Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T04:28:05.515Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Dynamics of the Galactic Bulge

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 August 2017

Tim De Zeeuw
Tim De Zeeuw*
Affiliation:
Sterrewacht Leiden

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Recent work on the intrinsic shape, the internal kinematics of stars and gas, and the dynamics of the Galactic Bulge is discussed. Starcounts, measurements of the integrated light and the kinematics of the atomic and molecular gas all provide strong evidence that the Bulge is triaxial, and is rotating fairly rapidly. To date, there is little evidence for triaxiality in the stellar kinematics: the available stellar velocities are consistent with Kent's (1992) oblate model. This unsatisfactory situation is expected to improve rapidly.

Type
Invited Reviews
Information
Symposium - International Astronomical Union , Volume 153: Galactic Bulges , 1993 , pp. 191 - 208
Copyright
Copyright © Kluwer 1993 

References

Acker, A., Köppen, J., Stenholm, B., & Raytchev, B., 1991. A&AS, 89, 237.Google Scholar
Bacon, R., 1985. A&A, 143, 84.Google Scholar
Becklin, E.E., & Neugebauer, G., 1968. ApJ, 151, 145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertola, F., Rubin, V.C., & Zeilinger, W.W., 1989. ApJ, 345, L29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertola, F., Vietri, M., & Zeilinger, W.W., 1991. ApJ, 374, L13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binney, J.J., 1985. MNRAS, 212, 767.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binney, J.J., Davies, R.L., & Illingworth, G.D., 1990. ApJ, 361, 78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binney, J.J., & de Vaucouleurs, G., 1981. MNRAS, 194, 679.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binney, J.J., Gerhard, O.E., Stark, A.A., Bally, J., & Uchida, K.I., 1991. MNRAS, 252, 210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binney, J.J., & Petrou, M., 1985. MNRAS, 214, 449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blitz, L., & Spergel, D.N., 1991a. ApJ, 370, 205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blitz, L., & Spergel, D.N., 1991b. ApJ, 379, 631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burton, W.B., & Liszt, H.S., 1993. A&A, in press.Google Scholar
Carney, B.W., Latham, D.W., & Laird, J.B., 1990. AJ, 99, 572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cinzano, P.-A., & van der Marel, R.P., 1993. In Structure, Dynamics, and Chemical Evolution of Early–Type Galaxies, eds Danziger, I. J., Zeilinger, W. W., & Kjär, K. (ESO Garching), p. 105.Google Scholar
Combes, F., 1991. ARAA, 29, 195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Combes, F., Debbash, F., Friedli, D., & Pfenniger, D., 1990. A&A, 233, 82.Google Scholar
Dejonghe, H.B., 1989. ApJ, 343, 113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dejonghe, H.B., 1993a. In Structure, Dynamics, and Chemical Evolution of Early–Type Galaxies, eds Danziger, I. J., Zeilinger, W. W., & Kjär, K. (ESO/EIPC, Garching), p. 337.Google Scholar
Dejonghe, H.B., 1993b. In IAU Symposium 155, Planetary Nebulae, eds Weinberger, R., Acker, A. (Kluwer, Dordrecht), in press.Google Scholar
Dejonghe, H.B., & Laurent, D., 1991. MNRAS, 252, 606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Vaucouleurs, G., 1964. In IAU Symposium 20, The Galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds, eds Kerr, F.J. & Rodgers, A.W. (Sydney: Australian Academy of Science), p. 195.Google Scholar
Epchtein, N., Guglielmo, F., & Burton, W.B., 1992. In IAU Symposium 149, The Stellar Populations of Galaxies, eds. Barbuy, B. & Renzini, A. (Kluwer, Dordrecht), p. 414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, N.W., 1993a. MNRAS, 260, 191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, N.W., 1993b. In preparation.Google Scholar
Evans, N.W., & Collett, J.L., 1993. MNRAS, in press.Google Scholar
