrington, J.P., Lutz, J.H., and Seaton, M.J. 1981, M.N.R.A.S., 195, 21P.Google Scholar
Harrington, J. P., Lutz, J. H., Seaton, M. J., and Stickland, D. J. 1980, M. N. R. A. S., 191, 13.Google Scholar
Harrington, J. P., and Marionii, P. A. 1981, The Universe at Ultraviolet Wavelengths: The First Two Years of IUE, Nasa Conf. Pub. 2171, p. 623.Google Scholar
Harrington, J. P., Seaton, M. J., Adams, S., and Lutz, J. H. 1982, M.N.R.A.S., 199, 517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawley, S. A. 1978a, Pub.A.S.P., 90, 39.Google Scholar
Hawley, S. A. 1978b, Ap. J., 224, 417.Google Scholar
Hawley, S. A., and Miller, J. S. 1977, Ap. J., 212, 94.Google Scholar
Hawley, S. A. 1978a, Ap. J., 220, 609.Google Scholar
Hawley, S. A. 1978b, Pub. A.S.P., 90, 39.Google Scholar
Hazard, C., Terlevich, B., Morton, D. C., Sargent, W. L. W., and Ferland, G. 1980, Nature, 285, 463.Google Scholar
Heap, S. R. 1979 Mass Loss and Evolution of O-Type Stars (Dordrecht: Reidel), p. 99.Google Scholar
Iben, I. Jr. 1964, Ap. J. (Letters), 140, 1631.Google Scholar
Iben, I. Jr. 1972, Ap. J., 178, 433.Google Scholar
Iben, I. Jr. 1975, Ap. J., 196, 525.Google Scholar
Iben, I. Jr., Kaler, J. B., Truran, J. W., and Renzini, A. 1983, Ap. J., in press.Google Scholar
Iben, I. Jr., and Renzini, A. 1982, Illinois Ap. Preprint, IAP 82-2.Google Scholar
Iben, I. Jr., and Truran, J. W. 1978, Ap. J., 220, 980.Google Scholar
Jacoby, G. H., and Ford, H. A. 1983, Ap. J., in press.Google Scholar
Jenner, D. C., Ford, H. C., and Jacoby, G. H. 1979, Ap. J., 227, 391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaler, J. B. 1970, Ap. J., 160, 887.Google Scholar
Kaler, J. B. 1974, Ap. J. (Letters), 188, L15.Google Scholar
Kaler, J. B. 1978a, Ap. J., 226, 947.Google Scholar
Kaler, J. B. 1978b, Ap. J., 225, 527.Google Scholar
Kaler, J. B. 1979, Ap. J., 228, 163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaler, J. B. 1980, Ap. J., 239, 78.Google Scholar
Kaler, J. B. 1981a Ap. J., 249, 201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaler, J. B. 1981b, Ap. J., 244, 54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaler, J. B. 1983a, in preparation.Google Scholar
Kaler, J. B. 1983b, Ap. J., in press.Google Scholar
Kaler, J.B., Iben, I. Jr., and Becker, S.A. 1978, Ap. J. (Letters), 224, L63.Google Scholar
Lutz, J. H. 1981, Ap. J., 247, 144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maran, S. P. Aller, L. H., Gull, T. R., and Stecher, T. P. 1982, Ap. J. (Letters), 253, L43.Google Scholar
Marionni, P. A., and Harrington, J. P. 1981, The Universe at Ultraviolet Wavelengths; The First Two Years of IUE, NASA Conf. Pub. 2171, p. 633.Google Scholar
Natta, A., Panagia, N., and Preite-Martinez, A. 1980, Ap. J., 242, 596.Google Scholar
Nussbaumer, H., and Storey, P. J. 1978, Astr. Ap., 70, 37.Google Scholar
Osmer, P. S. 1976, Ap. J., 203, 352.Google Scholar
Paczyński, B. 1971, Acta Astr., 21, 417.Google Scholar
Peimbert, M. 1973, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liége, Series 6, 5, 307.Google Scholar
Peimbert, M. 1978, Planetary Nebulae, IAU Symposium No. 76, Terzian, Y., ed. (Dordrecht: Reidel), p. 215.Google Scholar
Peimbert, M, and Serrano, A. 1980, Rev. Mexicana Astr. Ap., 5, 9.Google Scholar
Peimbert, M., and Torres-Peimbert, S. 1971, Ap. J., 168, 413.Google Scholar
Peimbert, M., Torres-Peimbert, S., and Rayo, J.F. 1978, Ap. J., 220, 516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peña, M., and Torres-Peimbert, S. 1981, Rev. Mexicana Astr. Ap., 6, 309.Google Scholar
Perinotto, M., and Benvenuti, P. 1981, Astr. Ap., 101, 88.Google Scholar
Perinotto, M., Panagia, N., and Benvenuti, P. 1980, Astr. Ap., 85, 332.Google Scholar
Perinotto, M., and Renzini, A. 1979, ESA/ES0 workshop on astronomical uses of the space telescope, Geneva, 12-14 February 1979.Google Scholar
Pottasch, S. R., Gathier, R., Gilra, D. P., and Wesselius, P. R. 1981, Astr. Ap., 102, 237.Google Scholar
Price, C. M. 1981, Ap. J., 247, 540.Google Scholar
Renzini, A. 1979, IAU 4th European Regional Meeting in Astronomy, Ap. and Sp. Sci. Lib., 75, (Dordrecht: Reidel), p. 155.Google Scholar
Renzini, A., and Voli, M. 1981, Astr. Ap., 94, 175 (RV).Google Scholar
Schönberner, D., and Weidemann, V. 1981, Physical Processes in Red Giants (Dordrecht: Reidel), p. 463, and priv. comm.Google Scholar
Shields, G. A. 1975, Ap. J., 195, 475.Google Scholar
Shields, G. A. 1978, Ap. J., 219, 559.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shields, G.A., Aller, L.H., Keyes, C.D., and Czyzak, S.J. 1981, Ap. J., 248, 569.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stecher, T. P., Maran, S. P., Gull, T. R., Aller, L. H., and Savedoff, M. P. 1982, Ap. J., in press.Google Scholar
Talent, D. L., and Dufour, R. J. 1979, Ap. J., 233, 888.Google Scholar
Torres-Peimbert, S., and Peimbert, M. 1977, Rev. Mexicana Astr. Ap., 2, 181.Google Scholar
Torres-Peimbert, S. 1979, Rev. Mexicana Astr. Ap., 4, 341.Google Scholar
Torres-Peimbert, S., Peimbert, M., and Daltabuit, E. 1980, Ap. J., 238, 133.Google Scholar
Torres-Peimbert, S., and Peña, M. 1981, Rev. Mexicana Astr. Ap., 6, 301.Google Scholar
Torres-Peimbert, S., Peña, M., and Daltabuit, E. 1981, The Universe at Ultraviolet Wavelengths: The First Two Years of IUE, NASA Conf. Pub. 2171, p. 641.Google Scholar
Torres-Peimbert, S., Rayo, J. F., and Peimbert, M. 1981, Rev. Mexicana Astr. Ap., 6, 315.Google Scholar
Webster, B. L. 1976, Pub. A. S. P., 88, 669.Google Scholar