Fillmore, J.A., 1986. AJ, 91, 1096.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fillmore, J.A., & Levison, H.F., 1989. AJ, 97, 57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franx, M., Illingworth, G.D., & de Zeeuw, P.T., 1991. ApJ, 383, 112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franx, M., & de Zeeuw, P.T., 1992. ApJL, 392, L47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, K.C., 1987. ARAA, 25, 603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, K.C., de Vaucouleurs, G., de Vaucouleurs, A., & Wainscoat, R.J., 1988. ApJ, 325, 563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frogel, J.A., 1988. ARAA, 26, 51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerhard, O.E., & Vietri, M., 1986. MNRAS, 223, 377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerhard, O.E., Vietri, M., & Kent, S.M., 1989. ApJ, 345, L33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilmore, G., King, I.R., & van der Kruit, P.C., 1990. The Milky Way as a Galaxy, 19th Saas Fee Advanced Course, eds Buser, R. & King, I.R. (Mill Valley: Univ. Science Books).Google Scholar
Glass, I., 1993. This volume.Google Scholar
Habing, H.J., 1988. A&A, 200, 40.Google Scholar
Habing, H.J., Olnon, F.M., Winnberg, A., Matthews, H.E., & Baud, B., 1983. A&A, 128, 230.Google Scholar
Habing, H.J., Olnon, F.M., Chester, T., Gillett, F., Rowan–Robinson, M., & Neugebauer, G., 1985. A&A, 152, L1.Google Scholar
Harding, P., & Morrison, H., 1993. This volume.Google Scholar
Harmon, R., & Gilmore, G., 1988. MNRAS, 235, 1025.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hauser, M.G., et al., 1990. NASA photograph G90–03046.Google Scholar
Hernquist, L., & Weinberg, M.D., 1992. ApJ, 400, 80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunter, C., & Qian, E., 1993. MNRAS, in press.Google Scholar
Jarvis, B.J., & Freeman, K.C., 1985. ApJ, 295, 324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, A., & Binney, J.J., 1993. MNRAS, in press.Google Scholar
Kent, S.M., 1989. AJ, 97, 1614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kent, S.M., 1992. ApJ, 387, 181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kent, S.M., Dame, T.M., & Fazio, G., 1991. ApJ, 378, 131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinman, T.D., Feast, M.W., & Lasker, B.M., 1988. AJ, 95, 804.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kleinman, S.G., 1992. In Robotic Telescopes in the 1990s, ASP Conference Series No. 34, ed. Filippenko, A.V., p. 203.Google Scholar
Kuijken, K., & Tremaine, S.D., 1991. In Dynamics of Disk Galaxies, ed. Sundelius, B. (Göteborg, Sweden), p. 71.Google Scholar
Kuijken, K., & Tremaine, S.D., 1993. ApJ, in press.Google Scholar
Lee, Y.–W., 1992. In IAU Symposium 149, The Stellar Populations of Galaxies, eds. Barbuy, B. & Renzini, A. (Kluwer, Dordrecht), p. 446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Poole, R.S., & Habing, H.J., 1990. In Proceedings of the ESO/CTIO Workshop on Bulges of Galaxies, eds Jarvis, B.J. & Terndrup, D.M., p. 33.Google Scholar
Levison, H.F., & Richstone, D.O., 1985a. ApJ, 295, 340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levison, H.F., & Richstone, D.O., 1985b. ApJ, 295, 349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levison, H.F., & Richstone, D.O., 1987. ApJ, 314, 476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, J.R., & Freeman, K.C., 1989, AJ, 97, 139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindqvist, M., Habing, H.J., Winnberg, A., & Matthews, H.E., 1992a. A&AS, 92, 43.Google Scholar
Lindqvist, M., Habing, H.J., & Winnberg, A, 1992b. A&A, 259, 118.Google Scholar
Liszt, H.S., 1992. In The Center, Bulge, and Disk of the Milky Way, ed. Blitz, L., (Dordrecht: Kluwer), p. 111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liszt, H.S., & Burton, W.B., 1980. ApJ, 236, 779.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Long, K., Ostriker, J.P., & Aguilar, L., 1992. ApJ, 388, 362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsumoto, T., Hayakawa, S., Koizumi, H., & Murakawa, H., 1982. In The Galactic Centre, AIP Conf. 83, eds Riegler, G.R. & Blandford, R.D. (New York: Am. Inst, of Physics), p. 48.Google Scholar
McGinn, M.T., Sellgren, K., Becklin, E.E., & Hall, D.N.B., 1989. ApJ, 338, 824.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menzies, J.W., 1990. In Proceedings of the ESO/CTIO Workshop on Bulges of Galaxies, eds Jarvis, B.J. & Terndrup, D.M., p. 115.Google Scholar
Merrifield, M.R., 1991. AJ, 102, 1335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minniti, D., White, S.D.M., Olszewski, E.W., & Hill, J.M., 1992. ApJ 393, L47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mould, J.R., 1983. ApJ, 266, 255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mulder, W.A., & Liem, B.T., 1986. A&A, 157, 148.Google Scholar
Nakada, Y., Deguchi, S., Hashimoto, O., Izumiura, H., Onaka, T., Sekiguchi, K., & Yamamura, I., 1991. Nature, 353, 140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nakada, Y., Onaka, T., Yamamura, I., Deguchi, D., Ukita, N., & Izumiura, H., 1993. PASJ, 45, in press.Google Scholar
Pfenniger, D., & Norman, C., 1990. ApJ, 363, 391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfenniger, D., & Friedli, D., 1991. A&A, 252, 75.Google Scholar
Raha, N., Sellwood, J.A., James, R.A., & Kahn, F.D., 1991. Nature, 352, 411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rich, R.M., 1990. ApJ, 362, 604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richstone, D.O., 1980. ApJ, 238, 103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richstone, D.O., 1984. ApJ, 281, 100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rieke, G.H., & Rieke, M.J., 1988. ApJL, 330, L33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rix, H.-W., & White, S.D.M., 1992. MNRAS, 254, 389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rix, H.-W., Franx, M., Fisher, D., & Illingworth, G.D., 1992. ApJL, 400, L5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowley, G., 1988. ApJ, 331, 124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rybicki, G.R., 1987. In IAU Symposium 127, Structure and Dynamics of Elliptical Galaxies, ed. de Zeeuw, P.T. (Dordrecht: Reidel), p. 397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Satoh, C., 1980. PASJ, 32, 41.Google Scholar
Schwarzschild, M., 1979. ApJ, 232, 236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwarzschild, M., 1993. ApJ, in press.Google Scholar
Sellgren, K., McGinn, M.T., Becklin, E.E., & Hall, D.N.B., 1990. ApJ, 359, 112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sellwood, J.A., & Sanders, R.H., 1988. MNRAS, 233, 611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharpies, R., Walker, A., & Cropper, M., 1990. MNRAS, 246, 54.Google Scholar
Spaenhauer, A., Jones, B.F., & Whitford, A.E., 1992. AJ, 103, 297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spergel, D.N., 1992. In The Center, Bulge, and Disk of the Milky Way, ed. Blitz, L. (Dordrecht: Kluwer), p. 77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stark, A.A., 1977. ApJ, 213, 368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stasińska, G. 1993. This volume.Google Scholar
te Lintel–Hekkert, P., Dejonghe, H.B., & Habing, H.J., 1991. Proc. Astron. Soc. Austr., 9, 20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
te Lintel–Hekkert, P., Versteege–Hensel, H.A., Habing, H.J., & Wiertz, M., 1989. A&AS, 78, 399.Google Scholar
te Lintel–Hekkert, P., Caswell, J.L., Habing, H.J., Norris, R.P., & Haynes, R.F., 1991. A&AS, 90, 327.Google Scholar
Toomre, A., 1982. ApJ, 259, 535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyson, N.D., & Rich, R.M., 1991. ApJ, 362, 547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Albada, G.D., 1985. In IAU Symposium 106, The Milky Way Galaxy, eds van Woerden, H., Allen, R.J., & Burton, W.B. (Dordrecht: Reidel), p. 547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van der Marel, R.P., 1991. MNRAS, 253, 710.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van der Marel, R.P., & Franx, M., 1993. ApJ, in press.Google Scholar
van Langevelde, H.J., 1992. , .Google Scholar
van Langevelde, H.J., Frail, D.A., Cordes, J.M., & Diamond, P.J., 1992a. ApJ, 396, 686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Langevelde, H.J., Brown, A.G.A., Lindqvist, M., Habing, H.J., & de Zeeuw, P.T., 1992b. A&AL, 261, L17.Google Scholar
Weinberg, M.D., 1992a. ApJ, 384, 81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinberg, M.D., 1992b. ApJL, 392, L67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wesselink, Th., 1987. , .Google Scholar
Whitelock, P.A., Feast, M.W., & Catchpole, R.M., 1991. MNRAS, 248, 276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitelock, P.A., & Catchpole, R.M., 1992. In The Center, Bulge, and Disk of the Milky Way, ed. Blitz, L., (Dordrecht: Kluwer), p. 103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winnberg, A., Baud, B., Matthews, H.E., Habing, H.J., & Olnon, F.M., 1985. ApJL, 291, L45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yuan, C., 1984. ApJ, 281, 600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar